Análise de tensões pelo método dos elementos finitos em implantes dentários com plataforma cone morse / Finite element stress analysis in morse cone platform dental implants

A previsão do comportamento mecânico de implantes dentários inclinados é um fator importante na área odontológica e o Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF) é considerado uma ferramenta para esse fim. Objetivo: analisar a distribuição de tensões e deslocamentos em implantes cônicos do tipo cone morse com 3,5 mm de diâmetro e pilares com 4,8 mm e 3,8 mm de diâmetro, submetidos a carregamentos de compressão (100 N e 200 N), inclinados a 20º e 45º com base de aço inoxidável e osso cortical via MEF. Materiais e método: utilizaram-se dois modelos tridimensionais de implantes e pilares instalados de forma inclinada a 20º e 45º, os quais foram submetidos a carregamentos de compressão no sentido vertical para baixo (eixo ­ Y). Resultados: as tensões máximas de von Mises apresentaram valores superiores para geometrias com inclinação de 45º e carregamento de 200 N. Foi possível verificar ainda que os resultados para implantes submetidos ao carregamento de 100 N a 45º apresentaram valores superiores (574,16 MPa), quando comparado com dados da literatura, com diferença de 8,7%. O mesmo pôde ser verificado para resultados de deslocamento, onde o conjunto de implantes-pilares com inclinação maior (45º) apresentou maiores valores, quando comparados com implantes-pilares com inclinação menor (20º). Conclusão: foi possível certificar via MEF que as maiores tensões são obtidas para carregamentos com inclinações maiores, sendo que o mesmo ocorre para valores de deslocamento. O MEF demonstrou ser uma alternativa viável na área odontológica para prever o comportamento mecânico de implantes dentários.(AU)

Predicting the mechanical behavior of tilted implants is an important factor in the field of dentistry, and the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a tool for such purpose. Objective: To analyze the distribution of stresses and displacements in conical Morse cone implants with 3.5 mm of diameter and abutments with 4.8 mm and 3.8 mm of diameter, subjected to compression loads (100 N and 200 N), tilted at 20º and 45º with stainless steel base material and cortical bone, using FEA. Materials and method: Two three-dimensional models of implants and abutments tilted at 20º and 45º were used, and they were subjected to vertical downward compression loads (Y­axis). Results: Maximum von Mises stresses presented higher values for the 45º inclination and 200 N load. It was also verified that the results for implants subjected to a load of 100 N and implants tilted at 45º presented higher stress values (574.16 MPa) than literature data, with a difference of 8.7%. This was also observed for displacement results, in which implant- abutment assemblies with greater inclination (45º) presented higher values than implant-abutments with smaller inclination (20º). Conclusion: The FEA showed that higher stress values were obtained when compression loads were applied to greater inclinations. This also occurred for displacement results. The FEA represented a viable alternative in the field of dentistry to predict the mechanical behavior of dental implants.(AU)

Monte Carlo simulation of the radiation transport in chromium compensated gallium arsenide detectors / Simulación por Monte Carlo del transporte de las radiaciones en detectores dearseniuro de galio compensado con cromo

Abstract Some results obtained with the use of Monte Carlo mathematical simulation of radiation transport in Timepix hybrid detectors based on chromium compensated gallium arsenide are presented in this contribution. The MCNPX, GEANT4, SRIM and MCCM code systems were used for this purpose. The in-depth profiles of the deposited energy by the incident photons within the sensor active volume, the shapes and dimensions of the generated charge carriers clouds for different incident energies and specific geometrical conditions were obtained and presented. The 22Ne ions ranges in the target material for two different energies and the contributions of each energy loss channel were also determined. Finally, for a selected detector irradiated with photons of different energies, the displacement cross sections for each chemical element in the active material, as well as the number of displacements per atoms produced for each atomic species were calculated.

Resumen En este trabajo se presentan algunos de los resultados obtenidos con el uso de la modelación matemática por Monte Carlo del transporte de radiación en detectores híbridos Timepix basados en el arseniuro de galio compensado con cromo. Se emplearon para este propósito los sistemas de códigos MCNPX, GEANT4, SRIM y MCCM. Fueron obtenidos los perfiles en profundidad de la energía depositada por la radiación incidente dentro del volumen activo del sensor, las formas y dimensiones de las nubes de portadores de cargas generados por fotones incidentes de diferentes energías y condiciones geométricas específicas. También se determinaron los alcances de los iones de 22Ne de dos energías diferentes en el material blanco y las contribuciones de cada canal de pérdida de energía. Finalmente, para un detector seleccionado irradiado con fotones de diferentes energías se calcularon las secciones eficaces de desplazamiento para cada elemento químico en el material activo, así como el número de desplazamientos por átomos producidos para cada especie atómica.

A biomechanical study on anterosuperior stability of coracoacromial arch in shoulder joint / 医用生物力学

Objective To study the effects on anterosuperior stability of the shoulder joint when the coracoacromial arch is damaged at different degrees. Methods Thirty-six specimens of the fresh frozen adult shoulder joints were randomly and evenly divided into 3 groups. Group 1, reserving integrity of the coracoacromial ligament of the shoulder joint; Group 2, dissecting half of the coracoacromial ligament attachment sector on the acromion; Group 3, grinding all the coracoacromial ligament attachment sector on the acromion. The specimens of the shoulder joint were fixed on test bench of the biomechanical testing machine. The axial pressure was applied on the humeral shaft, and the humeral head was pushed to move in anterosuperior direction. The displacement distance of the humeral head under 50 N pressure was then recorded. Results Under 50 N pressure, the displacement distance of the humeral head in Group 1, 2, 3 was (2.50±0.59), (5.38±0.71), (6.49±0.81) mm, respectively, which showed significantly statistic differences among 3 groups (P<0.05). Conclusions The damage to the coracoacromial arch will affect the anterosuperior stability of the shoulder joint. The greater damage to the coracoacromial arch will lead to the lower anterosuperior stability of the shoulder joint.

Lumbar herniated disc: spontaneous regression

BACKGROUND: Low back pain is a frequent condition that results in substantial disability and causes admission of patients to neurosurgery clinics. To evaluate and present the therapeutic outcomes in lumbar disc hernia (LDH) patients treated by means of a conservative approach, consisting of bed rest and medical therapy. METHODS: This retrospective cohort was carried out in the neurosurgery departments of hospitals in Kahramanmaraş city and 23 patients diagnosed with LDH at the levels of L3−L4, L4−L5 or L5−S1 were enrolled. RESULTS: The average age was 38.4 ± 8.0 and the chief complaint was low back pain and sciatica radiating to one or both lower extremities. Conservative treatment was administered. Neurological examination findings, durations of treatment and intervals until symptomatic recovery were recorded. Laségue tests and neurosensory examination revealed that mild neurological deficits existed in 16 of our patients. Previously, 5 patients had received physiotherapy and 7 patients had been on medical treatment. The number of patients with LDH at the level of L3−L4, L4−L5, and L5−S1 were 1, 13, and 9, respectively. All patients reported that they had benefit from medical treatment and bed rest, and radiologic improvement was observed simultaneously on MRI scans. The average duration until symptomatic recovery and/or regression of LDH symptoms was 13.6 ± 5.4 months (range: 5−22). CONCLUSIONS: It should be kept in mind that lumbar disc hernias could regress with medical treatment and rest without surgery, and there should be an awareness that these patients could recover radiologically. This condition must be taken into account during decision making for surgical intervention in LDH patients devoid of indications for emergent surgery.

Una Aproximación al Concepto Comunidad Rural en Psicología Comunitaria / An Approach to the Concept Rural Community in Community Psychology / Uma Abordagem ao Conceito Comunidade Rural em Psicologia Comunitária / Une Approche au Concept de Communauté Rurale en Psychologie Communautaire

Este ensayo aborda el concepto de comunidad rural con el propósito de desarrollar implicaciones para las prácticas de intervención social en territorios y comunidades rurales en Latinoamérica desde la perspectiva de redes sociales en psicología comunitaria. Para ello, (a) se revisa el concepto de comunidad en los escritos clásicos y contemporáneos en psicología comunitaria; (b) se revisan las nociones de comunidad rural y vieja ruralidad elaboradas durante el siglo XX en el contexto de la sociología rural; (c) se analizan los conceptos recientes de nueva ruralidad y de desplazamientos, distinguiendo algunos de sus aportes a la reconfiguración del concepto de comunidad rural y; finalmente, (d) se analiza la emergencia e implicaciones de la perspectiva territorial y el debate sobre el territorio tanto para el concepto de comunidad rural como para el abordaje de prácticas de intervención psicosocial con enfoque de redes sociales en territorios y comunidades rurales latinoamericanos.

This essay approaches the concept of rural community with the purpose of developing implications for the practices of social intervention in rural territories and communities in Latin America from the perspective of social networks in community psychology. To do this, (a) the concept of community in classic and contemporary writings in community psychology; (b) revises the notions of rural community and old rurality elaborated during the 20th century in the context of rural sociology; (c) analyze the recent concepts of new rurality and displacement, distinguishing some of its contributions to the reconfiguration of the concept of rural community and; Finally, (d) the emergence and implications of the territorial perspective and the debate on the territory are analyzed for both the concept of rural community and the approach of psychosocial intervention practices with a focus on social networks in Latin American rural territories and communities.

Este ensaio aborda o conceito de comunidade rural com o objetivo de desenvolver as implicações para as práticas de intervenção social em territórios e comunidades rurais da América Latina a partir da perspectiva das redes sociais na psicologia comunitária. Para tanto, (a) revisa o conceito de comunidade em escritos clássicos e contemporâneos em psicologia comunitária; (b) revisa as noções de comunidade rural e ruralidade antiga elaboradas durante o século 20 no contexto da sociologia rural; (c) analisa os conceitos recentes de nova ruralidade e deslocamento, distinguindo algumas de suas contribuições para a reconfiguração do conceito de comunidade rural e; finalmente, (d) o surgimento e as implicações da perspectiva territorial e do debate sobre o território são analisados tanto para o conceito de comunidade rural como para a abordagem das práticas de intervenção psicossocial, com foco em redes sociais nos territórios e comunidades rurais latino-americanos.

Cet essaie s'approche au concept de communauté rurale pour développer des implications face au pratiques d'intervention sociale dans les territoires ruraux et les communautés en Amérique Latine, du point de vue des réseaux sociaux en psychologie communautaire. Pour ce faire, (a) le concept de communauté est revu dans les écrits classiques et contemporains en psychologie communautaire; (b) les notions de communauté rurale et vieille ruralité exprimées au cours du XXe siècle dans le contexte de la sociologie rurale, sont revu; (c) les concepts récents de la nouvelle ruralité et du déplacement sont analysés, en distinguant des contributions à la reconfiguration du concept de communauté rurale; enfin, (d) on examine l'apparition et les implications de la perspective territoriale et du débat sur le territoire, à la fois pour le concept de communauté comme pour le développement des pratiques d'intervention psychosociale avec un accent sur les réseaux sociaux aux territoires et communautés rurales latino-américains.

Electron and positron contributions to the displacement per atom profile in bulk multi-walled carbon nanotube material irradiated with gamma rays / Aporte de electrones y positrones al perfil de desplazamientos atómicos en materiales masivos de nanotubos de carbono de paredes múltiples irradiados con rayos gamma.

The electron and positron contributions to the effective atom displacement cross-section in multi-walled carbon nanotube bulk materials exposed to the gamma rays were calculated. The physical properties and the displacement threshold energy value reported in literature for this material were taken into account. Then, using the mathematical simulation of photon and particle transport in matter, the electron and positron energy flux distributions within the irradiated object were also calculated. Finally, considering both results, the atom displacement damage profiles inside the analyzed bulk carbon nanotube material were determined. The individual contribution from each type of secondary particles generated by the photon interactions was specified. An increasing behavior of the displacement cross-sections for all the studied particles energy range was observed. The particles minimum kinetic energy values that make probabilistically possible the single and multiple atom displacement processes were determined. The positrons contribution importance to the total number of point defects generated during the interaction of gamma rays with the studied materials was confirmed.

Se presentan los resultados del cálculo de las contribuciones de los electrones y los positrones a la sección eficaz de desplazamiento de los átomos de carbono en materiales masivos constituidos por nanotubos de paredes múltiples. Para ello se tomaron en consideración las propiedades físicas y la energía umbral de desplazamiento del carbono reportadas en la literatura para este material. Se calculó también la distribución espacial de los flujos energéticos de los electrones y positrones dentro del blanco irradiado utilizando la simulación matemática del transporte de los fotones y las partículas en la materia. Considerando ambos resultados, se determinaron los perfiles de daño por desplazamientos atómicos dentro del material masivo analizado, particularizando el aporte de cada tipo de partícula secundaria generada por la interacción de los fotones. Los resultados mostraron el comportamiento creciente de las secciones eficaces de desplazamiento en todo el rango de energía cinética evaluado. Se determinaron los valores de energías cinéticas de electrones y positrones a partir de los cuales son probabilísticamente posible los procesos de desplazamientos atómicos simples y múltiples. Se confirmó la importancia del aporte de los positrones al número total de defectos puntuales generados durante la interacción de los rayos gamma con el material estudiado.

Metapopulation in bats of Southern Brazil / Metapopulação em morcegos do sul do Brasil

The purpose was to show that displacements, promoters of genetic diversity in metapopulations, increase the probability of survival of bat species adapted to medium and long-distance flights. Samples were taken in four forest fragments, distributed in three municipalities in northern Paraná, and the maximum distance between the studied areas is 20 km. A monthly sampling was performed for each fragment, for the period of July 2008 to June 2009. We used eight nets for collection which remained open during the first four hours of the night, totalling 192 hours during a year of study. The marking occurred from October 2008 to March 2009 and was accomplished through the use of anodised metal rings of four different colours. One hundred and fifty individuals were banded and since the first capture, four displacements were recorded. After five months of collecting and marking, one Carollia perspicillata was found three km away. Two Artibeus lituratus were recorded about 20 km from the marking place: the first one after 22 months and the second one after 24 months. Additionally, one Platyrrhinus lineatus was captured at about 20 km, after 26 months. As they moved around over considerable distances and are not monogamous, they mate with females of other fragments, exchanging genes and reducing or even avoiding inbreeding. Thus, populations of bats have the ability to increase genetic diversity in metapopulations, provided by displacements between the forest fragments. Species that behave like this are not vulnerable to isolation.

Objetivou-se mostrar que os deslocamentos, promotores da diversidade genética em metapopulações, incrementam a probabilidade de sobrevivência das populações de espécies de morcegos adaptadas para voos de média e longa distância. As amostragens foram realizadas em quatro fragmentos florestais, distribuídos em três municípios da região norte do Paraná, sendo que a distância máxima entre as áreas de estudo foi de 20 km. Uma amostragem mensal foi realizada em cada fragmento, durante o período de julho de 2008 a junho de 2009. Foram utilizadas oito redes por coleta, que permaneceram abertas durante as quatro primeiras horas da noite, totalizando 192 horas, durante um ano de estudo. A marcação ocorreu de outubro de 2008 a março de 2009 e foi realizada por meio de anilhas metálicas anodizadas de quatro cores diferentes. Cento e cinquenta indivíduos foram marcados e, desde a captura, foram registrados quatro deslocamentos. Após cinco meses da coleta e da marcação, um Carollia perspicillata foi encontrado a três quilômetros. Dois Artibeus lituratus foram registrados a cerca de 20 km do local de marcação, um destes após 22 meses e o segundo, após 24 meses. Adicionalmente, um Platyrrhinus lineatus foi capturado a cerca de 20 km, após 26 meses. Ao se locomoverem por razoáveis distâncias, como não são monogâmicos, os machos cruzam com fêmeas de outros fragmentos, trocando genes e reduzindo - ou mesmo evitando - a endogamia. Assim, há a possibilidade de se incrementar a diversidade genética nas metapopulações, possibilitada pelos deslocamentos entre os fragmentos. As espécies que assim se comportam não são vulneráveis ao isolamento.

Monte Carlo calculation of carbon atom displacement damage in C60 fullerene bulk materials irradiated with gamma rays / Cálculo por Monte Carlo del daño por desplazamientos de los átomos de carbono en materiales masivos basados en fullerenos C60 irradiados con rayos gamma

The displacement per carbon atom cross-sections behaviors with the secondary electron and positron kinetic energy for spherical fullerene C60 molecules are calculated. To accomplish this, the McKinley-Feshbach approach and the Kinchin-Pease approximation were taking into account, using two different displacement threshold energies. The total displacements per atom number generated indirectly by the photons in bulk samples composed of C60 fullerenes is also calculated. Besides, the behaviors of secondary particles contributions with the used displacement threshold energies and incident photon energies are determined. The in-depth distribution of electron and positron contributions and their relationship with the total displacements number are presented and debated. It was found that the positrons contribution to the total atom displacements number is very significant in processes involving the interaction of gamma quanta with energy up to 100 MeV in C60 fullerenes bulk samples.

Teniendo en cuenta las aproximaciones de McKinley-Feshbach y Kinchin-Pease se calcularon los comportamientos de las secciones eficaces de desplazamientos de los átomos de carbono en moléculas esféricas de fullereno C60, en función de la energía cinética de los electrones y positrones secundarios para dos valores de energía umbral de desplazamiento. También se calcularon el número total de desplazamientos atómicos generados de manera indirecta por los fotones en las muestras masivas de fullerenos C60 estudiadas. Además, se estudió el comportamiento de las contribuciones electrónicas y positrónicas, determinando sus dependencias con las energías de desplazamientoutilizadas y la energía de los fotones incidentes. Se presentan y debaten la distribución en profundidad de las contribuciones de los electrones y positrones, así como la relación entre ellos y el número total de desplazamientos. El aporte de la contribución de los positrones al número total de desplazamientos atómicos generados durante el proceso de interacción de los cuantos gamma de energías hasta 100 MeV con muestras masivas de fullerenos C60 se discutió lo que este resulta muy significativo.

Radiation damage study in CZT matrix detectors exposed to gamma rays / Estudio del daño radiacional en detectores matriciales de CZT expuestos a los rayos gamma

RESUMEN El daño radiacional en términos de desplazamientos atómicos en un típico detector de CZT empleado en aplicaciones de imagenología médica fue estudiado utilizando el método estadístico de Monte Carlo. Se tuvieron en cuenta todas las características estructurales y geométricas del detector, así como las diferentes energías de los fotones usualmente empleados en la aplicación. Considerando la aproximación clásica de Mott-McKinley-Feshbach se calcularon las secciones eficaces de desplazamiento, así como el número de desplazamientos por átomo para cada especie atómica presente en el material y para cada energía considerada de los fotones. Estos resultados se analizan y comparan entre sí y finalmente se establece la comparación entre el daño radiacional que tiene lugar en el detector de CZT con el que se manifiesta en un detector similar, pero fabricado con otros materiales semiconductores.

ABSTRACT Radiation damage in terms of atomic displacements in a typical CZT detector used in medical imaging applications was studied using the Monte Carlo statistical method. All detector structural and geometric features as well as different energies of the photons usually used in the application were taken into account. Considering the Mott-McKinley-Feshbach classical approach, effective cross sections of the displacements were calculated, including the number of displacements per atom for each atomic species present in the material and each photon energy considered. These results are analyzed and compared. Finally, the radiation damage on CZT detector is compared to that calculated in a similar detector manufactured with other semiconducting materials.

Calculation of displacements per atom distributions in solid materials / Cálculo de distribuciones de desplazamientos atómicos en materiales sólidos

Se presentan los resultados de los cálculos de la distribución de desplazamientos atómicos en el superconductor y en láminas de hierro inducida por radiación gamma hasta 15 MeV. Se introdujo un procedimiento de cálculo para las secciones eficaces de desplazamiento y para las distribuciones de desplazamientos atómicos, basado en el uso de los valores de la distribución del flujo energético de los electrones secundarios, obtenidos con ayuda del código de cálculo MCNPX basado en el método de Monte Carlo. Se compararon los resultados de los cálculos de la distribución de desplazamientos atómicos con los perfiles de energía depositada, obteniéndose una correlación casi lineal entre ambos a diferentes profundidades en las muestras para un amplio intervalo de energías de la radiación gamma incidente.

The results of the calculations of the displacements per atom distribution induced by the gamma irradiation on superconductor and Iron slabs up to 15 MeV are presented. Firstly, a calculation procedure for the displacements cross sections and the displacements per atom distributions was introduced, relaying on the application of the energy flux distribution values of secondary electrons, formerly calculated using the Monte Carlo methods based code system MCNPX. Finally, calculation results of displacements per atom distribution were compared with the corresponding energy deposition profiles, obtaining a nearly linear correlation among them at different depth positions for a wide range of Gamma Radiation incident energy.

Calculation of the displacement cross sections and the dpa distribution in hydrogenated amorphous silicon semiconductors detectors in medical digital imaging applications / Cálculo de la sección transversal de desplazamiento y la distribución de los dpa en detectores semiconductores de silicio amorfo hidrogenado en aplicaciones de imagenología digital médica

Utilizando la aproximación de Mott-McKinley-Feshbach en el trabajo se calculó la dependencia de la sección transversal de desplazamiento para cada especie de átomo de la estructura del a-Si:H en los intervalos de energía típicos de los electrones secundarios generados por los rayos X empleados en aplicaciones de imagenología médica. Se observó que para energías de los electrones superiores a 1,52 keV son posibles los desplazamientos de átomos de hidrógeno, mientras que la energía umbral de desplazamiento de los átomos de silicio resultó de 126 keV. Estos resultados se compararon con los obtenidos para detectores similares pero fabricados de silicio cristalino. Con el empleo de la simulación matemática del transporte de la radiación en la materia se calculó el especto energético de los electrones secundarios con el objetivo de estimar el número de desplazamientos por átomos que tienen lugar en el dispositivo amorfo semiconductor en régimen de trabajo. La distribución espacial de los dpa en el volumen del detector, así como su comportamiento con la profundidad son presentados y discutidos en el texto.

In present paper the dependence of the displacement cross sections of the different species of atoms in the a-Si:H structure, with the energy of the secondary electrons generated by the X-rays of the typical energies using in medical imaging applications, was calculated using the Mott-McKinley-Feshbach approach. It was verified that for electron energies higher than 1.52 keV it is possible the occurrence of hydrogen atoms displacements, while for the silicon atoms the threshold energy is 126 keV. These results were compared with those obtained for similar detectors but developed with crystalline silicon. With the use of the mathematical simulation of the radiation transport in the matter, the energy spectrum of the secondary electrons was calculated in order to estimate the number of atomic displacements, which take place in the semiconducting amorphous device in working regime. The spatial distribution of the dpa in the detectors volume, as well as its behavior with the depth in the work region are presented and discussed in the text.