Biochemical characterization for determination of genetic distances among different indigenous chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. ) varieties of North-West Pakistan / Caracterização bioquímica para determinação de distâncias genéticas entre diferentes variedades indígenas de grão-de-bico (Cicer arietinum L. ) do noroeste do Paquistão

Abstract Genetic distances among different chickpea varieties and evaluation of their free amino acid profiles were determined on the basis of Sodium dodecyle sulphate polyacrylamide gels electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Total soluble proteins were resolved on 10% SDS Polyacrylamide gel. Low variability in tested varieties was observed. Dendogram based on electrophoretic data clustered the genotypes into 2 groups. The results showed that the average protein content of all the varieties was 26.01% within the range 22.8% for Thal-2006 to 34.06% Sheenghar-2000 of dry seed weight. On the basis of total protein content Bittal-98, Dasht and Sheen Ghar-2000, Karak-3 and CM-98, Paidar -91 and Fakhr-e-Thal, C-44, Balaksar and KK-1showed similar concentrations for protein contents among each other but showed variation from the rest of the varieties. Different proteins were separated on the basis of changes in their molecular weights by means of Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Dasht, CM-98, and Sheen Ghar showed 100% similarity. Balaksar and Fakhr-e- Thal, KK-2 and Chattan and KC-98, KK-1 and Lawaghar were 100% similar among each other but showed variation from the rest of the accessions. The overall dendrogram showed high and low level of variation among the accessions. The concentration of free amino acids varied among the 16 chickpea varieties. A significant difference of both essential and non-essential amino acids was found among the chickpea cultivars. The total concentration of essential amino acid was recorded 40.81 g/100 g protein while non-essential was recorded 59.18343 g/100 g protein in the given cultivars. The highest concentration of essential amino acids was found in C-44 followed by KK-2, KK-1 and Fakhr E Tal while the lowest concentration was recorded in Cm-98, Paidar-91 and Sheen Ghar-2000 respectively. Cultivars TAL-2006, Chattan and Karak-3 showed maximum concentration of both essential and endogenous amino acids. In conclusion; for broadening the genetic pools in breeding programs or to search for exotic characters, for instance new disease resistance alleles, accession with low similarity coefficients (Lawaghar and Battal-98) may be utilized. Furthermore the information acquired from this study could be used to device a proficient breeding approach intended at improving nutritional as well as broadening the genetic base of this essential food crop of Pakistan.

Resumo As distâncias genéticas entre as diferentes variedades de grão-de-bico e a avaliação de seus perfis de aminoácidos livres foram determinadas com base na eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida com dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE). As proteínas solúveis totais foram resolvidas em SDS-PAGE a 10%. Foi observada baixa variabilidade nas variedades testadas. O dendrograma fundamentado em dados eletroforéticos agrupou os genótipos em dois grupos. Os resultados mostraram que o teor médio de proteínas de todas as variedades foi de 26,01%, na faixa de 22,8% para Thal-2006 a 34,06% para Sheenghar-2000 do peso de sementes secas. Com base no conteúdo total de proteínas, Bittal-98, Dasht, Sheen Ghar-2000, Karak-3, CM-98, Paidar-91, Fakhr-e-Thal, C-44, Balaksar e KK-1 apresentaram concentrações semelhantes para o conteúdo de proteínas entre si, mas tiveram variação quanto ao restante das variedades. Diferentes proteínas foram separadas com base nas alterações de seus pesos moleculares por meio de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida com dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE). Dasht, CM-98 e Sheen Ghar mostraram 100% de similaridade. Balaksar, Fakhr-e-Thal, KK-2, Chattan e KC-98, KK-1 e Lawaghar foram 100% semelhantes entre si, mas apresentaram variação em relação ao restante dos acessos. O dendrograma geral mostrou alto e baixo nível de variação entre os acessos. A concentração de aminoácidos livres variou entre as 16 variedades de grão-de-bico. Foi encontrada uma diferença significativa entre os aminoácidos essenciais e não essenciais nas cultivares de grão-de-bico. A concentração total de aminoácidos essenciais foi registrada em 40,81 g / 100 g de proteína, enquanto a não essencial foi registrada em 59,18343 g / 100 g de proteína nas cultivares. A maior concentração de aminoácidos essenciais foi encontrada em C-44, seguida de KK-2, KK-1 e Fakhr-e-Thal, enquanto a menor concentração foi registrada em CM-98, Paidar-91 e Sheen Ghar-2000. As cultivares TAL-2006, Chattan e Karak-3 apresentaram concentração máxima de aminoácidos essenciais e endógenos. Em conclusão, para ampliar os pools genéticos em programas de melhoramento ou procurar caracteres exóticos, por exemplo, novos alelos de resistência a doenças, pode ser utilizada a adesão com baixos coeficientes de similaridade (Lawaghar e Battal-98). Além disso, as informações adquiridas neste estudo poderiam ser usadas para criar uma abordagem de criação eficiente, com o objetivo de melhorar a nutrição e ampliar a base genética dessa cultura alimentar essencial do Paquistão.

Effect of land-use types on the ecomorphological structure of fish assemblage in distinct mesohabitats of neotropical streams / Efeito dos tipos de uso do solo na estrutura ecomorfológica da assembleia de peixes em distintos mesohábitats de riachos neotropicais

Abstract The use and occupation of land by human population substantially influence environmental variables and fish assemblage in streams. However, there is little knowledge on how these changes affect the ecomorphological structure of fish assemblage in mesohabitats. Therefore, we aim to assess whether the land-use types affect the ecomorphological structure of fish assemblage in distinct mesohabitats. Environmental and ichthyofaunistic data were collected in three mesohabitats (rifles, runs, and pools) of five rural and five urban streams. Twenty-one ecomorphological indices were obtained from the mean of linear morphological measurements and areas of the fishes. Subsequently, the Euclidean distance was calculated, based on the ecomorphological indices, between each pair of species, to measure the ecomorphological distances for the mesohabitats of the rural and urban streams. The results show that the urban environment is more harmful to streams than the rural one, due to changes in the environmental variables and decrease in species richness. The main environmental changes found in urban streams were the decrease in canopy cover by riparian vegetation and dissolved oxygen, and the increase in electrical conductivity and bed silting. Also, there was a significant decrease in the morphological similarity between fish species in the mesohabitats of urban streams compared to rural ones. Therefore, we can conclude that the urban environment leads to the loss of morphologically similar fish species in the mesohabitats, with only a few functionally distinct species remaining.

Resumo O uso e ocupação do solo pela população humana influencia substancialmente as variáveis ambientais e a assembleia de peixes em riachos. No entanto, há pouco conhecimento de como estas alterações afeta a estrutura ecomorfológica da assembleia de peixes em mesohábitats. Portanto, objetiva-se avaliar se o tipo do uso do solo afeta a estrutura ecomorfológica da assembleia de peixes nos distintos mesohábitats. Dados ambientais e ictiofaunísticos foram coletados em três mesohabitats (corredeiras, rápidos e remansos) de cinco riachos rurais e cinco urbanos. Vinte e um índices ecomorfológicos foram obtidos a partir das médias das medidas morfológicas lineares e áreas dos peixes. Posteriormente, a distância Euclidiana foi calculada, baseada nos índices ecomorfológicos, entre cada par de espécies, afim de mensurar as distâncias ecomorfológicas para os mesohábitats dos riachos rurais e urbanos. Os resultados mostram que o ambiente urbano é mais danoso aos riachos do que o rural, devido a diminuição da riqueza de espécies e as alterações nas variáveis ambientais. As principais mudanças ambientais encontradas em riachos urbanos foram a diminuição da cobertura do dossel pela vegetação ripária e do oxigênio dissolvido e o aumento da condutividade elétrica e do assoreamento do leito. Além disso, houve uma diminuição significativa da similaridade morfológica entre as espécies de peixes nos mesohábitats de riachos urbanos em comparação com os rurais. Portanto, podemos concluir que o ambiente urbano leva à perda de espécies de peixes morfologicamente similares nos mesohábitats, restando apenas algumas espécies funcionalmente distintas.

Morphological and molecular differences between the Amphiamerican populations of Antillesoma (Sipuncula: Antillesomatidae), with the description of a new species

Introduction: The sipunculans are a group of marine invertebrates that have been little studied in the tropical eastern Pacific (TEP). Antillesoma antillarum is a species belonging to the monospecific family Antillesomatidae, considered widely distributed in tropical and subtropical localities across the globe. Objective: The main objective of this work was to examine the morphological and molecular differences between specimens from both coasts of tropical America to clarify the taxonomy of this species. Methods: We examined the morphology with material from the Mexican Caribbean and southern Mexican Pacific. To perform molecular analyses, two sequences of the COI molecular marker were obtained from specimens collected in Panteón Beach, Oaxaca, southern Mexican Pacific, and compared with four sequences identified as A. antillarum in GenBank, all of them from different localities. A phylogenetic reconstruction was performed with the maximum likelihood method and genetic distances were calculated with the Kimura 2P model and compared to reference values. Results: The phylogenetic analysis revealed three different lineages of Antillesoma that are well supported by bootstrap values: Antillesoma antillarum sensu stricto from the Caribbean Sea and Florida; a sister group to the one represented by our samples from the Mexican Pacific; and a third group from Thailand. Conclusion: Based on morphological traits and molecular data, Antillesoma mexicanum sp. nov. is described from the Mexican Pacific, differing from A. antillarum in the trunk papillae, color patterns and, additionally, the specimens from the Caribbean attain significantly bigger trunk sizes than the ones Pacific.

Introducción: Los sipúnculos son un grupo de gusanos marinos sin segmentación poco estudiados en el Pacífico oriental tropical (POT). Antillesoma antillarum es una especie perteneciente a la familia monoespecífica Antillesomatidae la cual se consideraba que se distribuía ampliamente en distintas localidades tropicales y subtropicales del mundo. Objetivo: El objetivo principal del trabajo fue examinar las diferencias morfológicas y moleculares entre ejemplares de ambas costas de América. Métodos: Para el análisis morfológico se revisó material del Caribe mexicano y del Pacífico sur de México. Para los análisis moleculares se obtuvieron secuencias del marcador mitocondrial COI de ejemplares de A. mexicanum sp. nov. de la playa de Panteón en Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca del Pacífico sur de México; también se incluyeron cuatro secuencias de GenBank de A. antillarum de diferentes localidades para la comparación filogenética con el método de Máxima Verosimilitud. Se calcularon las distancias genéticas con el modelo Kimura 2P y fueron comparadas con valores de referencia. Resultados: El análisis filogenético evidenció tres linajes diferentes: Antillesoma antillarum sensu stricto del Mar Caribe y Florida, el grupo hermano representado por nuestra recolecta en el Pacífico mexicano y un tercer grupo de Tailandia. Conclusión: Basados en datos morfológicos y moleculares, Antillesoma mexicanum sp. nov. fue descrita para el Pacífico mexicano, que difiere de A. antillarum en las papilas del tronco, el patrón de coloración y, adicionalmente, los ejemplares del Caribe fueron significativamente más grandes que los del Pacífico mexicano.

Prueba de interacción en el análisis molecular de varianza / Test of interaction in the analysis of molecular variance

La diversidad genómica, expresada en las diferencias entre haplotipos moleculares de un conjunto de individuos, puede dividirse en componentes de variabilidad entre y dentro de algún factor de clasificación de los individuos. Para tal partición de varianzas, se usa análisis molecular de la varianza (AMOVA), el cual se construye a partir de las distancias multivariadas entre pares de haplotipos. El AMOVA clásico permite evaluar la significancia estadística de dos o más factores jerárquicos y consecuentemente no existe prueba de interacción entre factores. Sin embargo, existen situaciones donde los factores que clasifican a los individuos están cruzados y no anidados, es decir todos los niveles de un factor se encuentran representados en cada nivel del otro factor. Este trabajo propone una prueba estadística para evaluar la interacción entre factores cruzados en un AMOVA No-Jerárquico. La hipótesis nula de interacción establece que las diferencias moleculares entre individuos de distintos niveles de un factor son las mismas para todos los niveles del otro factor que los clasifica. La propuesta de análisis de interacción de factores a partir de distancias en un AMOVA No-Jerárquico comprende: cálculo de la matriz de distancia y partición de la misma en bloques, posterior cálculo de residuos y análisis de varianza no-paramétrico sobre los residuos. Su implementación es ilustrada en escenarios simulados y real. Los resultados sugieren que la prueba de interacción propuesta para el AMOVA No- Jerárquico presenta alta potencia.

The genomic diversity, expressed in the differences between molecular haplotypes of a group of individuals, can be divided into components of variability between and within some factor of classification of the individuals. For such variance partitioning, molecular analysis of variance (AMOVA) is used, which is constructed from the multivariate distances between pairs of haplotypes. The classical AMOVA allows the evaluation of the statistical significance of two or more hierarchical factors and consequently there is no interaction test between factors. However, there are situations where the factors that classify individuals are crossed rather than nested, that is, all the levels of a factor are represented in each level of the other one. This paper proposes a statistical test to evaluate the interaction between crossed factors in a Non-Hierarchical AMOVA. The null hypothesis of interaction establishes that the molecular differences between individuals of different levels of a factor are the same for all the levels of the other factor that classifies them. The proposed analysis of interaction in a Non- Hierarchical AMOVA includes: calculation of the distance matrix and partition of it into blocks, subsequent calculation of residuals and analysis of non-parametric variance on the residuals. Its implementation is illustrated in simulated and real scenarios. The results suggest that the proposed interaction test for the Non-Hierarchical AMOVA presents high power.

Relación médico paciente y distancias afectivas en pacientes con psoriasis / Doctor patient relationship and affective distances in psoriatic patients

La psoriasis es una enfermedad crónica inflamatoria de la piel que afecta la calidad de vida y las relaciones interpersonales. Frecuentemente, las personas con psoriasis no están satisfechas con los médicos tratantes y muestran poca adherencia a los tratamientos. El malestar subjetivo podría asociarse a mecanismos inconscientes que están en juego en dicha relación. En una muestra de 161 pacientes con psoriasis (48.1% femenino; edad: M= 38.88; DE= 15.14) y 161 controles (52.8% femenino; edad: M= 34.57; DE= 14.36) se evaluó la relación médico-paciente con el test de las distancias afectivas. Las personas con psoriasis ubican significativamente más cerca las figuras del médico y el paciente entre sí, en comparación con los controles, pero la relación entre la distancia afectiva expresada por los pacientes y sus asociaciones discursivas evidencian motivaciones y fantasías conscientes e inconscientes que intervienen en la relación médico-paciente dificultando una interacción estable y de confianza mutua.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects quality of life and interpersonal relationships. Usually patients with psoriasis are no satisfied with their treating physicians and therefore show poor adherence to their treatments. Patients´ subjective distress are linked with unconscious mechanisms involving this relationship. 161 psoriatic patients (48.1% female; age: M= 38.88; DE= 15.14) and 161 controls (52.8% female; age: M= 34.57; DE= 14.36) answered the affective distances test to assess physician-patient relationship. Psoriatic patients locates physician and patient figures significantly closer than controls. The relationship between the affective distance expressed by the patients and their discursive associations show the conditioning of motivations and conscious and unconscious fantasies that intervene in the physician-patient relationship making it difficult to establish a stable interaction of mutual trust.

Influencia de la temperatura, densidad, oxígeno y alimento en la formación de marcas en las escamas de tilapia / The influence of temperature, density, oxygen and food in the mark formation on the scales of tilapia

ResumenO. niloticus se ha introducido en todo el mundo en reservorios de agua dulce y actualmente representa un alimento alternativo para las poblaciones. Dos marcas anuales en las escamas de tilapias se producen en estos ambientes, una de ellas se da por la época de reproducción mientras que la segunda se sugiere que se forma debido a bajas temperaturas, reducción en la oxigenación del agua y altas densidades entre otros estresores. Con el fin de explorar las causas de esta segunda marca se llevó a cabo un estudio experimental que analiza la influencia de cuatro factores en el crecimiento y en consecuencia en la producción de marcas del crecimiento en escamas: reducción de la cantidad de alimento, aumento en la densidad, disminución de la concentración de oxígeno y reducción de la temperatura. El experimento se realizó usando 5 tinas plásticas con 215 L de capacidad, cada una se subdividió en dos secciones para obtener una réplica por tratamiento. Se usaron 20 juveniles por réplica. Las condiciones control fueron las óptimas para la especie: 5 % del peso corporal como alimento, densidad de 3 peces /L, saturación de oxígeno de 4.98 ± 0.5 mg/L y temperatura de 25.0 ± 1.0 oC, mientras que los tratamiento variaron como sigue: Alimento (2.5 % del peso corporal como alimento); densidad (6 peces/L); oxígeno (2.8 ± 1.2 mg/L) y temperatura (19.6 ± 1.0 oC), donde la respuesta se estimó a través de las variaciones en longitud, peso y distancias inter-circulli. Cada tercer día se midió la concentración de fosfatos, amonio y nitratos con un fotómetro Hanna® HI8203. El experimento se dividió en tres etapas de mediciones de talla, peso y toma de escamas. 1) Etapa inicial: Antes de someter los organismos a experimentación. 2) Etapa final: al final del experimento y 3) Etapa compensatoria: donde todos las condiciones experimentales fueron llevadas a las condiciones del control. Todos los tratamientos causaron reducción en longitud, peso y distancias inter-circuli con respecto al control (6.7 ± 0.5 cm; 5.2 ± 1.2 g; 5.4 ± 0.5 mm), pero solo la temperatura y alimento fueron significativos (5.6 ± 0.4 y 5.8 ± 0.5 cm; 3.4 ± 0.7 y 3.3 ± 0.9 g; 3.4 ± 0.3 y 4.1 ± 0.6 mm para los tratamientos de temperatura y alimento, respectivamente) (P < 0.05). La experimentación tuvo una duración de tres semanas, y posteriormente los tratamientos fueron revertidos a condiciones control durante otras tres semanas donde se observó crecimiento compensatorio en los tratamientos de oxígeno y la densidad pero no de la misma manera para los estresores: temperatura y alimento. Las distancias inter-circuli fueron un buen indicador de períodos de estrés.

AbstractOreochromis niloticus has been introduced worldwide into freshwater reservoirs and represents an alternative food for local populations. Two annual marks on fish scales have been reported for fish in these environments, one of them is allocated to reproduction, while the other is thought to be formed following low temperatures, a reduction in oxygen concentration and/or high densities, among others. In order to explore the causes of this second ring, we designed an experimental study to analyze the influence of four factors: a reduction in food amount, an increase in density, a decrease in oxygen concentration and temperature. The experiment was carried out using five 215 L plastic tanks, each one divided into two sections, so as to have treatment replicates (each with 20 juveniles). The control conditions were optimal for the species: 5 % of body weight in food, a density of 3 fish/L, a total oxygen saturation of 4.98 ± 0.5 mg/L, and a temperature of 25.0 ± 1.0 oC; the treatments varied as follows: food of 2.5 % of body weight, density of 6 fish/L, oxygen of 2.8 ± 1.2 mg/L and a temperature of 19.6 ± 1.0 oC. Fish responses to stressors were estimated through variations in length, weight and inter-circuli spaces or circuli spacing in fish scales. Every third day it was measured the concentrations of ammonium, phosphates and nitrates with a photometer. Three stages for length/weight fish measurements and scales sampling were considered: 1) Initial stage: before experiment started, 2) Final stage: at the end of the experiment, and 3) Compensatory stage: when all the experimental treatments were adjusted to the Control conditions; the experiments lasted for three weeks. The results indicated that all the treatments caused a reduction in length, weight and inter-circuli spaces when compared to the controls (6.7 ± 0.5 cm; 5.2 ± 1.2 g; 5.4 ± 0.5 mm, respectively), but only the variables of temperature and food resulted significant (5.6 ± 0.4 and 5.8 ± 0.5 cm; 3.4 ± 0.7 and 3.3 ± 0.9 g; 3.4 ± 0.3 and 4.1 ± 0.6 mm for temperature and food treatments, respectively) (P < 0.05). When treatments were reversed to the control conditions for another three weeks compensatory growth was observed in the oxygen and density treatments, but not in the same way for the temperature and food treatments. We concluded that inter-circuli distances are a good indicator to stress periods in this species.

Biochemical characterization for determination of genetic distances among different indigenous chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties of North-West Pakistan

Abstract Genetic distances among different chickpea varieties and evaluation of their free amino acid profiles were determined on the basis of Sodium dodecyle sulphate polyacrylamide gels electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Total soluble proteins were resolved on 10% SDS Polyacrylamide gel. Low variability in tested varieties was observed. Dendogram based on electrophoretic data clustered the genotypes into 2 groups. The results showed that the average protein content of all the varieties was 26.01% within the range 22.8% for Thal-2006 to 34.06% Sheenghar-2000 of dry seed weight. On the basis of total protein content Bittal-98, Dasht and Sheen Ghar-2000, Karak-3 and CM-98, Paidar -91 and Fakhr-e-Thal, C-44, Balaksar and KK-1showed similar concentrations for protein contents among each other but showed variation from the rest of the varieties. Different proteins were separated on the basis of changes in their molecular weights by means of Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Dasht, CM-98, and Sheen Ghar showed 100% similarity. Balaksar and Fakhr-e- Thal, KK-2 and Chattan and KC-98, KK-1 and Lawaghar were 100% similar among each other but showed variation from the rest of the accessions. The overall dendrogram showed high and low level of variation among the accessions. The concentration of free amino acids varied among the 16 chickpea varieties. A significant difference of both essential and non-essential amino acids was found among the chickpea cultivars. The total concentration of essential amino acid was recorded 40.81 g/100 g protein while non-essential was recorded 59.18343 g/100 g protein in the given cultivars. The highest concentration of essential amino acids was found in C-44 followed by KK-2, KK-1 and Fakhr E Tal while the lowest concentration was recorded in Cm-98, Paidar-91 and Sheen Ghar-2000 respectively. Cultivars TAL-2006, Chattan and Karak-3 showed maximum concentration of both essential and endogenous amino acids. In conclusion; for broadening the genetic pools in breeding programs or to search for exotic characters, for instance new disease resistance alleles, accession with low similarity coefficients (Lawaghar and Battal-98) may be utilized. Furthermore the information acquired from this study could be used to device a proficient breeding approach intended at improving nutritional as well as broadening the genetic base of this essential food crop of Pakistan.

Resumo As distâncias genéticas entre as diferentes variedades de grão-de-bico e a avaliação de seus perfis de aminoácidos livres foram determinadas com base na eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida com dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE). As proteínas solúveis totais foram resolvidas em SDS-PAGE a 10%. Foi observada baixa variabilidade nas variedades testadas. O dendrograma fundamentado em dados eletroforéticos agrupou os genótipos em dois grupos. Os resultados mostraram que o teor médio de proteínas de todas as variedades foi de 26,01%, na faixa de 22,8% para Thal-2006 a 34,06% para Sheenghar-2000 do peso de sementes secas. Com base no conteúdo total de proteínas, Bittal-98, Dasht, Sheen Ghar-2000, Karak-3, CM-98, Paidar-91, Fakhr-e-Thal, C-44, Balaksar e KK-1 apresentaram concentrações semelhantes para o conteúdo de proteínas entre si, mas tiveram variação quanto ao restante das variedades. Diferentes proteínas foram separadas com base nas alterações de seus pesos moleculares por meio de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida com dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE). Dasht, CM-98 e Sheen Ghar mostraram 100% de similaridade. Balaksar, Fakhr-e-Thal, KK-2, Chattan e KC-98, KK-1 e Lawaghar foram 100% semelhantes entre si, mas apresentaram variação em relação ao restante dos acessos. O dendrograma geral mostrou alto e baixo nível de variação entre os acessos. A concentração de aminoácidos livres variou entre as 16 variedades de grão-de-bico. Foi encontrada uma diferença significativa entre os aminoácidos essenciais e não essenciais nas cultivares de grão-de-bico. A concentração total de aminoácidos essenciais foi registrada em 40,81 g / 100 g de proteína, enquanto a não essencial foi registrada em 59,18343 g / 100 g de proteína nas cultivares. A maior concentração de aminoácidos essenciais foi encontrada em C-44, seguida de KK-2, KK-1 e Fakhr-e-Thal, enquanto a menor concentração foi registrada em CM-98, Paidar-91 e Sheen Ghar-2000. As cultivares TAL-2006, Chattan e Karak-3 apresentaram concentração máxima de aminoácidos essenciais e endógenos. Em conclusão, para ampliar os pools genéticos em programas de melhoramento ou procurar caracteres exóticos, por exemplo, novos alelos de resistência a doenças, pode ser utilizada a adesão com baixos coeficientes de similaridade (Lawaghar e Battal-98). Além disso, as informações adquiridas neste estudo poderiam ser usadas para criar uma abordagem de criação eficiente, com o objetivo de melhorar a nutrição e ampliar a base genética dessa cultura alimentar essencial do Paquistão.

Herramienta alternativa para la clasificación de células cervicales utilizando solo rasgos del núcleo / Alternative tool for classification of cervical cells using only features of the nucleus

El cáncer de cérvix uterino representa una de las mayores amenazas de muerte por cáncer entre las mujeres. Con el avance continuo en la medicina y la tecnología, las muertes por esta enfermedad han disminuido significativamente. Las investigaciones referentes a este tema han podido determinar síntomas claves que permiten detectar a tiempo esta enfermedad para darle un tratamiento oportuno. La citología convencional es una de las técnicas más utilizadas, siendo ampliamente aceptada, de bajo costo, y con mecanismos de control. Con el objetivo de aliviar la carga de trabajo a los especialistas, algunos investigadores han propuesto el desarrollo de herramientas de visión computacional para detectar y clasificar las transformaciones en las células de la región del cuello uterino. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo proveer a los investigadores de una herramienta de clasificación automática, aplicable a las condiciones existentes en los centros médicos y de investigación del país. Esta herramienta debe ser capaz de clasificar las células del cuello del útero, basándose solamente en las características extraídas de la región del núcleo y sin utilizar las características del citoplasma, de manera que se reduzca la tasa de falsos negativos en la prueba de Papanicolaou. A partir del estudio realizado, se obtuvo una herramienta haciendo uso de la técnica k-vecinos más cercanos con la distancia manhattan, el cual mostró un alto desempeño manteniendo valores de AUC superiores al 91 por ciento y llegando hasta un 97.1 por ciento con respecto a los clasificadores SVM y RBF Network, los que también fueron analizados(AU)

Cervix cancer is one of the biggest threats of cancer death among women. With continued advances in medicine and technology, deaths from the disease have fallen significantly. The investigations concerning this issue have determined key symptoms to detect the disease in time to give timely treatment. Conventional cytology is one of the most widely used techniques, being widely accepted, inexpensive, and with control mechanisms. In order to alleviate the workload of specialists, some researchers have proposed the development of computer vision tools to detect and classify the changes in the cells of the cervical region. This research aims to provide a tool for automatic classification, applicable to medical conditions and research centers of the country. This tool should be able to classify the cells of the cervix, based solely on the features extracted from the core region without using the characteristics of the cytoplasm, so that the rate of false negative Pap test is reduced. From the study, a tool is obtained using the k nearest-neighbors manhattan distance technique, which showed a high performance maintaining AUC values greater than 91 percent and reaching 97.1 percent over classifiers SVM and RBF Network, which were also analyzed(AU)

Validation of the Cognitive Structure of an Arithmetic Test with the Least Squares Distance Model (LSDM) / Validación de la estructura cognitiva de una prueba aritmética con el Modelo de Distancia Mínima de Cuadrados (LSDM)

The aim of the present paper is to collect evidence about validity of the cognitive structure proposed to solve the items of an arithmetic test using an cognitive diagnosis model (based on the Item Response Theory) called Least Squares Distance Model (LSDM). The test was applied to a sample of 382 students of 7th grade from five public high schools in Bogotá-Colombia. With this data the objective was addressed in three ways: first, the analysis of two statistical validity indices; second by a cross -validation of the LSDM results on attribute difficulties using other cognitive model (LLTM), and third, by comparing the LSDM results with the observed scores on individual attributes. The logical behavior of the probability curves for the five attributes under study provides important evidence for their overall validity. Additional specific evidences of validity are also presented in the results.

El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido reunir evidencias sobre la validez de la estructura cognitiva propuesta para resolver los ítems de un test de aritmética, mediante la aplicación de un modelo de diagnóstico cognitivo basado en la Teoría de Respuesta al Item llamado Modelo de las Distancias Mínimo Cuadráticas (LSDM, por sus siglas en inglés). El test se aplicó a una muestra de 382 estudiantes de séptimo grado en cinco colegios públicos en Bogotá-Colombia. Usando estos datos el objetivo se abordó de tres maneras: en primer lugar se analizaron dos índices estadísticos de validez, en segundo lugar, se realizó una validación cruzada de los resultados del LSDM sobre las dificultades de atributos utilizando otro modelo cognitivo (LLTM) y en tercer lugar, se compararon los resultados del modelo con las puntuaciones observadas en atributos individuales. El comportamiento lógico de las curvas de probabilidad para los cinco atributos estudiados proporciona importante evidencia para su validez general. En los resultados se presentan también otras evidencias concretas de validez de la estructura propuesta.

Platform switching: uma realidade na preservação da crista óssea ao redor de implantes: revisão de literatura / Platform switching: a reality on crestal bone preservation around dental implants: literature review

A Implantologia atual admite como padrão de normalidade a perda de tecido ósseo marginal ao nível da primeira rosca de implantes osseointegráveis (Brãnemark System®). Em áreas estéticas e/ou de pequena disponibilidade óssea, esse fenômeno traz prejuízos no posicionamento cervical do tecido mole, na conformação da papila interproximal e na diminuição da superfície do implante para osseointegração. O conceito de Platform Switching, utilização de plataformas expandidas e componentes protéticos de menor diâmetro que medialisam a junção implante-abutment, minimiza ou elimina essa perda óssea. O objetivo desse artigo é expor essa ferramenta para preservação da crista óssea ao redor de implantes osseointegráveis.

The current implant dentistry considers the loss of marginal bone tissue at the level of the first thread of osseointegrated implants ("ad modum" Branemark) as normal. In aesthetic areas and/or areas of small bone availability, such phenomenon impedes the cervical positioning of the soft tissue, the interproximal papilla contour, and reduces the surface of the implants for osseointegration. The concept of Platform Switching uses expanded platforms and narrower diameter prosthetic components that medialize the implant-abutment junction (IAJ). Thus, minimizing or eliminating bone loss. The purpose of this article is to expose this tool for preservation of the crestal bone of osseointegrated implants in a literature review.

Buenas prácticas de aplicación en cultivos planos extensivos. Distancias a zonas urbanas. Criterios y soluciones / Good practices of application on extensive flat crops. Distances to urban areas. Criterions and solutions

El presente trabajo engloba todos los conocimientos actuales y disponibles técnico científicos con respecto a las aplicaciones de agroquímicos en proximidad a las zonas periurbanas y urbanas, considerando los diversos factores que contribuyen a un eficiente y eficaz trabajo agrícola, sugiriendo prácticas y estableciendo distancias a favor de la seguridad de la población y de las Buenas Prácticas Agrícolas. Concluyendo en un cuadro de sugerencias basado en la toxicidad aguda de los agroquímicos.

The present document includes the whole current and available scientific technical knowledge regarding to the agrochemical applications next to the rural-urban and urban zones, considering the several factors that contribute to an efficient and effective agricultural work, suggesting practices and establishing distances in favour of the population’s security and of the Good Agricultural Practices. Concluding in a picture of suggestions based on the acute toxicity of the agrochemicals.

Aplicación de un método para el análisis de las redes semánticas en pacientes que sufrieron un accidente cerebro vascular / Application of a semantic network analysis method in stroke patients

Se presenta la aplicación de un método de estimación de distancias semánticas, denominado DISTSEM, en pacientes que sufrieron un Accidente Cerebro Vascular (ACV). Este método se basa en la Teoría de Propagación de la Activación (Collins & Loftus, 1975) y permite obtener la configuración de una red de conceptos en función de la estimación de distancias semánticas realizada entre pares de palabras. Se informan los resultados de la administración a 30 pacientes con ACV y a un grupo control de 30 sujetos. Se analizaron cuali y cuantitativamente los patrones hallados en los pacientes y se compararon con los del otro grupo. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que algunos pacientes luego de sufrir un ACV realizan estimaciones de proximidad entre conceptos, distintas a las esperables de acuerdo al desempeño del grupo control. Las respuestas no fueron homogéneas. Se hallaron sujetos que establecieron escasas asociaciones entre los pares de palabras. También se hallaron sujetos que encontraron más vinculaciones que el grupo control, incluso encontrando similitudes en aquellos pares que no tenían vinculación semántica y que utilizaron justificaciones para realizar sus estimaciones, que no se corresponden con categorías semánticas sino que se basan principalmente en la funcionalidad. La lectura de estos resultados a la luz de la Teoría de Propagación de la Activación indica que dichos pacientes tienden a fallar en el proceso de búsqueda dentro de la red, particularmente en la regulación de la propagación de la activación que es necesaria para realizar la tarea.

There are many ways in which semantic organization can be assessed. The methods usually used are useful in many ways but fail to provide the possibility to visualise the configuration of a semantic network corresponding to a certain group of concepts and to make qualitative and quantitative comparisons between different networks. The aim of the current research is to show the application of a semantic distance judgment method to stroke patients. This method is called DISTSEM and it was build on the basis of Spreading Activation Theory (Collins & Loftus, 1975). It allows obtaining the configuration of a semantic network according to the semantic distance judgment realized by the individuals between pairs of concepts of different and equal semantic category given by the examiner. The method has been administered to 30 stroke patients and 30 healthy controls. In the current paper, the response patterns of the patients are analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively and comparisons are made with the production of healthy controls. In the first place, all the matrixes were correlated with an interjudges matrix and the results show that strokepatients obtained significantly lower correlations than controls. In the second place, the matrixes of the stroke patients were correlated with a matrix that represented the mode of the estimations made by the group of healthy subjects. There were found two atypical groups. On the one hand, there was a group of patients that found scarce relations between concepts. On the other hand, there was another group that found a great number of relations between concepts, including relations between concepts that were not from the same semantic category. This data can be interpreted in light of Collins and Loftus theory as a failure of the spreading of the activation. Some patients seem to fail in the searching process within the network, particularly in the control of the spread of the activation necessary to look for the similarities requested in the task. In the first case, there was an inhibition in the activation spreading, which did not allow reaching the intersection node between the presented pair of concepts. In the second case, there was an activation spreading superior than expected for that task, that is to say that it failed the inhibition of the competitors that allow establishing the estimation accurate for the task (Howard, Nickel, Coltheart, & Cole-Virtue, 2006). Furthermore, a Multiple Correspondence Analysis was performed with the justifications used in each election. This analysis showed that there was a group of patients that tended to use atypical justifications in some pairs of concepts. Some of these patients justify their elections using functional justifications (e.g., "They are alike because they are useful for men"), another group used perceptual justifications (e.g., "They are alike because they have legs") and there was a small group that found scarce similarities. This indicates that the justifications used by this group of stroke patients tend to be less precise and less adequate for the context of the task. This inappropriate selection of responses leads to an explanation related to executive functions, which would be responsible for selecting the most accurate response according to the context. To sum up, this paper shows some ways in which data can be visualized and some means to analyse and interpret data resulting from the application of the DISTSEM method.

Evaluation of the genetic diversity among maize lines (Zea mays L.) by DNA fingerprinting analysis / Avaliação de diversidade genética entre linhagens de milho (Zea mays L.) por analisis de "DNA fingerprinting

Informativo DNA fingerprint profiles of eight homozygotic maize lines were obtained by the electrophoretic separation of DNA restriction fragments and the ir hybridization with the minisatellite probe R18.1. The analysis of the bandsharing frequencies allowed to identify all the lines and to estimate the genetic distances between them. The relationship obtained by DNA fingerprinting analysis of the eight inbreed lines was highly consistem with the ir genetical origin.

Perfis altamente informativos de oito linhagens homozigotas de milho foram obtidos através de análise de DNA fingerprinting, hibridizando-se os fragmentos de restrição com a sonda minisatélite R18,1. A análise de bandas coincidentes permitiu identificar todas as linhagens e estimar as distâncias genéticas entre elas. A relação entre as linhagens obtidas por esta análise é consistente com a origem genética das mesmas.