RÉSUMÉ
Abstract: Crabs of the genus Persephona are intensely captured in shrimp fisheries as bycatch in the Cananéia region off the coast of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The analysis of the spatial and temporal distribution of Persephona punctata and Persephona mediterranea could provide information about variation in the abundance of these species, as well as the environmental variables affecting their distribution and the existence of a possible habitat partitioning. Using a shrimp fishery boat equipped with double-rig nets, crabs were monthly captured from July 2012 to June 2014 in seven sites: four in the coastal area adjacent to the Cananéia region and three in the Mar Pequeno estuarine area. The abundances of both species were compared according to spatial (among sites) and temporal (years and seasons) scale distribution. A total of 396 individuals of P. punctata and 64 of P. mediterranea were captured. The abundance of both species was higher in the second sampling year (July 2013-June 2014) and in coastal areas; only one individual of each species was captured in the estuarine area due to the low salinity at this location (approximately 27.7‰). The temperature was the environmental variable that most affected the distribution of both species, which was more abundant in warmer periods. The temporal variation in abundance was modulated by temperature, while salinity modulated the spatial distribution of P. punctata and P. mediterranea. The spatial-temporal distribution of both species differered in Cananéia, pointing to a similar use of the environment's resources.
Resumo: Os caranguejos Persephona são intensamente capturados na pesca do camarão como fauna acompanhante, inclusive na região de Cananéia no litoral do estado de São Paulo, no Brasil. A avaliação da distribuição espaço-temporal pode, consequentemente, fornecer informações sobre variações na abundância de Persephona punctata e Persephona mediterranea, bem como as variáveis ambientais que afetam suas distribuições e uma possível partilha de habitat desses congêneres. Com um barco de pesca de camarão equipado com redes de arrasto duplo, os indivíduos foram coletados mensalmente de julho de 2012 a junho de 2014 em sete locais: quatro na área costeira adjacente à região de Cananéia e três na área estuarina Mar Pequeno. A abundância dessas espécies foi comparada de acordo com a distribuição espacial (entre sítios) bem como entre anos e estações. Um total de 396 indivíduos de P. punctata e de 64 de P. mediterranea foram capturados. A abundância de ambas as espécies foi maior no segundo ano de coleta (julho de 2013 a junho de 2014). A abundância de ambas as espécies foi maior na área costeira, e apenas um indivíduo de cada espécie foi capturado na área estuarina devido à baixa salinidade neste local (27.7‰ aproximadamente). A temperatura foi o fator ambiental que afetou significativamente a distribuição das espécies, com maiores abundâncias em períodos mais quentes. A variação temporal da abundância foi modulada pela temperatura, enquanto a salinidade modulou a distribuição espacial de P. punctata e P. mediterranea. Em Cananéia as espécies não apresentaram diferenças na distribuição espaço-temporal, o que nos permite assumir elas habitam a área de uma forma muito similar.
RÉSUMÉ
Objective: To systematically investigate the biodiversity, ecological distribution, and antimicrobial activities of the endophytic fungi in Angelica sinensis growing in several natural habitats in China. Methods: The isolation, culture, and identification of microorganism and mycelium growth inhibition test were adopted, and the relative data were analyzed by the statistical methods. Results: A total of 206 isolates of endophytic fungi representing 22 species were collected at different time periods from A. sinensis in three locations. Melanconiaceae (45.1%) was the most prevalent followed by Dematiaceae (34.0%), mycelia sterilia (17.0%), Tuberculariaceae (2.9%), Moniliaceae (0.5%), and Leptostromataceae (0.5%). The main genera were Gongromella Ribaldi, Coniosporieae Lk. ex Fr., Fusella Sacc., Myxormia B. ex Br., Ozonium Lk. ex Fr., Pestalotia de Not., Phacodium Pers. ex Wallr., and Sphaceloma de Barry. Endophytes from the samples of Min county showed more diversity, percentage colonization, and species richness compared to other two locations. Endophytic colonization frequency was also greater in Min county (56.5%) than those in Heqing county (29.5%) and Baoxing county (17.0%). As to endophytic community in different plant tissues, the maximum endophytes species richness and diversity appeared in root tissues rather than in stem and leaf tissues from each location. Leaf samples were colonized by greater numbers of endophytes relative to the stem and root samples of the same location. Antimicrobial assay of the 206 endophytes showed that 20% was capable of inhibiting plant pathogenic fungi and eight strains displayed strong inhibition. Conclusion: Endophytic fungi isolated from A. sinensis are specific in location, tissue, and season, and diverse in species. They are potential sources of antimicrobial agents which might improve the stress resistance and growth of this medicinal plant and play the important biological functions in ecosystem. Therefore, endophytic fungi will explore a new way to control plant diseases and develop healthful Chinese crude drugs. © 2013 Tianjin Press of Chinese Herbal Medicines.
RÉSUMÉ
La capacidad de un genotipo particular de producir diferentes fenotipos es conocido como plasticidad fenotípica (PF). Este trabajo evaluó la PF a través de la ontogenia vegetativa en dos especies de la familia Verbenaceae, Lippia alba ampliamente distribuida en habitats favorables y Lippia origanoides ampliamente distribuida en habitats con bajo disponibilidad de recursos. Se evaluó si la PF está correlacionada con distribución ecologica, en respuesta al contenido relativo de agua en el suelo. Se distribuyeron aleatoriamente 40 clones por tratamiento en tres condiciones experimentales que variaron en la disponibilidad de agua en el suelo, evaluándose distintos caracteres morfológicos y de asignación de biomasa. Los resultados demuestran una falta de asociación entre PF y distribución ecología de ambas especies. Se observó una mayor PF en L. alba en la etapa temprana de la ontogenia vegetativa, demostrando que la PF a través de la ontogenia vegetativa no se presenta de forma uniforme, la amplia distribución ecológica de esta especie se explica por una mayor PF y asignación de biomasa en los diferentes componentes de la tasa de crecimiento relativa (RGR), ya que estos pueden ser ventajosos para alcanzar una rápida madurez sexual y colonizar nuevos hábitats con condiciones favorables. Contrario a nuestra hipótesis, L. origanoides presentó una mayor PF durante la ontogenia vegetativa, los resultados demuestran una posible estrategia de tolerancia al estrés que le permite un bajo desempeño en el RGR en habitats con baja disponibilidad de recursos.
The capacity of genotype to produced different phenotypes is denominated Phenotypic Plasticity (PP). The present study evaluates the PP during the vegetative ontogeny in two species of the family Verbenaceae, Lippia alba which occurs in favorable habitats and L. origanoides which occurs in unfavorable habitats. We compare the PP and its ecological distribution, in response to availability of water in the soil. Forty plants were distributed randomly into three different treatments which had different availabilities of water in the soil. The results indicate a poor association between the PP and the ecological breadth. L. alba presents a high PP in the early stage of the ontogeny demonstrating that it does not exist uniformity in the PP through the vegetative ontogeny, the wide ecological distribution in this specie is explained for a higher allocation of mass in the component the relative growth rate RGR, because this might be an advantage for reaching sexual maturity faster and colonized new favorable habitats. Contrary to our hypothesis of work L. origanoides shows a PP, during the vegetative ontogeny and probably are associated to some mechanisms of tolerance to stress that allow a lower rate in the RGR in unfavorable habitats.
RÉSUMÉ
Objective The population structure and ecological distribution of endophytic fungi in Changium smyrnioides from the different habitats and growing phases,and the effects of fungal elicitor on the cell biomass and polysaccharide accumulation were studied in this paper.Methods The isolation,culture,and identification of microorganism,and plant cell suspension culture technology were adopted;And relative data were analyzed by the statistical methods.Results In four producing areas,116 strains were isolated and classified into eight genera.The dominant populations were Fusarium LK.ex FR.,Geotrichum LK.,and Alternaria Nees.The population structure of endophytic fungi obviously changed at the different growing phases.Species and quantity of endophytic fungi were plentiful at the seedling stage and bud stage,and especially at the bud stage the isolation rate and isolation frequency were more than 30% and 19%,respectively.Some endophytic fungi had the obvious area and tissue specificity.Compared with the control by adding the elicitor of Fusarium sp.3,the yields of cell biomass and polysaccharide were increased to 31.86% and 38.01%,respectively.Conclusion Endophytic fungi in C.smyrnioides have abundant biodiversity.And there is close relationship between the population structure and distribution of endophytic fungi with ecological conditions.And fungal elicitors could obviously enhance the yields of cell biomass and polysaccharide of C.smyrnioides.
RÉSUMÉ
In this mini review,some research advance on Marinomonas from domestic and overseas was briefly summarized,mainly including of its classification、ecological distribution、functional genes and bioactive molecules.Furthermore,some suggestion and perspectives for further studies on Marinomonas were also proposed.