Isolation and identification of Coxsackievirus A16 strains in Kunming,Yunnan Province in 2019 and analysis of genetic characteristics of VP1 gene / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Objective To analyze the genetic characteristics of the entire VP1 gene of Coxsackievirus A16(CVA16) strains isolated from the feces of patients with hand,foot and mouth disease(HFMD) in Yunnan Province in 2019.Methods The virus was isolated from human embryonic lung diploid fibroblast(KMB-17) cells and African green monkey kidney(Vero)cells,and the primers for the complete VP1 gene sequence of CVA16 were designed.The target fragment was amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced;the complete VP1 sequence was analyzed by softwares such as MEGA 7.0 and Geneious 9.0.2.Results A total of 26 CVA16 strains were isolated,including eight KMB-17 isolates and 18 Vero isolates.Twenty CVA16isolates were randomly selected for analysis,and three isolates were found to have Bla and 17 B1b genotypes;the nucleotide and amino acid homology of 17 CVA16 B1b isolates were 93.8%—100% and 98.3%—100%,and the nucleotide and amino acid homology with other domestic isolates was 91.1 %—99.2% and 97.3%—99.0%,respectively;the nucleotide and amino acid homology of the three Bla isolates was 98.0%—98.1% and 99.3%,and those with other domestic Bla isolates was 88.7%—98.1% and 98.3%—99.7%,respectively;17 B1b isolates and other three Bla isolates showed the nucleotide and amino acid homology of 87.4%—88.4% and 97.3%—98.7%.Conclusion The CVA16 prevalent in Kunming in 2019 belonged to Bla and B1b genotypes,with B1b as the main strain,and all of them were prevalent strains in the mainland of China.

Integración y consolidación disciplinar en la biología y la psicología. Una perspectiva comparada / Disciplinary Integration and consolidation in Biology and Psychology. A comparative Approach

Resumen En su proceso de definición y consolidación, las ciencias de la vida se enfrentaron con la dicotomía sobre si la mejor manera de aproximarse a su objeto de estudio era seguir el modelo de la física -considerado el modelo científico por excelencia- o desligarse de este. La manera en la que este debate se decantó en cada disciplina tuvo consecuencias en el desarrollo posterior y en los alcances epistemológicos de las nuevas ciencias en consolidación. La comparación de la manera en la que se dio este debate en la biología y la psicología resulta relevante para entender la trayectoria de estas ciencias y sus posibilidades de integración disciplinar: la biología consiguió la unificación disciplinar integrándose alrededor de la teoría evolutiva, mientras que la psicología no consiguió exitosamente esa integración. Esto fue en parte por el intento de conectarse con las ciencias naturales a través de la fisiología, lo que, además, supuso un obstáculo para la comprensión e integración del principio unificador de la biología.

Abstract During the XIX century, different sciences were structured or consolidated in their modern form. Until then, biology, earth sciences, social sciences, and even physics, chemistry, and mathematics did not exist as autonomous disciplines as we know them today. In that century, the notion of "science" was utterly separated from natural philosophy, theology, and other forms of traditional knowledge. The consolidation of scientific disciplines was characterized by deep debates on the possibilities and methods of knowing the natural and human worlds. In their process of consolidation, all life sciences faced a dichotomy related to the best way to approach their object of study: should they follow the model of physics -considered the scientific model par excellence- or not take that model into account? This dichotomy provoked intense debates in all disciplines. The way this debate was resolved had lasting consequences in the subsequent development and the epistemological scope of the new sciences in consolidation. Comparing how this debate took place in biology and psychology is relevant to understanding the disciplinary trajectory followed by each science and the possibilities of integration in each field of knowledge. There is a generalized assumption in the history of psychology that the experimental paradigm adopted extensively in psychology at the end of the XIX century would have placed the discipline under the scientific status of natural sciences. However, in biology and psychology, there was a tension between a physiological-experimental paradigm and a historical-evolutionary paradigm. Understanding those debates within biology, and the comprehension of how biology achieved its disciplinary integration, shows why the experimental connection of psychology with physiology did not mean an explicit connection with the whole of the natural sciences. Disciplinary integration in biology was possible because of adopting the evolutionary principle under a historic paradigm instead of a physical-chemical one. That is why the experimental connection of psychology with physiology eventually became an obstacle for psychology in adopting the unifying principle of biology, the Theory of Evolution, as their basis for disciplinary integration. The first part of this article describes how two branches emerged in the process of consolidation of biology: physiological-experimental and historical-evolutionary. Each one had a different approach to its object of study, but both were necessary to form what is now modern biology. The second part focuses on unifying biology as a field of scientific knowledge, bringing the two branches of this science together under the evolutionary paradigm. The third part outlines the central debates in the consolidation of psychology as a scientific discipline at the end of the XIX century and the beginning of the 20th century. It introduces implications of how these debates on knowledge in psychology developed, as opposed to how it happened in biology. Finally, the difficulties of psychology connecting with the theory of evolution are addressed, as are the impossibility of integrating the different branches of the discipline.

Evolución y enfermedad / Evolution and disease

Resumen Este ensayo cuestiona a la medicina evolutiva o darwiniana por su adhesión acrítica a la teoría evolucionista para explicar las enfermedades, que deja de lado el propio proceso vital que transformó un planeta "inerte" en uno "viviente", donde el orden biológico naciente subordinó al fisicoquímico imperante para prevalecer. El orden biológico es equiparable a un "concierto armónico infinitamente diverso", que ha creado y recreado, por eones, los ambientes propicios para su propia permanencia y evolución. El arribo del homo sapiens significó el surgimiento del orden cultural que suplantó progresivamente en sus efectos, al orden biológico, al provocar cambios drásticos y vertiginosos en el ecosistema planetario que silenciaron el proceso evolutivo "sin tiempo para manifestarse". La adaptación como aptitud para sobreponerse a situaciones adversas, es un contrasentido en el "concierto armónico"; en cambio, es característica del orden cultural que impone a los humanos ambientes inhóspitos y estresantes como exigencias adaptativas ineludibles. La cualidad vital propia del orden biológico es la anticipación secuencial de las situaciones de interacción con los objetos significativos del ambiente, que posibilita la consumación de las actividades vitales básicas, emblema del estado de madurez de los seres vivos. Pensar que la evolución explica las enfermedades crónicas no solo es ilusorio, sino contraproducente, porque encubre la raíz de nuestros problemas: una humanidad en constante disarmonía entre etnocentrismos belicosos, perpetradora de la devastación planetaria, cuyo valor supremo es el lucro sin límites.

Abstract This essay questions evolutionary or Darwinian medicine for its uncritical adherence to evolutionary theory to explain diseases, which leaves aside the very vital process that transformed an "inert planet" into a "living one" where the nascent biological order subordinated the physicochemical one to prevail. The biological order is comparable to an "infinitely diverse harmonic concert", which has created and recreated, for eons, the environments conducive to its own permanence and evolution. The arrival of homo sapiens meant the cultural order emergence, which progressively supplanted, in its effects, the biological order by causing drastic and vertiginous changes in the planetary ecosystem that silenced the evolutionary process "without time to manifest". Adaptation as an ability to overcome adverse situations is a non-sense in the "harmonic concert"; instead, it is characteristic of the cultural order that imposes inhospitable and stressful environments on humans as inescapable adaptive demands. The vital quality of the biological order is the sequential anticipation of situations of interaction with significant objects in the environment, which enables the consummation of basic vital activities, emblematic of the state of maturity of living beings. To think that evolution explains chronic diseases is not only illusory but counterproductive because it covers up the root of our problems: a humanity in constant disharmony between bellicose ethnocentrisms, perpetrator of planetary devastation, whose supreme value is profit without limits.

A relação entre fobias específicas com ansiedade, impulsividade e depressão: um estudo exploratório / The relation of specific phobias with anxiety, impulsivity and depression: an exploratory study / La relación entre fobias específicas con ansiedad, impulsividad y depresión: um estudio exploratorio

Uma fobia específica é um medo irreal ou extremo de uma situação, objeto ou ambiente específico. Teorias iniciais sobre aquisição de fobias específicas favoreceram uma explicação no condicionamento do medo. Este artigo quantificou medos com um potencial ofensivo maior e menor para as espécies em uma amostra de 148 estudantes com média de idade de 21,5 anos (DP = 2,6). Além das diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre as duas categorias de medo, houve uma correlação de medos de uma menor ofensa potencial para humanos com ansiedade e depressão, estresse e impulsividade. Este trabalho pode ajudar a elucidar problemas relacionados a incidência de certas fobias

A specific phobiais an unrealistic or extreme fear of a specific situation, object, or setting. Initial theories regarding the acquisition of specific phobias favored a fear conditioningbased explanation. The present article quantifi ed fears with higher and lower off ensive potential for the human species in a sample of 148 students with an average age of 21,5 years (DP = 2,6). It In addition to statistically signifi cant diff erences between the two categories of fear, there was a correlation of fears of lower off ensive potential for humans with anxiety and depression, stress and impulsivity. This work may help to elucidate issues related to the incidence of certain phobias

Una fobia específica es un miedo poco realista o extremo a una situación, objeto o entorno específico. Teorías iniciales sobre la adquisición de fobias específicas favoreció una explicación basada en el condicionamiento del miedo. El presente artículo cuantifi có los temores con un potencial ofensivo mayor y menor para la espécie en una muestra de 148 estudiantes comum a edad media de 21, 5 años (DP= 2,6). Además de las diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las dos categorías de miedo, hubo una correlación de los temores de un menor potencial ofensivo para los humanos con ansiedad y depresión, estrés e impulsividad. Este trabajo puede ayudar a dilucidar problemas relacionados con la incidencia de ciertas fobias

Complete genome comparative analysis of Coxsackievirus A6 causing hand,foot and mouth disease and herpangina in Yunnan Province in 2018 / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#ObjectiveTo analyze the genome-wide characteristics of 17 strains of Coxsackievirus A6(CVA6)that cause hand,foot and mouth disease(HFMD)and herpangina(HA)in Yunnan Province in 2018,and understand the genetic differences between different pathogenic CVA6.MethodsA total of 1 909 stool samples clinically diagnosed as HFMD and HA in Kunming Children′s Hospital in 2018 were randomly selected for detection using enterovirus group A universal primers and screening of CVA6 positive samples. The CVA6 whole genome sequence was amplified with CVA6 whole genome primers,spliced by BioEdit splicting software,and analyzed for the whole genome characteristics by BioEdit,MEGA 7.0,Simplot,Heml 1.0 and Phyre2softwares.ResultsA total of 929 CVA6 positive samples were screened,and 17CVA6 complete gene sequences were obtained(9 of which were clinically diagnosed as HFMD and 8 were clinically diagnosed as HA). All 17 CVA6 strains were in type IV clade on the whole phylogenetic tree. No significant recombination occurred in HA and HFMD representative strains,while mutations occurred in non-structural protein 3D region. HFMD and HA representative strains showed differences in VP1 loci S597T,Q705L and Q663L. Online predictive analysis showed that the secondary structure of VP1 was consistent with that of CVA6 with no change.ConclusionThe 17 CVA6 strains causing HFMD and HA had high genomic homology,as well as nucleotide and amino acid differences,which may affect the replication and adaptability of CVA6.

Evolutionary analysis of the VP1 gene of Echovirus 30 in Yunnan Province, China / 国际生物医学工程杂志

Objective:To study the genetic characteristics and genetic evolution of echovirus 30 (ECHO30) isolates in Yunnan Province, China.Methods:Virus isolation was performed on nucleic acid-positive samples for hand, foot, and mouth disease pathogen surveillance in Yunnan Province, and VP1 gene sequencing was performed. The sequences of eight ECHO30 isolates from Yunnan Province and the gene sequences of the VP1 region of the ECHO30 reference strain downloaded from GenBank were compared and analyzed using MEGA 5.0 software, and then a phylogenetic tree was constructed to measure the homology of nucleotides and amino acids between the isolates.Results:The ECHO30 virus was distributed in Wenshan, Qujing, Chuxiong, and Kunming in Yunnan Province. The ECHO30 virus was relatively common in Wenshan. ECHO30 isolates belonged to the H2 subtype of the H genotype, which was close to the local reference strain LC120939 in Yunnan Province. On the VP1 gene at site 5, the amino acid change ratio was more active, the amino acids were diverse, and mutations also occurred at sites 54, 156, 258, and so on. Nucleotide and amino acid homology were 84.0% - 100.0% and 98.4% - 100.0%, respectively.Conclusions:ECHO30 isolates from Yunnan Province have certain geographical characteristics and belong to H2 of the H genotype. The nucleotide differences in virus sequences among subtypes are small and have a close genetic relationship.

Analyzing the evolution of insect TMED gene and the expression pattern of silkworm TMED gene / 生物工程学报

Transmembrane emp24 domain (TMED) gene is closely related to immune response, signal transduction, growth and disease development in mammals. However, only the Drosophila TMED gene has been reported on insects. We identified the TMED family genes of silkworm, Tribolium castaneum, tobacco moth and Italian bee from their genomes, and found that the TMED family gene composition patterns of one α-class, one β-class, one δ-class and several γ-classes arose in the common ancestor of pre-divergent Hymenoptera insects, while the composition of Drosophila TMED family members has evolved in a unique pattern. Insect TMED family γ-class genes have evolved rapidly, diverging into three separate subclasses, TMED6-like, TMED5-like and TMED3-like. The TMED5-like gene was lost in Hymenoptera, duplicated in the ancestors of Lepidoptera and duplicated in Drosophila. Insect TMED protein not only has typical structural characteristics of TMED, but also has obvious signal peptide. There are seven TMED genes in silkworm, distributed in six chromosomes. One of seven is single exon and others are multi-exons. The complete open reading frame (ORF) sequences of seven TMED genes of silkworm were cloned from larval tissues and registered in GenBank database. BmTMED1, BmTMED2 and BmTMED6 were expressed in all stages and tissues of the silkworm, and all genes were expressed in the 4th and 5th instar and silk gland of the silkworm. The present study revealed the composition pattern of TMED family members, their γ class differentiation and their evolutionary history, providing a basis for further studies on TMED genes in silkworm and other insects.

Evolutionary Law of Syndrome and Syndrome Elements during the Malignant Transformation of Chronic Hepatitis B / 中医杂志

ObjectiveTo clarify the evolutionary laws of syndromes and syndrome elements at different stages during the malignant transformation of chronic hepatitis B （CHB）. MethodsA total of 671 patients with hepatitis B virus infection， who were admitted to the outpatient and inpatient departments of Dongzhimen Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine and The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from July 1st， 2020 to June 30th， 2021， were included， involving 120 cases of CHB， 340 cases of hepatitis B liver cirrhosis （HBLC）， 64 cases of precancerous lesions with hepatitis B liver cirrhosis （PLHC）， and 147 cases of hepatitis B liver cirrhosis with hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC）. A Survey form of traditional Chinese medicine syndrome during malignant transformation of chronic hepatitis B was designed， and the general information， auxiliary examination and the four examinations results were collected. Factor analysis and K-means clustering were used to determine and statistically analyze the syndrome and syndrome elements. ResultsFive traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome types were identified in CHB patients， while there were six TCM syndrome types in HBLC， PLHC and HCC stages. Among CHB patients， the main syndromes were liver constraint and spleen deficiency （53.33%） and liver-gallbladder damp-heat （21.67%）， and the dominant syndrome elements were qi stagnation （27.60%）， heat （17.71%） and qi deficiency （17.71%）. In the HBLC stage， the syndromes were mainly blood stasis obstructing the collaterals （23.83%） and liver constraint and spleen deficiency （22.35%）， with dominant syndrome elements being blood stasis （19.25%）， dampness （17.46%）， and qi deficiency （15.01%）. For the PLHC stage， the primary syndrome types were blood stasis obstructing the collaterals （29.68%） and liver-kidney yin deficiency （20.31%）， and the leading syndrome elements were blood stasis （22.12%）， yin deficiency （15.93%）， and qi deficiency （15.04%）. In the HCC stage， the syndrome was dominated by blood stasis obstructing the collaterals （33.34%） and liver-kidney yin deficiency （19.73%）， with the main syndrome elements being blood stasis （24.52%）， yin deficiency （16.09%）， and qi deficiency （15.33%）. During the progression of CHB to malignancy， there was a gradual decrease in excess syndromes including liver-gallbladder damp-heat and water-dampness internal obstruction from 21.67% to 19.04%. In contrast， deficiency syndromes including liver-kidney yin deficiency and spleen-kidney yang deficiency increased from 15.83% to 31.97%. Additionally， excess syndrome elements including qi stagnation， heat and dampness decreased from 59.89% to 34.48%， while deficiency syndrome elements including qi deficiency， yin deficiency and yang deficiency increased from 32.30% to 41.00%. ConclusionDuring the malignant transformation of CHB， there exists a progression of syndrome and syndrome elements， shifting from qi stagnation， heat and qi deficiency to blood stasis （predominantly excess）， dampness and qi deficiency， and then to blood stasis （predominantly deficiency）， yin deficiency and qi deficiency， characterized by “deficiency-excess complex， and shift from excess to deficiency”.

A review of the recent advances on Lassa fever with special reference to molecular epidemiology and progress in vaccine development

Lassa fever, a viral hemorrhagic fever caused by the Lassa virus (LASV), is endemic in West Africa and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. At least three of the four proposed seven lineages of LASV are found in Nigeria, where the multimammate rat, Mastomys natalensis, serves as the primary reservoir. Endemic countries report approximately 200,000 infections and 5,000 deaths annually, with Nigeria experiencing thousands of infections and hundreds of deaths including healthcare workers. The aim of this review is to provide scientific information for better understanding of the evolutionary biology, molecular epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prevention of Lassa fever in Nigeria and other endemic regions worldwide, which can lead to improved control efforts and reduce morbidity and mortality from recurrent epidemics. To achieve this aim, observational studies such as case series, cross-sectional and cohort studies published between December 2017 and September 2022 were searched for on various online databases including Google Scholar, Africa Journals Online (AJOL), Research Gates, PubMed, PMIC, NCDC, and WHO websites. Although the origin and evolutionary history, and the transmission dynamics of Lassa virus have been revealed through recent. molecular epidemiological studies, the factors that drive the evolution of the virus remain unclear. Genetic changes in the viral genome may have enabled the virus to adapt to humans. Diagnosis of Lassa fever has also advanced from basic serological tests to more sophisticated methods such as quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and sequencing, which are particularly useful for identifying outbreak strains. Several vaccines, including recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV), virus-like particle (VLP), and DNA-based vaccines, have shown promise in animal models and some have progressed to phase 2 clinical trials. Preventing and controlling Lassa fever is critical to safeguard the health and well-being of affected communities. Effective measures such as rodent control, improved sanitation, and early detection and isolation of infected individuals are essential for reducing transmission. Ongoing research into the genetic and ecological factors that drive the evolution of Lassa virus is necessary to reduce the impacts of Lassa fever.

A review of the recent advances on Lassa fever with special reference to molecular epidemiology and progress in vaccine development

Lassa fever, a viral hemorrhagic fever caused by the Lassa virus (LASV), is endemic in West Africa and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. At least three of the four proposed seven lineages of LASV are found in Nigeria, where the multimammate rat, Mastomys natalensis, serves as the primary reservoir. Endemic countries report approximately 200,000 infections and 5,000 deaths annually, with Nigeria experiencing thousands of infections and hundreds of deaths including healthcare workers. The aim of this review is to provide scientific information for better understanding of the evolutionary biology, molecular epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prevention of Lassa fever in Nigeria and other endemic regions worldwide, which can lead to improved control efforts and reduce morbidity and mortality from recurrent epidemics. To achieve this aim, observational studies such as case series, cross-sectional and cohort studies published between December 2017 and September 2022 were searched for on various online databases including Google Scholar, Africa Journals Online (AJOL), Research Gates, PubMed, PMIC, NCDC, and WHO websites. Although the origin and evolutionary history, and the transmission dynamics of Lassa virus have been revealed through recent molecular epidemiological studies, the factors that drive the evolution of the virus remain unclear. Genetic changes in the viral genome may have enabled the virus to adapt to humans. Diagnosis of Lassa fever has also advanced from basic serological tests to more sophisticated methods such as quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and sequencing, which are particularly useful for identifying outbreak strains. Several vaccines, including recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV), virus-like particle (VLP), and DNA-based vaccines, have shown promise in animal models and some have progressed to phase 2 clinical trials. Preventing and controlling Lassa fever is critical to safeguard the health and well-being of affected communities. Effective measures such as rodent control, improved sanitation, and early detection and isolation of infected individuals are essential for reducing transmission. Ongoing research into the genetic and ecological factors that drive the evolution of Lassa virus is necessary to reduce the impacts of Lassa fever

La fièvre de Lassa, une fièvre hémorragique virale causée par le virus de Lassa (LASV), est endémique en Afrique de l'Ouest et est associée à une morbidité et une mortalité élevées. Au moins trois des quatre lignées proposées de LASV se trouvent au Nigeria, où le rat multimammaire, Mastomys natalensis, sert de réservoir principal. Les pays endémiques signalent environ 200,000 infections et 5,000 décès par an, le Nigéria connaissant des milliers d'infections et des centaines de décès, y compris des travailleurs de la santé. L'objectif de cette revue est de fournir des informations scientifiques pour une meilleure compréhension de la biologie évolutive, de l'épidémiologie moléculaire, de la pathogenèse, du diagnostic et de la prévention de la fièvre de Lassa au Nigeria et dans d'autres régions endémiques du monde, ce qui peut conduire à des efforts de contrôle améliorés et réduire la morbidité et la mortalité des épidémies récurrentes. Pour atteindre cet objectif, des études observationnelles telles que des séries de cas, des études transversales et de cohorte publiées entre décembre 2017 et septembre 2022 ont été recherchées sur diverses bases de données en ligne, notamment Google Scholar, Africa Journals Online (AJOL), Research Gate, PubMed, PMIC, Sites Web du NCDC et de l'OMS. Bien que l'origine et l'histoire évolutive, ainsi que la dynamique de transmission du virus de Lassa aient été révélées par des études épidémiologiques moléculaires récentes, les facteurs qui déterminent l'évolution du virus restent flous. Des modifications génétiques du génome viral pourraient avoir permis au virus de s'adapter à l'homme. Le diagnostic de la fièvre de Lassa est également passé des tests sérologiques de base à des méthodes plus sophistiquées telles que la réaction quantitative en chaîne par polymérase en temps réel (qRTPCR) et le séquençage, qui sont particulièrement utiles pour identifier les souches épidémiques. Plusieurs vaccins, y compris le virus recombinant de la stomatite vésiculeuse (rVSV), les particules pseudo-virales (VLP) et les vaccins à base d'ADN, se sont révélés prometteurs dans des modèles animaux et certains ont progressé vers des essais cliniques de phase 2. La prévention et le contrôle de la fièvre de Lassa sont essentiels pour préserver la santé et le bien-être des communautés touchées. Des mesures efficaces telles que le contrôle des rongeurs, l'amélioration de l'assainissement et la détection et l'isolement précoces des personnes infectées sont essentielles pour réduire la transmission. Des recherches continues sur les facteurs génétiques et écologiques qui déterminent l'évolution du virus de Lassa sont nécessaires pour réduire les impacts de la fièvre de Lassa.

Research on the regulation of electronic prescription circulation under the mode of “medical science + pharmacy” / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To provide reference for the regulation of electronic prescription circulation under the mode of “medical science + pharmacy”. METHODS Based on evolutionary game theory， a tripartite evolutionary game model was constructed for related parties of electronic prescription circulation （government agencies， internet hospitals and third-party drug platforms） under the mode of “medical science + pharmacy”. The influential factors of the three parties’ strategy selection were analyzed and verified by simulation. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS The strategic choices of all parties in the game were affected by the other two parties. Reducing the cost of strict supervision or increasing the punishment for the other two parties would increase the probability of strict supervision of government agencies. Enhancing reputation losses， increasing penalties， and reducing the cost difference when choosing different strategies would have regulatory and binding effects on internet hospitals and third-party drug platforms. It is suggested that government agencies can introduce diversified supervision mode and establish an integrated “intelligent supervision + traceability” system； pay attention to the construction of reputation mechanism， and promote the coordinated linkage of all parties； increase the punishment for violations， provide policy support， reduce the cost of compliance behavior to promote the high-quality development of electronic prescription circulation under the mode of “medical science + pharmacy”.

Tolerance engineering regulates stress resistance of microbial cell factory / 生物工程学报

The production efficiency of microbial cell factory is determined by the growth performance, product synthetic capacity, and stress resistance of the strain. Strengthening the stress resistance is the key point to improve the production efficiency of microbial cell factory. Tolerance engineering is based on the response mechanism of microbial cell factory to resist stress. Specifically, it consolidates the cell wall-cell membrane barrier to enhance the defense against stress, accelerates the stress response to improve the damage repair, and creates tolerance evolutionary tools to screen industrial microorganisms with enhanced robustness. We summarize the regulation strategies and forecast the prospects of tolerance engineering, which plays an important role in the microbial cell factories for sustainable production of natural products and bulk chemicals.

Identification and analysis of the TALE transcription factor family in radish / 生物工程学报

Three-amino acid loop extension (TALE) transcription factors play important roles in plant growth and cell differentiation. There are plenty of studies on TALE transcription factors in several model plants, but not in radish (Raphanus sativas). A genome-wide bioinformatics analysis identified 33 TALE family genes in the Xiang-Ya-Bai (XYB) radish, These genes, are distributed on nine chromosomes and all contain 4-6 exons. The 33 TALE genes in radish showed a co-linearity relationship with the 17 homologous genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Moreover, a large number of stress response cis-elements were found in the promoter regions of these genes. Expression analysis showed that four genes in the BELL subfamily were highly expressed in roots, and two genes in the KNOX subfamily were highly expressed in shoots of bolting plants and callus. All radish TALE genes contain sequences encoding the conserved HOX domain, except for the gene RSA10037940, which is homologous to Arabidopsis KNATM. The deduced 3D structures of the TALE proteins irrespective of subtypes are highly similar. All the encoded proteins were weakly acidic and hydrophilic. The radish TALE gene family is relatively evolutionarily conserved, which was consistent with results from Arabidopsis, but quite different from that of rice. This study provides important clues for studying the biological functions of TALE transcription factors in radish.

Bioinformatics analysis on structure and function and expression vector construction of SARS-CoV-2 related protein TMPRSS2 / 中国药理学通报

Aim Human TMPRSS2 is a transmembrane serine protease.In this paper, the structure and func¬tion of the protein were systematically analyzed by bioinformatics, the codon was optimized and the pro- karvotie expression vector was constructed to explore the molecular mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infecting host cells.Methods The recombinant expression vector pET-22b-TMPRSS2 was generated by molecular clo¬ning technology.The homology, functional sites, sub¬cellular localization, three-dimensional structure and evolutionary characteristics of TMPRSS2 protein were systematically analyzed by using analytical tools such as Protparam, NetPhos3.1, Blast, Clustal X2 and MEGA7.0.Results The prokarvotic expression plas- mid was constructed correctly; TMPRSS2 belongs to medium molecular weight protein, which is composed of 492 amino acid residues.The theoretical isoelectric point is 8.12, the molecular extinction coefficient is 118 145 L • mol~1 • cm"1 , and the half-life is 30 h; TMPRSS2 has 15 potential glycosylation sites and 49 possible phosphorylation sites.It is a transmembrane hydrophilie protein without signal sequenee.In addi¬tion, the protein has 13 potential B-cell epitopes and 7 T-eell epitopes.Seeondarv structure analysis showed that random coil accounted for the highest proportion of TMPRSS2 protein ( 0.453 3) , followed by extended strand (0.252 0).Sequence comparison and evolu¬tionary analysis showed that the highest sequence con¬sistency and closest genetic relationship with human TMPRSS2 was Pan troglodytes, followed by gorilla.Conclusions Human-derived TMPRSS2 protein is ev- olutionarilv conserved and functionally important.Hie results of this study can help to reveal the structure and mechanism of action of TMPRSS2 protein, provide ide¬as for the diagnosis and treatment of COYID-19, and accelerate the research and development process of new drugs targeting TMPRSS2 protein.

HCV evolution and positive selection sites of HCV NS5B region among intravenous drug users in Guangdong / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To learn the situation of the evolution process of HCV virus population and the selection pressure of HCV NS5B in intravenous drug users (IDUs) in Guangdong. 【Methods】 141 blood samples from hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA-positive blood donors and 58 from HCV patients in Guangdong were randomly collected for HCV NS5B sequence amplification, combined with HCV NS5B sequences from blood donors and IDUs obtained by sequencing previously(between 2009 and 2011). Homology analysis was performed by Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software, evolutionary analysis were performed by Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis Sampling Trees (BEAST) software package. Selection pressure analysis was performed on sequences isolated from IDUs by Datamonkey online software package with Mixed Effects Model Evolution (MEME) method, and the population expansion of species were analyzed using Tajima and Fu neutrality test by Arlequin software. 【Results】 The comparison results of internal homology among different subtypes of IDUs in this group were as follows : HCV-3b had the highest homology (97%), followed by HCV-3a (96%), HCV-6a (95%) and HCV-1b (94%); HCV evolution rate analysis showed that HCV-1b had the fastest evolution rate [2.17E-03 substitutions/site/year (y/y/y)], followed by HCV-3b (2.12E-0 y/y/y), HCV-3a (1.58E-03 y/y/y) and HCV-6a (1.28E-03 y/y/y). The analysis on effective population of HCV: 1980~1990 was rapid growth period for HCV-6a, 1990~1995 period for HCV-1b, and 2000~2007 period for HCV-3a. HCV population genetic characteristics was as follows: HCV-1b, 3a, 3b and 6a experienced population expansion, among which 3a and 3b were the most obvious. As to the analysis of HCV selection pressure, two positive selection sites (235 and 243)were found in the 339 nucleotide fragment of the NS5B sequence in injecting drug users, but mutation only occurred at position 316 [mutation rate 1.24% (14/1 130)] among 5 direct antiviral drug (DAA) sites in this gene. 【Conclusion】 The evolution of HCV-3b in Guangdong has showed an obvious trend of population expansion, with a high proportion and homology especially in the local IDUs. HCV-3b should be the focus of HCV prevention and control in this region. Given that the positively selected sites of the HCV NS5B gene region of IDUs in Guangdong are non-DAA binding sites, DAA is expected to demonstrate a good effect on these patients.

Epidemiological characteristics and molecular evolution analysis of HIV-1 CRF07_BC in Nanjing from 2015 to 2019 / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective:To investigate the epidemiology, evolution and transmission characteristics of HIV-1 CRF07_BC in Nanjing between 2015 and 2019 to provide scientific basis for precise prevention and control of HIV-1 transmission.Methods:Pol gene sequences of 319 patients with HIV-1 CRF07_BC infection in Nanjing were amplified and sequenced and a maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was then constructed. Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling method was used to generate Maximum Clade Credibility Tree. Bayesian Skyline Plot was used to reconstruct the changing trend of the effective population size. Pairwise gene distance method was used to construct molecular network to investigate the transmission features. Results:Among the 319 patients, 303 (95.0%) were male; 264 (82.8%) had multiple sexual partners; only 14 (4.4%) had been using condoms. Most of the infections were occurred in men who have sex with men (MSM), accounting for 77.4%. The maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of HIV-1 CRF07_BC revealed two clusters: Cluster1 and Cluster2. Cluster1 mainly contained the strains isolated from MSM and Cluster2 mainly consisted of the strains isolated from heterosexual patients. The most recent common ancestor was 2002.47(1999.91, 2005.43) year for Cluster1 and 1996.38(1992.55, 1999.76) year for Cluster2. The evolutionary rates (95% highest posterior density, 95%HPD) of Cluster1 and Cluster2 were 1.73×10 -3 (1.36×10 -3-2.16×10 -3) substitutions·site -1·year -1 and 2.09×10 -3 (1.50×10 -3 -2.79×10 -3 ) substitutions·site -1·year -1, respectively. The effective population sizes of Cluster1 and Cluster2 tended to be stable after 2002 and 2003, respectively. In addition, Cluster1 and Cluster2 formed eleven and eight unique branches, respectively, suggesting the possibility of divergent epidemics of this genotype. A total of 35 propagation clusters were formed in the molecular propagation network, including 92 Nanjing sequences with an average degree of 4.3. Males, MSM and people with multiple sexual partners were more likely to be connected to the network. Students and young patients were more likely to be connected to the network. Conclusions:HIV-1 CRF07_BC infection was characterized by low age, multiple sexual partners, unprotected behaviors and transmission among MSM in Nanjing from 2015 to 2019. It was recommended to pay more attention to students and young people, to formulate more effective prevention and control measures for high-risk sexual behaviors, and to carry out continuous molecular monitoring of CRF07_BC strain, so as to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of HIV CRF07_BC.

As características desejadas em parceiros amorosos selecionados por meio da internet, intenções dos usuários e seus desdobramentos / Desired features of virtual partners, intentions of the users and their developments / Las características deseadas en parejas virtuales, intenciones de los usuarios y sus desarrollo

O presente estudo avaliou as características desejadas em um parceiro virtual quando há intenção de se casar ou ficar. Uma amostra de 210 estudantes universitários respondeu a um questionário com questões elaboradas pelos pesquisadores e a Escala de Atributos do Parceiro Ideal. Verificou-se qual a intenção amorosa dos sujeitos ao utilizarem os aplicativos, a quantidade de encontros concretizados e o tempo de acesso a eles. Os resultados mostraram que as características desejadas em um parceiro para ficar e em um para casar são diferentes, assim como as intenções amorosas entre os sexos e a quantidade de encontros que concretizaram. O tempo de acesso aos aplicativos foi semelhante e as mulheres consideraram que os homens criam mais expectativas sobre o desenvolvimento de um namoro por ferramentas virtuais. Concluiu-se que os homens são mais propensos ao envolvimento sexual casual.

The present study evaluated the desired characteristics in a virtual partner when one wanted to marry or date. A sample of 210 university students answered a questionnaire that contained questions elaborated by the researchers and the Scale of Attributes of the Ideal Partner. It was verified the subjects' loving intention in using the applications, the number of encounters made and the time of access to them. The results demonstrated that the characteristics desired in a partner to date and to marry are different, as well as the love intentions between the sexes and the amount of dates that have materialized. Access time to applications was similar and women considered that men created more expectations about developing relationship by virtual tools. It is concluded that men are more prone to casual sexual involvement.

El presente estudio evaluó las características deseadas en parejas virtuales cuando se anhelaba casarse o coquetear. Participaran 210 estudiantes universitarios que respondieron a un cuestionario presencialmente que contuvo cuestiones elaboradas por los investigadores y la Escala de Atributos de Pareja Ideal. Se verificó cuál fue la intención amorosa de los sujetos al utilizar las aplicaciones, la cantidad de encuentros concretizados y el tiempo de acceso a ellos. Los resultados demostraron que las características deseadas en parejas para coquetear y en un para casarse son diferentes, así como las intenciones amorosas entre los sexos y la cantidad de encuentros que concretaron. El tiempo de acceso a las aplicaciones fue similar y las mujeres consideraron que los hombres creen más expectativas sobre el desarrollo de un noviazgo por medios virtuales.Se concluye que los hombres son más propensos a la implicación sexual casual.

Diferenças de sexo no endosso de valores humanos: o papel mediador da ganância / Sex differences in the endorsement of human values: the mediating effect of greed / Diferencias sexuales en lo respaldo de los valores humanos: el efecto mediador de la codicia

No Brasil, inexistem investigações dos correlatos psicológicos e sociodemográficos da ganância. Este estudo investigou a relação entre a ganância e os valores humanos. Ainda, testou-se o efeito mediador da ganância na diferença entre sexos no endosso dos valores humanos. Os participantes responderam a Dispositional Greed Scale, o Questionário dos Valores Básicos e perguntas demográficas. Os correlatos valorativos indicaram que pessoas gananciosas, embora materialmente motivadas (valores de existência), possuem necessidades estéticas (valores suprapessoais). Entretanto, a ganância predisse em maior magnitude os valores pessoais. Houve diferenças entre os sexos apenas frente à ganância e aos valores pessoais, sendo que os homens apresentaram maiores pontuações. Por fim, observou-se que a ganância mediou parcialmente a diferença entre sexos no endosso de valores pessoais, sugerindo que homens são mais egocêntricos porque são mais gananciosos. Tais achados são discutidos à luz da Teoria Funcionalista dos Valores Humanos, da personalidade das diferenças individuais e da psicologia evolutiva.

In Brazil, there are no investigations into the psychological and sociodemographic correlates of greed. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between greed and human values. In addition, we tested the mediating effect of greed on gender differences in the endorsement of values. Participants answered the Dispositional Greed Scale, Basic Values Survey and demographic questions. The value correlates indicated that greed people, although materially motivated (existence values), express higher-order needs of aesthetics (suprapersonal values). However, greed personality was a more important predictor of the personal values. There were differences between the sexes only regarding greed and personal values, in which men had higher scores. Finally, the greed partially mediated the gender difference in the endorsement of personal values which suggests that men have an egocentric orientation because are greedier. The results are discussed taking into account the Functional Theory of Human Values, personality of individual differences and evolutionary psychology.

En Brasil, no hay investigaciones sobre los correlatos psicológicos y sociodemográficos de la codicia. Este estudio investigó la relación entre la codicia y los valores humanos. Además, probamos el efecto mediador de la codicia sobre las diferencias de género en lo respaldo de los valores. Los participantes respondieron la Escala de Codicia Disposicional, el Cuestionario de ValoresBásicos y preguntas demográficas. Los correlatos valorativos indicaron que los codiciosos, aunque motivados materialmente (valores de existencia), tienen necesidades estéticas (valores suprapersonales). Sin embargo, la codicia mostró un poder predictivo más fuerte frente a los valores personales. Las diferencias entre los sexos se observaron solo en lo que respecta a la codicia y los valores personales: los hombres tenían puntuaciones más altas. Además, la codicia medió parcialmente la diferencia entre sexos en el respaldo de valores personales, lo que sugiere que los hombres tienen una orientación más egocéntrica porque son más codiciosos. Los resultados se discuten a través de la Teoría Funcionalista de los Valores, la personalidad de las diferencias individuales y la psicología evolutiva.

Modelo para otimização hidroenergética da operação de bombeamento em sistemas de distribuição de água / Hydro energy optimization model of pumping operation in water distribution systems

RESUMO Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um modelo multiobjetivo para otimização da operação de sistemas de distribuição de água (SDAs), visando alcançar a eficiência hidroenergética considerando três objetivos: redução das perdas por vazamento; redução do custo de energia elétrica no bombeamento; e maximização da confiabilidade do sistema. O modelo de otimização foi concebido pela implementação de uma rotina computacional entre os algoritmos genéticos NSGAII e SPEA e o simulador hidráulico EPANET. O modelo foi aplicado a um SDA hipotético e demonstrou ser adequado para gerar um conjunto ótimo de regras operacionais. Dentre as soluções geradas pelos dois algoritmos, constatou-se que a diminuição do custo de energia elétrica no bombeamento não implicou, necessariamente, redução das perdas por vazamentos, ou seja, os dois objetivos podem ser conflitantes em SDAs caracterizados pela presença de reservatórios internos.

ABSTRACT In this work, a multi-objective model for operational optimization of water distribution systems has been developed in order to achieve hydro energy efficiency. Three objectives were considered: minimizing of leakage, minimizing of pumping energy costs, and maximizing system reliability. The optimization model was conceived by the implementation of a computational routine between a dyhraulic simulator (EPANET) and by genetic algorithms NSGAII and SPEA. The proposed model has been applied to the optimization of a hypothetical water distribution network to generate an optimal set of operational rules. Some solutions obtained by the two algorithms showed that a decrease in pumping energy costs did not necessarily imply in leakage reduction. This means that both objectives can be conflicting in water distribution systems with internal tanks.

Caracterização hidrogeoquímica de águas subterrâneas utilizadas para abastecimento público na porção nordeste do Sistema Aquífero Guarani / Hydrogeochemical characterization of groundwater for public supply in the Northeastern portion of the Guarani Aquifer System

RESUMO O Sistema Aquífero Guarani (SAG) compreende um dos mais importantes aquíferos do mundo, tanto pela grande reserva quanto pela qualidade de suas águas subterrâneas. Entretanto, nem todas as regiões, nas quais o SAG é utilizado no abastecimento público, possuem estudos a respeito do quimismo de suas águas e de sua associação com a geologia. Este trabalho apresenta a caracterização hidrogeoquímica das águas subterrâneas do SAG utilizadas no abastecimento público em São Carlos, São Paulo, região nordeste do SAG, por meio de amostras provenientes de 27 poços tubulares profundos. A captação de água subterrânea é proveniente principalmente do SAG. Entretanto, também é possível verificar a presença das formações Botucatu, Piramboia, Serra Geral, Itaqueri, Adamantina e sedimentos cenozoicos. Apesar de pouco mineralizadas, verifica-se variabilidade iônica na composição das águas subterrâneas, evidenciada na distribuição espacial da condutividade elétrica na área de estudo. Os resultados hidroquímicos apontam para a existência de quatro fácies hidroquímicas: bicarbonatadas mistas, bicarbonatadas cálcicas, bicarbonatadas sódicas e sódica fluoretada, em ordem decrescente de representatividade. A heterogeneidade geológica interfere na concentração de íons na água, por meio da dissolução mineral, e possibilita a mistura das águas subterrâneas. A análise de componentes principais constatou que 62,7% da variabilidade total do conjunto amostral é explicada, principalmente, por dois fatores. O primeiro grupo de variáveis representa 38,7% da variabilidade, atribuída principalmente aos íons provenientes da dissolução de minerais (HCO3−, Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+) e aos parâmetros relacionados a esse processo (pH e condutividade elétrica). O segundo revelou 24% da variabilidade total, que pode estar associado a origens antrópicas, como a presença dos íons Cl−, N-NO3−, SO42-, F− e K+.

ABSTRACT The Guarani Aquifer System (GAS) comprises one of the most important aquifers in the world due to its large water reserve and its groundwater quality. However, some regions that comprise the GAS groundwater for human supply are not thoroughly characterized on water chemistry and its relation with the local geology. This work presents the hydrogeochemical characterization of groundwater from the northeast region of the GAS used for human public supply in São Carlos (São Paulo, Brazil) based on samples from 27 deep boreholes. The groundwater exploration occurs mainly from GAS. However, it is also possible to verify the presence of the Botucatu, Piramboia, Serra Geral, Itaqueri, Adamantina, and Cenozoic sediments. Although little mineralized, there is a large ionic variability in the groundwater composition, also evidenced by spatial distribution of the electrical conductivity in the research area. These results explain four hydrochemical water types: mixed bicarbonate; calcium bicarbonate; sodium bicarbonate; and sodium fluoride, in decreasing order of representativeness. The concentration of ions in groundwater reflects the geological heterogeneity, through mineral dissolution and possible groundwater mixing. A Principal Component Analysis demonstrated that 62.7% of the total sample set variability is explained by two main factors. The first one represents 38.7% of the variability; mainly attributed to ions from minerals dissolution (HCO3−, Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+) and parameters related to this process (pH and electrical conductivity). The second group showed 24.0% of the total variability, which may be associated with anthropic activities origins, such as the presence of Cl−, N-NO3−, SO42-, F−, and K+.