Therapeutic potential of Punica granatum in wound healing: An overview

SUMMARY Objective: This review aim to report the results of the most recent research and applications of different extracts of P. granatum in the in vivo wound healing process. Methods: For the survey of articles in literature, a search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and Science Citation Index Expanded (Web of Science) databases. Results: Punica granatum is a plant native to Iran and adjacent regions widely used worldwide as a food and medicinal source. Its healing property is closely linked to the presence of phenolic compounds, tannins and flavonoids, and its concentration in treatment formulations seems to be determinant for the acceleration of tissue repair, although few data on the standardization and stability of these formulations are available. Studies on experimental models were able to demonstrate the repair potential of P. granatum; however, human studies are still scarce. Conclusions: This contribution summarizes the use of P. granatum extracts in healing different types of lesions, emphasizing its effects on inflammatory, prolif-erative, and remodeling phases.

Objetivo: Relatar los resultados de investigaciones y aplicaciones más recientes de diferentes extractos de P. granatum en el proceso de cicatrización de heridas in vivo. Métodos: Para encuesta de artículos en la literatura, se realizó búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct y Science Citation Index Expanded (Web of Science). Resultados: Punica granatum es una planta originaria de Irán y regiones adyacentes, ampliamente utilizada en todo el mundo como fuente alimenticia y medicinal. Su propiedad cicatrizante está íntimamente ligada a la presencia de compuestos fenólicos, taninos y flavonoides, y su concentración en las formulaciones de tratamiento parece ser determinante para aceleración de la reparación tisular, aunque se dispone de pocos datos sobre estandarización y estabilidad de estas formulaciones. Estudios sobre modelos experimentales pudieron demostrar el potencial de reparación de P. granatum; sin embargo, los estudios en humanos aún son escasos. Conclusiones: Este aporte resume el uso de extractos de P. granatum en la curación de diferentes tipos de lesiones, enfatizándose sus efectos en las fases inflamatoria, proliferativa y remodeladora.

Objetivo: Relatar os resultados de pesquisas mais recentes e aplicações de diferentes extratos de P. granatum no processo de cicatrização in vivo. Métodos: Para levantamento de artigos na literatura, realizou-se busca nas bases de dados PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct e Science Citation Index Expanded (Web of Science). Resultados: Punica granatum é uma planta nativa do Irã e das regiões adjacentes, amplamente utilizada em todo o mundo como alimento e fonte medicinal. A propriedade cicatrizante está intimamente ligada à presença de compostos fenólicos, taninos e flavo-noides, cuja concentração nas formulações de tratamento parece ser determinante para aceleração do reparo tecidual, embora poucos dados sobre a padronização e estabilidade dessas formulações estejam disponíveis. Estudos em modelos experimentais foram capazes de demonstrar o potencial de reparo de P. granatum. No entanto, estudos em humanos ainda são escassos. Conclusões: Esta contribuição resume o uso de extratos de P. granatum na cicatrização de diferentes tipos de lesões, enfatizando os efeitos nas fases inflamatória, proliferativa e remodelação.

Research advances in animal models of diabetic retinopathy / 中国药理学通报

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the microvascular complications of diabetes. At present, the pathogenesis of DR is obscure and drugs can not meet clinical needs, however. Experimental animal model of DR is an effective tool to study its pathogenic mechanism and evaluate drug efficacy. In this paper, the research progress of experimental animal models of DR has been-reviewed in recent years, mainly using mice, zebrafish, and other experimental animals, which can be divided into two categories: induced type and genotype, according to the inducer.

Methods for making animal models of retinal vein occlusion / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#Retinal vein occlusion(RVO)is divided into branch retinal vein occlusion and central retinal vein occlusion. It is characterized by retinal vein dilatation and tortuosity, blood flow stasis, bleeding and edema. It is often accompanied by macular edema(ME)and neovascularization. Neovascular glaucoma is the most serious complications. RVO is the second most common cause of visual loss classified under retinal vascular disorders after diabetic retinopathy. So far, the number of patients suffering from retinal vein occlusion has increased, but the pathogenesis of retinal vein occlusion has not been fully understood and there are no treatments that are very long-lasting. The research of animal models on the pathogenesis and treatment of the RVO is very important. Therefore, this article gives a briefly review to the animals and model making methods used in retinal vein occlusion experiments, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various RVO animal models.

Agreement, correlation, and kinetics of the alveolar bone-loss measurement methodologies in a ligature-induced periodontitis animal model

Abstract Periodontal research involves the use of animal models to better understand the biological processes of periodontal diseases and the potential of new or existing therapies. Currently, ligature-induced periodontitis in rats is the main model used in periodontal research, in this model, alveolar bone loss (ABL) is the main parameter evaluated by radiographic, morphometric, and histological techniques. Interestingly, although these methodologies are widely used, it is not totally clarified neither the kinetics of ABL over the induction time nor the agreement degree (repeatability and reproducibility) of these techniques. Objective: To characterize ABL kinetics at 0, 3, 7, 15, 30, and 60 days after ABL induction by ligature and to evaluate the intra- (repeatability) and inter-examiner (reproducibility) agreement and the correlation among the radiographic, morphometric, and histological methodologies. Material and Methods: 60 male Wistar rats with induced ABL were randomly divided into 6 experimental groups (n = 10 animals/group). After 0, 3, 7, 15, 30, and 60 days, the animals were euthanized and their hemimandibles were removed for ABL determination using radiographic, morphometric and histological techniques. Results: Radiographic and morphometric/linear techniques allowed the detection of statistically significant ABL on the third day, while histological and morphometric/area techniques could only detect ABL after the seventh day (ANOVA/Tukey, p<0.05). After the fifteenth day, except for histological analysis, the ABL was stabilized. Concerning the agreement of the methodologies, Bland Altman's test (intra and inter-examiner evaluations) showed no difference among the measurements (p>0.05). In addition, high correlations (Pearson's test, r2>0.9, p<0.05) were observed. Conclusion: The results indicated that the minimum time for ABL induction could vary from 3 to 7 days, according to the chosen analysis methodology. Agreement and correlation data support the comparison of results between studies with same induction time.

Spared nerve injury model to study orofacial pain.

Background & objectives: There are many difficulties in generating and testing orofacial pain in animal models. Thus, only a few and limited models that mimic the human condition are available. The aim of the present research was to develop a new model of trigeminal pain by using a spared nerve injury (SNI) surgical approach in the rat face (SNI-face). Methods: Under anaesthesia, a small incision was made in the infraorbital region of adult male Wistar rats. Three of the main infraorbital nerve branches were tightly ligated and a 2 mm segment distal to the ligation was resected. Control rats were sham-operated by exposing the nerves. Chemical hyperalgesia was evaluated 15 days after the surgery by analyzing the time spent in face grooming activity and the number of head withdrawals in response to the orofacial formalin test. Results: SNI-face rats presented a significant increase of the formalin-induced pain-related behaviours evaluated both in the acute and tonic phases (expected biphasic pattern), in comparison to sham controls. Interpretation & conclusions: The SNI-face model in the rat appears to be a valid approach to evaluate experimental trigeminal pain. Ongoing studies will test the usefulness of this model to evaluate therapeutic strategies for the treatment of orofacial pain.

Construcción de un modelo animal de fibrosis pulmonar inducido por Bleomicina / Making an animal model of Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis

La fibrosis pulmonar es una enfermedad crónica, progresiva y letal, cuya etiología se desconoce. El modelo de fibrosis pulmonar inducida por Bleomicina en ratas es útil para ilustrar la patobiología in vivo de la enfermedad, así como para identificar nuevos blancos farmacológicos y estimar la eficiencia de nuevas moléculas o procedimientos Objetivo: El objetivo de este trabajo fue construir un modelo animal de fibrosis pulmonar secundaria a Bleomicina, en ratas Wistar, como herramienta que pueda servir de base para futuros diseños experimentales. Materiales y métodos: Se trabajó con dos grupos de ratas Wistar para la administración del medicamento por vía intratraqueal. El grupo experimental recibió una dosis única (2.0 U/Kg) de Bleomicina, mientras que el grupo control recibió un volumen equivalente de solución salina. A los 14 o 28 días se realizó un lavado broncoalveolar con recuento total y diferencial celular y análisis histopatológico pulmonar. Resultados: La histología de una parte del grupo experimental tratado con Bleomicina y sacrificado a los 14 días reveló daño pulmonar caracterizado por inflamación aguda, hemorragia intraalveolar y proliferación fibroblástica intersticial incipiente; en el resto del grupo experimental la histología a 28 días reveló además alteración de la arquitectura pulmonar debida a fibrosis y aumento en el número de macrófagos intraalveolares e inflamación linfocitaria. Conclusiones: Se implementó satisfactoriamente un modelo de fibrosis pulmonar inducido farmacológicamente por Bleomicina en ratas Wistar.

Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic, progressive and fatal disease, whose etiology is unknown. The model of Bleomycininduced pulmonary fibrosis in rats is useful to illustrate the pathobiology of the disease in vivo as well as to identify new drug targets and to estimate the efficacy of new promising molecules or procedures. Objective: The aim of this work was to make an animal model of pulmonary fibrosis secondary to bleomycin, in Wistar rats, as a tool that can serve as a basis for future experimental designs. Materials and methods: We worked with two groups of Wistar rats which were anesthetized and intubated for intratracheally drug administration. The experimental group received a single dose (2.0 U / kg) of Bleomycin, while the control group received an equivalent volume of saline. At 14 or 28 days after treatment, a bronchoalveolar lavage with total and differential cellular count were performed. Additionally, the lungs were dissected for histopathogical analysis. Results: In the experimental group treated with Bleomycin and sacrificed at 14 days, histology revealed lung damage characterized by acute inflammation, intra-alveolar hemorrhage and fibroblast proliferation; in sacrificed animals at 28 days, alteration of lung architecture due to fibrosis evidenced by trichrome stain, increase in the alveolar macrophages number and lymphocytic chronic inflammation were observed. Conclusions: In this study, a model of pharmacologically induced pulmonary fibrosis by Bleomycin has been successfully implemented.

Modelo experimettal de hipoperfusión cerebral poduce déficit de la memoria y aaprendizaje y modificaciones en la expresión de genes / Experimental Model of Cerebral Hypoperfusion Produced Memory-learning Deficits, and Modifications in Gene Expression

A escala mundial, la isquemia cerebral constituye una de las principales causas de muerte, por lo que los modelos animales de isquemia cerebral son extensamente usados tanto en el estudio de la pato-fisiología del fenómeno isquémico; como en la evaluación de agentes terapéuticos con posible efecto protector o regenerador. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron examinar la presencia de daño neuronal en diferentes áreas cerebrales como consecuencia del evento isquémico; así como evaluar consecuencias de este proceder sobre los procesos de memoria-aprendizaje. Los grupos de estudios incluyeron un grupo experimental de animales isquémicos, 30 ratas a las que se les ocluyó ambas arterias carótidas comunes, y un grupo control. Fue evaluada la expresión de genes isquémicos e inflamatorios por técnicas de qPCR 24 horas post lesión, la morfología del tejido cerebral en áreas de corteza, estriado e hipocampo, siete días post lesión y los procesos de memoria y aprendizaje, 12 días post lesión. Los estudios morfológicos evidenciaron que el proceder induce la muerte de poblaciones celulares en corteza, estriado e hipocampo; la isquemia modificó la expresión los genes gfap, ho-1, il-6, il-17 e ifn-γ, lo cual puede ser utilizado como un marcador de proceso isquémico temprano. Adicionalmente, el daño isquémico causó un deterioro en la memoria espacial. Esta caracterización nos permite contar con un modelo experimental donde desarrollar futuros estudios sobre la patofisiología de los eventos isquémicos y la evaluación de estrategias terapéuticas.

Cerebral ischemia is a major cause of death, for this reason animal models of cerebral ischemia are widely used to study both the pathophysiology of ischemic phenomenon and the evaluation of possible therapeutic agents with protective or regenerative properties. The objectives of this study were to examine the presence of neuronal damage in different brain areas following the ischemic event, and assess consequences of such activities on the processes of memory and learning. The study group included an experimental group ischemic animals (30 rats with permanent bilateral occlusion of the carotids), and a control group. Was evaluated gene expression and inflammatory ischemic by qPCR techniques 24h post injury, brain tissue morphology in areas of cortex, striatum and hippocampus seven days post injury and processes of memory and learning, 12 days post injury. The morphological studies showed that the procedure induces death of cell populations in cortex, striatum and hippocampus, ischemia modified gfap gene expression and ho, il-6, il-17 and ifn-γ, which can be used as a marker of early ischemic process. Additionally, the ischemic injury caused spatial memory decline. This characterization gives us an experimental model to develop future studies on the pathophysiology of ischemic events and assessing therapeutic strategies.

Insights from animal models on the immunogenetics of leprosy: a review

A variety of host immunogenetic factors appear to influence both an individual's susceptibility to infection with Mycobacterium leprae and the pathologic course of the disease. Animal models can contribute to a better understanding of the role of immunogenetics in leprosy through comparative studies helping to confirm the significance of various identified traits and in deciphering the underlying mechanisms that may be involved in expression of different disease related phenotypes. Genetically engineered mice, with specific immune or biochemical pathway defects, are particularly useful for investigating granuloma formation and resistance to infection and are shedding new light on borderline areas of the leprosy spectrum which are clinically unstable and have a tendency toward immunological complications. Though armadillos are less developed in this regard, these animals are the only other natural hosts of M. leprae and they present a unique opportunity for comparative study of genetic markers and mechanisms associable with disease susceptibility or resistance, especially the neurological aspects of leprosy. In this paper, we review the recent contributions of genetically engineered mice and armadillos toward our understanding of the immunogenetics of leprosy.

Sutura simples e âncora em quadris de coelhos / Simple suture and anchor in rabbit hips

OBJETIVO: Por meio de ensaios biomecânicos, comparar as capsulorrafias com sutura simples e com âncoras, em quadris de coelhos. MÉTODO: Foram utilizados 13 coelhos, 26 quadris, todos machos da raça Nova Zelândia albinos (Oryctolaguscuniculus). Inicialmente, realizamos um projeto piloto em três coelhos (seis quadris). Este experimento constou de 10 coelhos, divididos em 2 grupos: o Grupo 1 submetido à capsulorrafia (quadris direito e esquerdo) com sutura simples utilizando fio absorvível de ácido poliglicólico e o Grupo 2 submetido a capsulorrafia (quadris direito e esquerdo) com âncora de titânio. Após o período de quatro semanas de operados, todos animais foram submetidos à eutanásia e seus quadris congelados. Após um descongelamento prévio das peças, no mesmo dia das análises biomecânicas, foram avaliados os parâmetros de rigidez, força máxima, deformidade máxima e energia. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante em relação à força no limite de proporcionalidade, rigidez e força máxima entre os grupos com sutura simples e com âncora. CONCLUSÃO: Por meio dos ensaios biomecânicos, tendo como parâmetro a rigidez, a força máxima, a deformidade máxima e a energia, ficou demonstrado que as capsulorrafias em quadris de coelhos com sutura simples e com âncora são semelhantes entre si. Nível de Evidência II, Estudo Prospectivo Comparativo.

OBJECTIVE: Using biomechanical studies, this research aims to compare hip capsulorrhaphy in rabbits, carried out with two different techniques: capsulorrhaphy with simple sutures and with anchors. METHOD: Thirteen New Zealand Albino (Oryctolaguscuniculus) male rabbits, twenty-six hip joints, were used. First, a pilot project was performed with three rabbits (six hip joints). This experiment consisted of ten rabbits divided into two groups: group 1 underwent capsulorrhaphy on both right and left hips with simple suture using polyglycolic acid absorbable thread, and group 2 underwent capsulorrhaphy with titanium anchors. After a four-week postoperative period, the animals were euthanized and the hip joints were frozen. On the same day of the biomechanical studies, after the hip joints were previously unfrozen, the following parameters were evaluated: rigidity, maximum force, maximum deformity and energy. RESULTS: There was no relevant statistical difference in rigidity, maximum force, maximum deformity and energy between the simple suture and anchor groups. CONCLUSION: Through biomechanical analyses, using parameters of rigidity, maximum force, maximum deformity and energy, it has been shown that capsulorrhaphy with simple suture and with anchors has similar results in rabbit hip joints. Level of Evidence II, Prospective Comparative Study.

Efeitos do uso de antiinflamatório e do exercício aeróbico sobre a regeneração tecidual e perfil biomecânico do tendão calcâneo de ratos após ruptura completa / Effects of anti-inflammatory and aerobic exercise on tissue regeneration and biomechanical profile of Achilles tendon of rats after complete rupture

Ruptura do tendão calcâneo é uma das lesões tendíneas mais frequentes. Embora a maioria dos trabalhos sugira que o exercício seja benéfico na cicatrização tendínea, não há consenso sobre o efeito do antiinflamatório neste contexto. Trabalhos experimentais tentam reproduzir lesão aguda deste tendão, em diferentes espécies animais. Neste estudo, descrevemos uma técnica de tenotomia completa do tendão calcâneo direito em ratos e, em seguida, avaliamos os efeitos do uso do antiinflamatório e do exercício aeróbico, isoladamente e em combinação, sobre a proliferação celular e o perfil biomecânico do tendão calcâneo, durante o processo de cicatrização após tenotomia. Estudo experimental com 156 ratos machos adultos, da raça Wistar, com idade média de 3 meses e peso médio de 300g. Após anestesia com tiopental e com auxílio da miscroscopia de luz, foi realizada incisão longitudinal posterior de cinco milímetros, em direção proximal, a partir da tuberosidade posterior do calcâneo da pata direita do rato. Foi feito corte trasnversal do tendão calcâneo, a sete milímetros da tuberosidade do calcâneo, com preservação do tendão plantar. Utilizamos as técnicas de Hematoxilina e Eosina, Picrosirius-red e Resorcina-fucsina de Weigert para avaliação da cicatrização tendínea e das fibras dos sistemas colágeno e elástico. Após a tenotomia, metade dos animais receberam tenoxicam intramuscular por 7 dias e no oitavo dia iniciou-se protocolo de exercício em esteira na metade de cada grupo. Os ratos foram divididos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos de tratamento: A - sem antiinflamatório E sem exercício (controle); B - com antiinflamatório E com exercício; C - sem antiinflamatório E com exercício; D - com antiinflamatório E sem exercício. Os animais foram eutanasiados com 1, 2, 4 e 8 semanas após a tenotomia, para avaliação histológica pelo PCNA, e biomecânica através do teste de resistência à tração e da medida do ciclo locomotor. Foram realizados análise de variância...

Achilles tendon rupture is one of the most frequent tendon injuries. Although most studies have shown the benefits of exercise on tendon regeneration, controversy still exists concerning non-steroidal antinflammatory drug (NSAID) effects in this context. Several experimental models have been used for the study of Achilles tendon injury. In this study, we describe the surgical technique of right Achilles tenotomy in rats and subsequently, evaluate the effects of NSAID and aerobic exercise, in an isolated fashion and combined, on cell proliferation and biomechanical aspects of the Achilles tendon after tenotomy. Experimental study with 156 male Wistar rats with an average age of 3 months and with average weight of 300g. Surgical procedures were performed under light microscopy, after anesthesia with thiopental. A five millimeters posterior longitudinal incision was created, proximally directed, starting five millimeters proximal to the posterior calcaneal tuberosity. A complete tenotomy of the Achilles tendon was performed, seven millimeters away from the calcaneal tuberosity. The plantaris tendon was preserved. We used Hematoxilin and Eosin, Picrosirius-red and Weigert's Resorcin-fucsin to observe general tendon healing, especially regarding collagen and elastic fibers. After tenotomy, half of the rats received an intramuscular injection of tenoxican for 7 days and exercise was initiated on the 8th day for half the animals of each group. Rats were randomly divided into four treatment groups: A) no NSAID and no exercise; B) NSAID plus exercise; C) no NSAID, with exercise; D) NSAID and no exercise. Animals were sacrificed at 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks after the tenotomy and cell proliferation was evaluated by immunohistochemistry for PCNA, biomechanical evaluation was performed with ultimate load and gait cycle analysis was also carried out. We used the test of analysis of variance, the Kruskal-Wallis test and also, Bonferroni method, in the R Project program 2.11.1...

Modelos experimentais parao estudo do diabetes tipo 1: [revisão] / Animal models for type 1 diabetes studies: [review]

Os modelos animais de diabetes têm sido usados extensivamente na obtenção do esclarecimento sobre esta doença. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os principais modelos experimentais para o estudo do diabetes mellitus. Dentre os modelos experimentais para o estudo do diabetes, existem os modelos induzidos quimicamente por aloxana e streptozotocina, sendo que a dose utilizada depende da espécie do animal e do seu peso. Além disso, existem dois excelentes modelos de diabetes espontâneo: os ratos BB (Biobreading) e os camundongos NOD (Non ObeseDiabetic). Os camundongos NOD são o modelo mais estudado de doença espontânea auto-imune órgão-específico em todo o mundo. As razões para a preferência deste modelo incluem um genoma bem definido, maior quantidade de reagentes monoclonais para a análise de componentes do sistema imune e um custo razoavelmente baixo, comparado com a utilização de ratos. Estes camundongos exibem autoimunidade espontânea com destruição das ilhotas pancreáticas, de forma semelhante à observada em humanos. A destruição auto-imune é caracterizada por insulite e infiltrado leucocitárionas ilhotas pancreáticas. Esta infiltração é composta predominantemente por células dendríticas, macrófagos, por células TCD4, TCD8 e células B. Os fatores ambientais em conjunto com a genética, claramente modificam a incidência do diabetes tipo 1 nos modelos experimentais espontâneos. A suscetibilidade destes camundongos é poligênica e ambiental, enfatizando condições de habitação, sanitárias, dietéticas e de gênero. A incidência de diabetes em camundongos NOD é aproximadamente quatro vezes maior em fêmeas do que em machos. As informações obtidas através deste excelente modelo animal podem ser relevantes para O entendimento do processo da doença nos humanos.

The animal models of diabetes have been used extensively in obtaining the information on this disease. The objective of this study was a literature review on the main experimental models for the study of diabetes mellitus. Among the experimental models for the study of diabetes, the models are chemically induced by aloxan and streptozotocin, and the dose used depends on the species of the animal and its weight. Also, there are two excellent models of spontaneous diabetes: the BB rats (Biobreading) and NOD mice (Non Obese Diabetic). The NOD mice are the most studied model of spontaneous self immune disease-specific body in the world. The reasons for the preference genome of this model include a well-defined, greater quantity of monoclonal reagents for the analysis of components of the immune system and a reasonably low cost, compared with the use of rats. These mice exhibit spontaneous autoimmunity with destruction of pancreatic is lets, in a manner similar to that seen in humans. The auto-immune destruction is characterized by insulite in pancreatic is lets. This infiltration is composed predominantly of dendritic cells, macrophages, CD4 T cells, CD8 cells and B. The environmental factors together with the genetics, clearly alter the incidence of type 1 diabetes in experimental models spontaneous. The susceptibility of these mice is genetics and environment, emphasizing adequate housing, health, diet and gender. The incidence of diabetes in NOD mice is about four times higher in females than in males. Information obtained through this excellent animal model may be relevant to the understanding of the process of the disease in humans.

Preemptive analgesic effect of lidocaine in a chronic neuropathic pain model / Efeito analgésico preemptivo da lidocaína em modelo de dor crônica neuropática

Preemptive analgesia inhibits the progression of pain caused by surgical lesions. To analyze the effect of lidocaine on postoperative pain relief, we performed compression of the right sciatic nerve in Wistar rats and observed the differences on behavior between the group that received lidocaine and the group that was not treated with the local anesthetics pre-operatively. Group 1 was not operated (control); group 2 underwent the sciatic nerve ligature without lidocaine; group 3, underwent surgery with previous local infiltration of lidocaine. Group 2 showed significantly longer scratching times with a peak on day 14 post-operative (p=0.0005) and reduction in the latency to both noxious (p=0.003) and non-noxious (p=0.004) thermal stimulus. Group 3 presented significantly shorter scratching times (p=0.004) and longer latency times when compared to Group 2. Preemptive use of lidocaine 2 percent can potentially reduce the postoperative neuropathic pain associated with sciatic nerve compression.

A analgesia preemptiva inibe a progressão da dor causada por lesão cirúrgica. Para analisar o efeito da lidocaína na diminuição da dor pós-operatória, submetemos ratos Wistar a compressão cirúrgica do nervo ciático e observamos diferenças em alguns padrões de comportamento entre o grupo tratado com lidocaína pré-operatória e o grupo não-tratado com o anestésico local. O grupo 1 não foi operado (controle); o grupo 2, submetido a ligadura do nervo ciático sem lidocaína, apresentou significativo aumento do tempo de coçar-se com um pico no 14º pós-operatório (p=0.0005) e redução na latência para os estímulos térmicos nocivo (p=0.003) e não-nocivo (p=0.004); o grupo 3, operado com a droga preemptiva, demonstrou significativo decréscimo no tempo de coçar-se (p=0.004) e maiores tempos de latência quando comparados aos do grupo 2. O uso preemptivo da lidocaína 2 por cento pode, potencialmente, reduzir a dor neuropática pós-operatória associada à compressão do nervo ciático.

The experimental model of orthotopic left allograft lung transplantation in rats without using cuff / 复旦学报（医学版）

Objective To establish a stable model of rat orthotopic left lung transplantation using direct suture of vessels and bronchi. Methods Ten Sprague Dawley (SD) rats weighted 250 to 350 g were used as lung donors and recipients respectively. Airway and pulmonary vessels were reconstructed microsurgically using continuous running suture technique. Survival time were recorded and donor lungs were checked by autopsy. Results All 10 rats received left lung transplantation were weaned from ventilator successfully. Both of cold ischemia time and warm ischemia time were about 40 minutes. The total procedure took about 130 minutes. Autopsy was used to check the patency of anastomotic sites. No thrombosis or air leak was found. Conclusions Direct microsurgical surture can be used to establish an experimental model of orthotopic left allograft lung transplantation in rats. This method is proved to be stable, reliable and similar to clinical practices.