Basmati Rice Exports from INDIA: Towards Global Food Security

Around 80 percent of the basmati rice produced in India is exported, accomplishing the position of largest exporter. Under this perspective, the study aimed at the estimation of crucial turning points in the export volume of Basmati rice and evaluating the growth and instability in its export during the period of 1980-81 to 2021-22 in the global market. Structural breaks during the study period were computed endogenously using Bai-perrons test to reveal the impact of any policy or economic intervention. The growth and instability have been evaluated for different periods attained from the structural break analysis during the study period. Bai perrons test revealed three significant structural breaks for volume of basmati rice exports dividing the time period into four periods viz I (1980-81 to 2004-05), II (2005-06 to 2010-11), III (2011-12 to 2016-17) and IV (2017-18 to 2021-22). The compound annual growth rate calculated for volume of basmati rice exports varied from -0.06 percent to 17.98 per cent per annum for different periods. This could be seen as the consequence of the liberalization policies adopted in early 1990s. Instability computed employing Cuddy De Valle index was also reported higher with a value of 38.97. This instability could be the result from the volatile changes in exchange rate. Instability was revealed to suffer a downfall during the subsequent subperiods from 35.97 to 3.4 in the third subperiod. The growth rate and instability were reported statistically non-significant during the last subperiod. Since, Basmati rice is strategic export commodity from India, policy interventions for reducing the variability in its exports is recommended to ensure regular supply in the global market.

Nigeria's cocoa exports: a gravity model approach / Exportações de cacau da Nigéria: uma abordagem do modelo gravitacional

ABSTRACT: What are the major factors affecting Nigeria's cocoa export flows? In answering this question, the authors suggest a commodity-specific gravity model with three different analytical approaches, (the Heckman Sample Selection Model, the Generalised Least Square, and the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood), based on a period of 24 years of panel data for Nigeria and it's 36 importing partners to estimate the models. The results showed that GDP, exchange rate policy, WTO, EU, and colonial link are positively associated with the Nigerian cocoa export flows. Further, the negative impact of the GDP per capita, landlocked, distance, AU, and ECOWAS are observed. The need for the expansion of exports to the trading partners, especially the EU members (Netherlands, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Belgium, Spain, etc.), Canada, Malaysia, and the USA is particularly highlighted. These results are important for the formulation of future trade policy that could boost up the Nigerian cocoa exports. This would eventually contribute to the diversification of the Nigerian exports and also enhance the country's foreign earnings.

RESUMO: Quais são os principais fatores que afetam os fluxos de exportação de cacau da Nigéria? Ao responder a esta pergunta, os autores sugerem um modelo de gravidade específica de mercadoria com três abordagens analíticas diferentes (o Modelo de Seleção de Amostras de Heckman, o Mínimo Quadrado Generalizado e a Pseudo Máxima Verossimilhança de Poisson), com base em um período de 24 anos de dados em painel para a Nigéria e seus parceiros importadores para estimar os modelos. Os resultados mostram que o PIB, a política cambial, a OMC, a UE e a ligação colonial estão positivamente associados aos fluxos de exportação de cacau da Nigéria. Além disso, é observado o impacto negativo do PIB per capita, sem litoral, distância, UA e CEDEAO. Destaca-se a necessidade de ampliação das exportações para os parceiros comerciais, especialmente os membros da UE (Holanda, Alemanha, França, Reino Unido, Bélgica, Espanha, etc.), Canadá, Malásia e Estados Unidos. Esses resultados são importantes para a formulação de uma política comercial futura que possa impulsionar as exportações de cacau nigeriano. Isso acabaria por contribuir para a diversificação das exportações nigerianas e também aumentar as receitas externas do país.

EXTRACTIVISMO Y DEUDA ECOLÓGICA EN AMÉRICA LATINA / EXTRACTIVISM AND ECOLOGICAL DEBT IN LATIN AMERICA

Durante los últimos treinta años, los recursos primarios han aumentado su presencia en el comercio internacional; en parte, esto se debe al cambio estructural en el modelo productivo que se adoptó en América Latina durante la década de los noventa. Asimismo, el incremento en los flujos de inversión extranjera directa (IED), dirigida hacia proyectos de explotación ambiental han tenido un impacto negativo en relación con el endeudamiento de la región. Es decir, al mismo tiempo que la IED aumentó para las actividades extractivas, también creció la deuda externa de la región. El objetivo de este trabajo es señalar que la deuda externa actual y la primarización del comercio latinoamericano coinciden con lo que ha sucedido históricamente en la región, respecto a sus relaciones comerciales con el mundo. Esta interacción ha generado un empobrecimiento constante para las naciones de América Latina debido a que priorizan la explotación y el comercio de sus recursos naturales por encima de otras actividades productivas. El método que se utilizó para esta investigación fue mediante un contraste entre las estadísticas sobre deuda económica, IED y exportaciones regionales, obteniendo como resultado una relación entre el incremento de los niveles de la IED en actividades de explotación ambiental y el aumento en los niveles de deuda externa. Por lo que se concluye que la priorización en este tipo de actividades ha fortalecido la dependencia estructural de América Latina con las naciones desarrolladas y ha derivado en un proceso de endeudamiento económico con los países desarrollados. Aunque estos últimos generan una deuda ecológica con los países subdesarrollados.

Primary resources have increased their presence in international trade during the last thirty years, partly due to a structural change in the production model adopted in Latin America in the nineties. Similarly, the increase on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) addressed to environmental exploitation projects has had a negative impact in relation to the region's indebtedness. That is, while FDI increased for extractive activities, the external debt for the region also increased. The aim of this research is to point out that the current external debt and the Latin American trade primarization coincide with what historically has happened in the region regarding its trade relations with the world. This interaction has generated a steady impoverishment of Latin American nations because they prioritize the exploitation and trade of their natural resources over other productive activities. The method used for this research was a contrast between statistics of economic debt, FDI and regional exports, having as a result a relationship between the increase in the FDI levels in environmental exploitation activities and the increase in levels of external debt. It is concluded that the prioritization of this type of activities has strengthened the structural dependence of Latin America from developed nations and has resulted in a process of economic indebtedness with developed countries. Although, the latter generate an ecological debt with the underdeveloped countries.

Analysis of international marketing on traditional Chinese medicine / 国际中医中药杂志

Recently, herbal medicine including traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has gained huge attention in the world. In 2015, the global trades of herbal medicine reached 93.15 billion US dollars. And, the latest statistics from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of People's Republic of China showed that total sales of Chinese patent medicine and raw herbs reached 120 billion US dollars in 2014. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the situation of international marketing on herbal medicine and how much TCM shared in it. The PubMed database, search engines and government websites and research reports were searched for analyses. The results showed that total trades of TCM products in both domestic and foreign markets, were about 135 billion US dollars, including Chinese patent medicine, raw herbs, herbal extracts, herbal health care products, whose proportion of the global marketing was 80%.

An analysis of the performance of chilean aquacultural exports. (1995-2005) / Análisis del comportamiento de las exportaciones acuícolas chilenas (1995-2005) / Análise do comportamento das exportações aqüícolas chilenas (1995-2005)

Exchange rate and market liberalization policies put in place by recent Chilean administrations with the stated goal of promoting exports in both traditional and non-traditional sectors have resulted in a relative boom for the aquacultural activities in particular. The farming of salmon is well known, and less traditional exports in this area are beginning to play a larger role in the performance of the Chilean economy as a whole. This paper’s objective is the analysis of the performance of the Chilean aquacultural exports for the period 1995-2005, as a complement of a previous work on agricultural exports. The performance of several indicators of specialization (revealed comparative advantage and contribution to the trade balance), commerce structure (share of exports of the selected items to the total of exports) and competitiveness (indices of sector participation and market share) of each export category was analyzed. Eleven categories of the Harmonized System were reduced to six: salmon, fish fillets, seaweed, scallops, mussels and aquatic invertebrates. The performance of the world’s top exporter in each category was also included in the analysis. A relatively high level of specialization of aquacultural exports for Chile and its main competitors in almost all categories, with exceptions, is inferred. Trends in competitiveness that may help take remedial measures where needed are revealed. These results may prove useful for those responsible of implementing policies with beneficial effect for the sector and the economy as a whole.

Las políticas cambiarias y de libre mercado introducidas por los últimos gobiernos de Chile con el objetivo expreso de promover las exportaciones de productos tradicionales y no tradicionales, han tenido como consecuencia, en particular, un relativo auge de la acuicultura. El cultivo del salmón es de renombre, y exportaciones menos conocidas de este sector tienen una importancia cada vez mayor en el comportamiento global de la economía chilena. El objetivo de este artículo es el análisis del comportamiento de las exportaciones acuícolas chilenas para el periodo 1995-2005, como complemento de un trabajo anterior sobre las exportaciones agrícolas chilenas. Se analizó el comportamiento de varios indicadores de especialización (ventaja comparativa revelada y contribución a la balanza comercial), estructura de comercio (participación de la exportación de los productos seleccionados en el total de las exportaciones) y competitividad (índices de participación sectorial y de cuota de mercado) en cada categoría exportada. Once categorías del Sistema Armonizado fueron reducidas a seis: salmón, filete de pescado, algas, ostiones, mejillones e invertebrados acuáticos. Además, se analizó el comportamiento del principal país exportador y competidor de Chile en cada categoría seleccionada. Los resultados permiten concluir que, excepciones aparte, las exportaciones acuícolas tanto de Chile como de sus principales competidores gozan de un relativamente alto grado de especialización. También muestran tendencias en la competitividad que pueden ayudar a tomar medidas correctivas donde se necesite. Estos resultados pueden ser útiles a aquellos responsables de implementar políticas con beneficio para el sector y para la economía en general.

As políticas cambiárias e de livre mercado introduzidas pelos últimos governos do Chile com o objetivo expresso de promover as exportações de produtos tradicionais e não tradicionais, têm tido como conseqüência, em particular, um relativo auge da aqüicultura. O cultivo do salmão é de renome, e exportações menos conhecidas deste setor têm uma importância cada vez maior no comportamento global da economia chilena. O objetivo deste artigo é a análise do comportamento das exportações aqüícolas chilenas para o período 1995-2005, como complemento de um trabalho anterior sobre as exportações agrícolas chilenas. Analisou-se o comportamento de vários indicadores de especialização (vantagem comparativa revelada e contribuição à balança comercial), estrutura de comercio (participação da exportação dos produtos selecionados no total das exportações) e competitividade (índices de participação setorial e de quota de mercado) em cada categoria exportada. Onze categorias do Sistema Harmonizado foram reduzidas a seis: salmão, filete de peixe, algas, ostras, mexilhões e invertebrados aquáticos. Além disso, se analisou o comportamento do principal país exportador e competidor de Chile em cada categoria selecionada. Os resultados permitem concluir que, exceções aparte, as exportações aqüícolas tanto de Chile como de seus principais competidores contam com um relativamente alto grau de especialização. Também mostram tendências na competitividade que podem ajudar a tomar medidas corretivas onde necessárias. Estes resultados podem ser úteis para os responsáveis na implementação de políticas com beneficio para o sector e para a economia em geral.

Madeiras tropicais: análise econômica das principais espécies florestais exportadas

This work analyses Brazilian tropical wood exports for principal forest species, over the period of 1980-98. Tendency models were built to estimate the growth rate and to explain the export performance for each species. The results pointed out that the principal tropical species exported were, in decreasing order, mahogany, jatoba, virola, cedar, angelim, ipe, andiroba, sucupira, tatajuba, cedrorana, assacu, cerejeira, pau-marfim, freijo and jacaranda. Only six species represented 40% of volume and total exported revenue. The species said less known increased their exports from 1991. The exported volume of mahogany, virola, andiroba, sucupira and freijo decreased, on the other hand jatoba, cedar, ipe and cerejeira have increased their share in the international market. About price, all studied species showed a positive tendency along studied period and value relatively low in comparison to the mahogany price..

Este trabalho trata do comportamento das exportações brasileiras de madeiras tropicais por espécie, no período de 1980-98. O desenvolvimento de modelos de tendência foi utilizado para estimar a taxa de crescimento e explicar o comportamento das exportações. As principais espécies tropicais exportadas nesse período foram, em ordem decrescente, mogno, jatobá, virola, cedro, angelim, ipê, andiroba, sucupira, tatajuba, cedrorana, assacu, cerejeira, pau-marfim, freijó e jacarandá. Apenas seis espécies representaram 40% do volume e do valor total exportado. As espécies classificadas como outras aumentaram suas exportações na década de 90. Espécies como mogno, virola, andiroba, sucupira e freijó apresentaram taxas decrescentes, ao passo que jatobá, cedro, ipê e cerejeira expandiram sua participação no mercado internacional de madeiras tropicais. O preço de todas as espécies mostra uma tendência positiva ao longo do período estudado e valores relativamente baixos, quando comparados ao preço do mogno.