Diagnosis and treatment of chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the lower extremities: a review / 中华创伤杂志

Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) of the lower extremities is a common clinical condition characterized by exercise-induced pain in the extremities, which is predominantly observed in people who take an active part in sports, such as athletes. It is mainly presented as post-exercise pain in the lower extremities, probably accompanied by numbness and limb weakness, etc., affecting the patients′ life and work. The symptoms of CECS in the lower limbs are usually present after physical activities of a certain intensity, making them difficult to be identified through routine outpatient physical examination, and likely to be misdiagnosed and underdiagnosed. Furthermore, the absence of universally accepted and unified treatment standards for CECS of the lower extremities complicates the decision-making process regarding the necessity of surgical intervention and choice of surgical approach in the clinical practice. For this purpose, recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of CECS of the lower extremities were reviewed to provide reference for its standardized diagnosis and treatment.

Pharmaceutical care for a patient with paroxysmal spasms of extremities caused by ceftazidime-avibactam / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To explore the role of clinical pharmacists in identifying paroxysmal spasms caused by drugs， and provide reference for rational drug use. METHODS Retrospective analysis was conducted on pharmaceutical care provided by clinical pharmacists for a patient with ceftazidime-avibactam （CZA-AVI） induced paroxysmal spasms. The clinical pharmacists identified， analyzed and summarized the clinical manifestations， risk factors and treatment methods of the nervous system toxicity caused by antibacterial drugs. According to the patient’s clinical symptoms and test results， the clinical pharmacists recommended temporarily discontinuing the use of polymyxin B and montelukast sodium， and halving the dose of CZA-AVI. The physicians did not adopt the recommendation to halve the dose of CZA-AVI， and when the patient’s neurologic toxicity did not improve， the clinical pharmacists again recommended discontinuing CZA-AVI， which was accepted by the physicians. RESULTS Clinical pharmacists analyzed the condition and checked related drugs that caused paroxysmal spasms of extremities one by one， and finally determined that CZA-AVI might be the drug that caused paroxysmal spasms of extremities in the patient. After stopping the drug， the patient’s symptoms improved and was transferred to a community hospital for rehabilitation treatment. CONCLUSIONS The dose of CZA-AVI should be adjusted according to the renal function and the neurotoxicity should be guarded against， especially for patients with advanced age， renal insufficiency， and the combined use of multiple drugs related to nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity.

Risk factors of supplementary injection after foam sclerotherapy for varicose veins of lower extremities and its impact on blood coagulation function / 实用医学杂志

Objective To explore the risk factors of supplementary injection after foam sclerotherapy for varicose veins of lower extremities and its impact on blood coagulation function.Methods A total of 185 patients with varicose veins of lower limbs diagnosed in the First People's Hospital of Zunyi from January 2018 to December 2021 were selected.The corresponding pathological data were collected,and the D-dimer,thrombin time,and fibrinogen level of patients were detected 1 d before and 1 d after the surgery.The postoperative video phone follow-up lasted until 6 months after the surgery.The patients were divided into single treatment group and supple-mentary treatment group according to whether supplementary injection of foam sclerosing agent was needed during the follow-up.Propensity matching on the data between the two groups was conducted,and the correlation between disease course data,coagulation factors,and the occurrence of supplementary injection was analyzed.A time series model for the incidence of supplementary injection was established,and the therapeutic effect and complica-tions were observed.Results After propensity matching,there was still significant difference in the degree of lesion between the two groups(P<0.05).On the first day after surgery,there was significant difference in the D-dimer and fibrinogen groups between the two groups(P<0.05),and but no significant difference in thrombin time(P>0.05).The occurrence of supplementary injection was significantly correlated with D-dimer,fibrinogen,thrombin time,and first-time injection dose(P<0.05),and the incidence of supplementary injection was higher in patients who received first-time injection in January,August,September,and December.Both groups achieved successful treatment 6 months after surgery,and there was no significant difference in the incidence of compli-cations.Conclusion Patients with lower limb varicose veins of C3/C4 are more likely to require supplementary injection compared to patients with other levels.The level of D-dimer and fibrinogen at 1 d after surgery is positively correlated with the occurrence of supplementary injection,while the dose of the first injection is negatively corre-lated with the occurrence of supplementary injection.

Scapular kinesiotaping improves upper extremity functionality in healthy active subjects

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of scapular kinesiotaping and sham-taping applications on upper extremity functionality in healthy active subjects. METHODS: In total, 60 participants were randomly divided into two groups: scapular kinesiotaping group (n=30) and sham-taping group (n=30). While scapular kinesiotaping was applied to the kinesiotaping group, scapular rigid taping was applied to the sham-taping group. At the end of the third day of the taping application, the individuals were re-evaluated. RESULTS: Participants in the scapular kinesiotaping group showed improvement in upper extremity functionality and quality of life after taping (p<0.05). In the sham-taping group, there was no statistically significant difference after taping (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Scapular kinesiotaping is effective in improving upper extremity functionality in healthy active subjects.

Heberprot-P® en el tratamiento de trauma vascular distal / Heberprot-P® in the treatment of distal vascular trauma

Introducción: Los traumatismos constituyen causa frecuente de consulta. Entre sus localizaciones más comunes se encuentran las extremidades inferiores. El Heberprot-P® resulta un factor de crecimiento epidérmico que se ha utilizado durante más de una década para la cicatrización de las úlceras del pie diabético con excelentes resultados. Ampliar su utilización a otras patologías, incluso de etiología traumática, permitiría expandir las posibilidades terapéuticas para la cicatrización de las heridas. Objetivo: Exponer el resultado de la aplicación del Heberprot-P® en una amputación transtarsiana en un paciente portador de un trauma vascular distal. Presentación del caso: Paciente masculino de 23 años con antecedentes de salud. Luego de traumatismo por accidente de tránsito presentó fractura de huesos del metatarso y la sección total de la arteria pedia del pie izquierdo, lo cual provocó una gangrena húmeda de la extremidad. Por este motivo se realizó una amputación transtarsiana del pie. Se usó el Heberprot-P® como terapia para acortar el tiempo de cicatrización. Conclusiones: El Heberprot-P® resultó útil para la evolución de la herida como consecuencia de un trauma vascular, al evitar una amputación mayor, acelerar el proceso de cicatrización y conservar una extremidad funcional, lo que demostró que puede constituir una terapia eficaz para las heridas de difícil cicatrización, independientemente de su etiología(AU)

Introduction: Trauma is a frequent cause of consultation. Among its most common locations are the lower extremities. Heberprot-P® is an epidermal growth factor that has been used for more than a decade for the healing of diabetic foot ulcers with excellent results. Extending its use to other pathologies, including traumatic etiology ones, would expand the therapeutic possibilities for wound healing. Objective: To present the result of the application of Heberprot-P® in a Chopart´s amputation in a patient with distal vascular trauma. Case presentation: A 23-year-old male patient with a health history. After trauma from a traffic accident, he presented a fracture of the bones of the metatarsus and the whole section of the left foot´s pedis artery, which caused a wet gangrene of the extremity. For this reason, a Chopart´s amputation of the foot was performed. Heberprot-P® was used as therapy to shorten healing time. Conclusions: Heberprot-P® was useful for wound evolution as a result of vascular trauma, avoiding major amputation, accelerating the healing process and preserving a functional limb, which showed that it can be an effective therapy for wounds that are difficult to heal, regardless of their etiology(AU)

Combining transcranial magnetic stimulation with head-eye movement improves the lower limb movement and balance of hemiplegic stroke survivors / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective:To observe any effect of supplementing head-eye movement with repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on the lower limb movement and balance of hemiplegic stroke survivors.Methods:Forty stroke survivors with hemiplegia were divided at random into a control group and an observation group, each of 20. Both groups received conventional medication and head-eye movement rehabilitation training, while the observation group was additionally provided with rTMS daily for 20 days. The head-eye movement training involved one minute for each movement, twice a day, five days a week for 4 weeks. Before and after the treatments, both groups were assessed using the Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scale for the Lower Extremities (FMA-LE), the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), timed up and go tests (TUGs), and the Modified Barthel Index (MBI).Results:The treatment improved both groups′ average FMA-LE, BBS and MBI scores significantly, and significantly shortened their average TUG times. The observation group showed significantly greater improvement than the control group, on average.Conclusion:Combining rTMS with head-eye movement can significantly improve the lower limb movement and balance of hemiplegic stroke survivors.

Change of serum D-D, sVCAM-1 and P-selectin after limb fractures surgery and their relationship with thrombosis / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To investigate the relationship between change of serum D-dimer (D-D), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1), P-selectin and thrombosis after limb fracture surgery.Methods:289 patients with limb fractures who were treated in the emergency department of Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital from January 2021 to January 2022 were selected as the study subjects. They were divided into deep vein thrombosis (DVT) group ( n=62) and non-DVT group ( n=227) according to whether DVT occurred after operation. The levels of prothrombin time (PT), activated partial prothrombin time (APTT), D-D, sVCAM-1 and P-selectin were measured before and after operation in all patients. The levels of PT, APTT, D-D, sVCAM-1 and P-selectin were compared between DVT group and non-DVT group. Logistic sequential stepwise regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors of postoperative thrombosis in patients with limb fractures. Results:There was no statistically significant difference in PT and APTT between 289 patients with limb fractures after operation and before operation (all P>0.05), while the levels of serum D-D, sVCAM-1 and P-selectin after operation were higher than that before operation (all P<0.05). There was no significant difference in general data between DVT group and non-DVT group (all P>0.05); There was no statistically significant difference in PT and APTT before and after operation between DVT group and non-DVT group (all P>0.05). The levels of serum D-D, sVCAM-1 and P-selectin before and after operation in DVT group were higher than those in non-DVT group (all P<0.05). Logistic sequential stepwise regression analysis showed that high levels of D-D, sVCAM-1 and P-selectin were risk factors for thrombosis after limb fracture surgery (all P<0.05). Conclusions:High levels of D-D, sVCAM-1 and P-selectin are risk factors for thrombosis after limb fracture surgery.

The prognosis of patients with extremity osteosarcoma who have undergone misdiagnosis and mistreatment / 中华骨科杂志

Objective:To compare outcomes between standardized and misdiagnosis and mistreatment of osteosarcoma.Methods:A retrospective analysis of patients with high-grade osteosarcoma who received appropriate surgical treatment and chemotherapy (299 cases, control group) and those who were misdiagnosed (benign or infective) and received mistreatment (23 cases, study group) between January 2009 and December 2021. Gender, age, first operation mode, recurrence time, recurrence interval, metastasis time, metastasis interval, total survival time (months), survival status in the two group and tumor site reoperation mode in the study group were statistically analyzed. Further, chi-square test was performed for comparison of the clinical between two groups. The survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier test and Log-rank test.Results:All the 322 patients were followed up. In the control group, the average follow-up time was 42 months (1-137 months), the average age was 24 years (3-80 years), male 184 cases, female 115 cases, and limb salvage rate was 85.3% (255/299). Seven patients underwent amputation, and the amputation rate was 17.7% (44/299). The recurrence rate was 8.4% (25/299), the average recurrence interval was 22.8 months (7-36 months), and the metastasis rate was 28.1% (85/299), the average metastasis time was 32.7 months (0-58 months). In the study group, the average of follow-up time was 30 months (9-117 months), the average age was 36 years (5-67 years), 17 males and 6 females. Among them, eleven patients were treated with limb salvage in the second stage, and the limb salvage rate was 47.8% (11/23). Seven patients underwent amputation, and the amputation rate was 30.4% (7/23). The recurrence rate was 26.1% (6/23), the average recurrence interval was 11 months (1-42 months), and the metastasis rate was 43.4% (10/23), the average metastasis time was 20.3 months (1-44 months). The 5-year survival rate was 50.7% in the study group and 56.1% in the control group. There was no significant difference between the two groups (χ 2=0.09, P=0.760). Conclusion:The overall prognosis of patients with high-grade osteosarcoma who receive active treatment after mistreatment is similar to that of patients with standardized treatment, but the recurrence and metastasis rate is higher, the recurrence time is earlier, and the amputation rate is higher.

Risk factors and functional evaluation of recurrence after resection of thigh soft tissue malignant tumor / 中华骨科杂志

Objective:To explore the risk factors of recurrence after resection of thigh soft tissue malignant tumors and the evaluation of the postoperative lower limb function.Methods:A total of 211 patients who underwent thigh soft tissue malignant tumor resection in the Department of Orthopaedics of the second affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Zhejiang University from May 2011 to May 2021 were retrospectively analyzed, including 117 males and 94 females, aged 53 (43, 65) years. There were 59 cases of atypical/well-differentiated liposarcoma, 30 cases of other types of liposarcoma, 33 cases of malignant fibrous histiocytoma, 19 cases of fibrosarcoma, 12 cases of rhabdomyosarcoma, 12 cases of leiomyosarcoma, 9 cases of synovial sarcoma, and 37 cases of others. The tumor involvement of muscle, bone, blood vessel, nerve tissue and intermuscular compartment, postoperative Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) functional score and recurrence were recorded. The relationship between anatomical structure and postoperative recurrence was analyzed by Cox logistic regression to determine risk factors; the cumulative recurrence rate of different compartment groups (medial compartment, anterior compartment, and posterior compartment) were compared; The Box plot was used to compare the postoperative function of patients with resection of different anatomical structures (e.g., vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, femur, etc.).Results:A total of 34 out of 211 patients relapsed, with a recurrence rate of 16.1%. The recurrence time ranged from 2.6 months to 91.6 months after operation, with a median recurrence time of 37.0 (18.2, 52.8) months. Three independent risk factors were found to be associated with recurrence, namely: pathological grade [ HR=3.86, 95% CI(1.75, 8.51)], involvement of vastus intermedius [ HR=3.05, 95% CI(1.53, 6.06)], and involvement of vastus medialis [ HR=3.17, 95% CI(1.56, 6.41)]. The recurrence rate of patients with anterior chamber tumor resection was 35.3%, which was higher than that of patients without tumor resection (16.2%), and the difference was statistically significant ( P=0.020). There was no significant difference in recurrence rate between patients with medial chamber tumor resection and patients without tumor resection ( P>0.05). The recurrence rate of patients with posterior compartment tumor resection was 12.3%, which was lower than that of unresectable patients (37.6%), and the difference was statistically significant ( P=0.002).The postoperative MSTS score of 167 patients averaged 26±3.2 points (9-30 points). After intraoperative resection of part of the femur, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis, and rectus femoris, the patient's function was relatively poor [corresponding median MSTS score: 25 (23, 28), 26 (24 28), 26 (24,28), 26(24, 27)]. Conclusion:The risk factors for local recurrence after resection of thigh soft tissue malignant tumors include: pathological grade of the tumor, and whether the vastus intermedius or vastus medialis is involved. Anterior compartment tumors have a higher recurrence rate after surgery. If the tumor involves the above-mentioned anatomical structures, more attention should be paid to the risk of local recurrence after surgery.

Application of three-dimensional printed endoprosthesis for reconstruction after metaphysis-involved intercalary tumor resection / 中华骨科杂志

Objective:To describe the design, manufacture and use of three-dimensional (3D)-printed endoprosthesis for reconstruction after metaphysis-involved intercalary tumor resection and to evaluate its outcome.Methods:Forty-three patients who received metaphysis-involved intercalary tumor resection followed by 3D-printed endoprosthetic reconstruction in Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital between January 2018 and December 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. There were 25 males and 18 males with an average age of 20.1±15.2 years (range, 4-58 years). The pathological diagnosis included 24 cases of osteosarcomas, 6 cases of Ewing sarcomas, 5 cases of chondrosarcomas, 2 cases of pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcomas, 3 cases of soft-tissue sarcomas (liposarcoma, synovial sarcoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor for each) and 3 others (adamantinoma, recurrent aneurysmal bone cyst and recurrent osteofibrous dysplasia for each). The tumors located at femur in 25 patients (58%), including 14 lesions involving distal femoral metaphysis and 11 lesions involving both proximal and distal metaphysis; the tumors located at tibia in 11 patients (26%), including 4 lesions involving distal tibial metaphysis, 5 lesions involving proximal tibial metaphysis and 2 lesions involving both proximal and distal tibial metaphysis; the tumors located at humerus in 7 patients (16%), including 1 lesion involving distal humeral metaphysis, 3 lesions involving proximal humeral metaphysis and 3 lesions involving both proximal and distal humeral metaphysis. The endoprosthesis was designed in a semi-modular fashion and consisted of three parts: a diaphysis-fixing component, a semi-modular lap joint component, and a custom-made 3D-printed metaphysis-fixing component which was designed as two types with 3D-printed porous bone-contacting surfaces according to the osteotomy plane (Type I on meta-diaphyseal region, Type II on meta-epiphyseal region). The functional outcome was assessed using Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) 93 system.Results:All surgeries were accomplished sucessfully. The median resection length and the distance from osteotomy plane to adjacent joint was 16.0 (13.0, 22.0) cm and 4.5 (3.5, 6.0) cm, respectively. 59 metaphysis-fixing components were installed in 43 patients. Type I components were used in single and dual ends of endoprosthesis in 12 and 6 cases respectively. Type II components were used in single and dual ends in 15 and 5 cases respectively. Hybrid endoprosthesis with Type I and II components were used in 5 cases. The mean follow-up time was 26.0 (17, 37) months (range, 12-54 months). The mean MSTS 93 score was 29.0 (28.0, 30.0) points (range, 21-30 points). Implant failures were found in 5 patients, including 2 cases of aseptic loosening (loosening was observed in the cementing diaphysis-fixing stems while no evidence of loosening in metaphysis-fixing components) and 3 cases of local tumor progression. The 2-year implant survival rate was 90.3% (95% CI: 0.81, 0.99). Conclusion:Using 3D-printed intercalary endoprosthesis for reconstruction after intercalary resection of metaphysis-involved bone tumor shows satisfactory functional outcome and implant survival. Moreover, by assembling endoprosthetic components according to the different osteotomy plane, the semi-modularized endoprosthesis also provids a comprehensive and individualized reconstruction for patients with metaphysis-involved intercalary tumor.

Can temporary artery catheterization extend limits of ischemia time for macroreplantation? / Cateterização temporária arterial amplia o limite de tempo de isquemia no macrorreimplante?

ABSTRACT We observe delayed referrals to appropriate Microsurgery Unit and definitive treatment of traumatic limb amputations. Cases with wrist proximal amputations have a deadline for surgical replantation as these configure life-threatening injuries. Objective: To analyze patients with traumatic proximal wrist upper limb amputations with prolonged ischemic time who underwent temporary artery catheterization to assess stump viability and results. Methods: A case-series study including all patients with a proximal wrist upper limb amputation and a cold ischemic time equal to or above six hours from 2017 to 2021. Results: In total, two surgeons operated eight patients who had experienced forearm amputation injuries. Median ischemia time totaled eight hours. All patients required additional surgeries, most commonly split-thickness skin graft or fixation revision (three patients). This study obtained five successful macroreimplantations. The mean cold ischemia time was longer in the group with successful macroreimplantations (7.4 hours) than of the unsuccessful group (9 hours). Conclusion: Macroreplantations require immediate referral to microsurgery and, although temporary artery catheterization helps surgical decision making, the technique seems to fail to influence outcomes. Level of Evidence IV, Retrospective Case Series.

RESUMO Observa-se um atraso no referenciamento dos casos para o tratamento definitivo das amputações traumáticas de membros no Brasil. Casos com amputações proximais ao punho apresentam um prazo limite para reimplante, sendo lesões que promovem risco de vida ao paciente. Objetivo: Analisar os macrorreimplantes com tempo de isquemia prolongado submetidos à cateterização temporária da artéria, para determinar a viabilidade do coto de amputação, e seus resultados. Métodos: Série de casos de todos os pacientes com amputações traumáticas proximais ao punho, cujo tempo de isquemia fria foi igual ou superior a seis horas, entre 2017 e 2021. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por oito pacientes com amputações traumáticas de antebraço operados por dois cirurgiões. O tempo médio de isquemia foi de oito horas. Todos os pacientes necessitaram de cirurgias adicionais, sendo as mais comuns o enxerto de pele ou a revisão da fixação óssea. Sucesso do macrorreimplante foi observado em cinco pacientes. O tempo médio de isquemia fria foi maior no grupo com sucesso no macrorreimplante (7,4 horas) quando comparado com o grupo sem sucesso (9 horas). Conclusão: Os macrorreimplantes necessitam de transferência imediata para serviços especializados, e, apesar de a cateterização temporária arterial auxiliar no manejo cirúrgico, a técnica parece não interferir nos resultados. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos.

Fatores prognósticos em traumatismos vasculares do segmento femoropoplíteo: decisões intraoperatórias são importantes / Prognostic factors for femoropopliteal vascular injuries: surgical decisions matter

Resumo Contexto O trauma vascular acomete frequentemente os membros inferiores; entretanto, ainda há dúvidas sobre quais fatores levam a desfechos desfavoráveis. Objetivos Determinar o perfil das vítimas de traumatismo femoropoplíteo, o tratamento utilizado e fatores relacionados a desfechos desfavoráveis. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo, baseado em prontuários de pacientes operados entre 2017 e 2021. Foram analisados: sexo, idade, distância percorrida para atendimento, mecanismo de trauma, presença de choque hipovolêmico, lesões associadas, tratamento, realização de fasciotomia, decisões intraoperatórias inadequadas e índice de severidade de trauma. Necessidade de reintervenção, amputação e óbito foram considerados desfechos desfavoráveis. Foram utilizadas análises univariadas, bivariadas e regressão logística. Resultados Noventa e quatro pacientes foram selecionados, sendo 83% homens, com idade média de 30,8 anos. Lesões arteriais e venosas simultâneas ocorreram em 57,5% dos casos; vasos femorais superficiais foram mais acometidos (61,7%), e mecanismos penetrantes, mais prevalentes (80,9%). Lesões arteriais foram frequentemente tratadas com enxerto venoso (59,6%), e lesões venosas foram submetidas à ligadura (81,4%). Em 15% houve decisões cirúrgicas inadequadas, sendo o uso da safena magna ipsilateral para reconstrução arterial a mais comum. Ocorreram desfechos desfavoráveis em 44,7% dos casos; em 21,3%, foi necessária reintervenção; amputação em 25,5%; e ocorreu óbito em 9,5% dos pacientes. Conclusões As lesões acometeram principalmente homens jovens, vítimas de ferimento por arma de fogo. Vasos femorais superficiais foram os mais lesados, e traumatismos não vasculares concomitantes foram frequentes, principalmente fraturas. Decisões cirúrgicas inadequadas aumentaram em 34 vezes a necessidade de reintervenções. Necessidade de realização de fasciotomia, presença de fratura/luxação, mecanismo contuso de trauma e lesão de artéria poplítea aumentaram o risco de amputação.

Abstract Background Lower limbs are frequently involved in vascular trauma, but it is still not clear which factors lead to unfavorable clinical outcomes. Objectives To determine the clinical profile of patients with femoropopliteal injuries, the trauma mechanisms, and treatment and identify which factors led to unfavorable outcomes. Methods A retrospective study based on the medical records of patients treated from 2017 to 2021. The following data were assessed: sex, age, distance to reach the hospital, trauma mechanism, hypovolemic shock, additional injuries, treatment of vascular injuries, whether fasciotomy was needed, inappropriate intraoperative decisions, and injury severity score. Need for surgical reintervention, amputation, and death were defined as unfavorable outcomes. Univariate, bivariate, and logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results The sample comprised 94 patients; 83% were men; mean age was 30.8 years; combined arterial and venous injuries prevailed (57.5%); and superficial femoral vessels were the most affected (61.7%). Penetrating mechanisms prevailed (80.9%). Arterial injuries were most frequently treated with venous graft (59.6%) and venous injuries underwent ligation (81.4%). In 15% of cases, inappropriate surgical decisions were detected; most often use of the ipsilateral great saphenous vein for arterial reconstruction. Unfavorable outcomes occurred in 44.7%: surgical reintervention was necessary in 21.3% and limb amputation in 25.5%, while 9.5% of the patients died. Conclusions These injuries mainly involved young men, victims of gunshot wounds. Superficial femoral vessels were the most injured; concomitant non-vascular trauma was frequent, mainly fractures. Inappropriate surgical decisions increased the need for reinterventions by 34 times. Need for fasciotomy, presence of fracture/dislocation, blunt trauma mechanism, and popliteal artery injury increased the risk of amputation.

The impact of Chikungunya chronic arthralgia on women's upper limbs motor function: a cross-sectional study / O impacto da artralgia crônica pós-Chikungunya na função motora dos membros superiores de mulheres: um estudo transversal / El impacto de la artralgia crónica poschikunguña en la función motora del miembro superior de mujeres: un estudio transversal

ABSTRACT Post-Chikungunya chronic arthralgia (PCCA) may lead to musculoskeletal repercussions and functional loss. The objective was to assess the upper limb physical disability and symptoms during daily, work, and leisure activities of women presenting PCCA compared to healthy controls (HC). This was a cross-sectional study conducted with 52 women. The participants were divided into PCCA (37) and HC (15) groups. Handgrip strength, range of motion, level of pain (numerical rating scale), and participants' physical disability and symptoms (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Questionnaire - DASH) were evaluated. Differences between groups were evaluated using the Students t-test and Pearson's correlations. The chi-square test was applied for categorical variables. The significance was set at α=0.05. The disease duration was 19.5±13.1 months. We found no differences between groups for peak force (PCAA:23.6±7.4kgf; HC: 24.5±6.2kgf; p=0.676). The results showed a significant difference between groups regarding range of motion (PCCA: 63.5±17.3o; HC: 77.2±9.6o), level of hand pain (PCCA: 5.8±2.2; HC: 0.4±1.5), and upper limbs functional levels (PCCA: 44.5±17.4; HC: 16.2±20.5). Participants related severe difficulty or inability to perform tasks such as opening a jar (78.4%), placing objects above head height (48.7%), doing heavy household chores (56.8%), and gardening (51.4%). Impairment in the upper limb physical function in daily, work, and leisure activities shows the higher prevalence in the long-term.

RESUMO A artralgia crônica pós-Chikungunya (ACPC) pode gerar repercussões musculoesqueléticas e perda funcional. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a incapacidade física e os sintomas de membros superiores de mulheres com ACPC durante atividades diárias, laborais e de lazer comparadas aos controles saudáveis (CS). Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo transversal conduzido com 52 mulheres. As participantes foram divididas entre os grupos com ACPC (37) e CS (15). Foram avaliados força de preensão, amplitude de movimento (ADM), nível de dor (escala numérica de dor) e incapacidade física e sintomas por meio do Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire (Dash). Diferenças entre os grupos foram avaliadas pelo teste t de Student e correlações de Pearson. O teste qui-quadrado foi utilizado para variáveis categóricas e α=0,05 foi estabelecido como nível de significância. Verificou-se que a duração da ACPC foi de 19,5±13,1 meses. Não houve diferença entre os grupos para a força pico (ACPC: 23,6±7,4kgf; CS: 24,5±6,2kgf; p=0,676). Os resultados demonstraram diferença significativa entre os grupos em termos de ADM (ACPC: 63,5±17,3o; CS: 77,2±9,6o), nível de dor nas mãos (ACPC: 5,8±2,2; CS: 0,4±1,5) e níveis funcionais dos membros superiores (ACPC: 44,5±17,4; CS: 16,2±20,5). As participantes relataram extrema dificuldade ou incapacidade para realizar tarefas como abrir um pote (78,4%), colocar objetos em um local acima da cabeça (48,7%), realizar atividades domésticas pesadas (56,8%) e atividades de jardinagem (51,4%). Conclui-se que a função física dos membros superiores durante as atividades diárias, laborais e de lazer constitui o maior comprometimento apresentado a longo prazo.

RESUMEN La artralgia crónica poschikunguña (ACPC) puede tener como efecto repercusiones musculoesqueléticas y pérdida funcional. En este sentido, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la discapacidad física y los síntomas de miembros superiores de mujeres con ACPC durante las actividades diarias, laborales y de ocio en comparación con controles sanos (CS). Por ello, se realizó un estudio transversal con 52 mujeres. Las participantes se dividieron en los grupos ACPC (37) y CS (15). La fuerza de agarre, el rango de movimiento (ROM), el nivel de dolor (escala numérica de dolor), la discapacidad física y los síntomas se evaluaron mediante el Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire (Dash). Las diferencias entre los grupos se evaluaron con la aplicación de la prueba t de Student y las correlaciones de Pearson. Se utilizó la prueba de chi-cuadrado para las variables categóricas y se estableció como nivel de significación α=0,05. Se encontró que la duración de la ACPC fue de 19,5±13,1 meses. No hubo diferencia entre los grupos para la fuerza máxima (ACPC: 23,6±7,4kgf; CS: 24,5±6,2kgf; p=0,676). Los resultados mostraron una diferencia significativa entre los grupos respecto al ROM (ACPC: 63,5±17,3o; CS: 77,2±9,6o), el nivel de dolor en la mano (ACPC: 5,8±2,2; CS: 0,4±1,5) y los niveles funcionales de miembros superiores (ACPC: 44,5±17,4; CS: 16,2±20,5). Las participantes informaron una extrema dificultad o incapacidad para realizar tareas como abrir un frasco (78,4%), poner objetos en un lugar más alto (48,7%), realizar actividades domésticas pesadas (56,8%) y actividades de jardinería (51,4%). Se concluyó que la función física de los miembros superiores durante las actividades diarias, laborales y de ocio constituye el mayor compromiso a largo plazo.

Clinical application of free groin flap in repairing soft tissue defect in extremities / 中华显微外科杂志

Objective:To observe and summarise the clinical effect of free groin flap in repairing of soft tissue defects in extremities, and to explore the selection of main vessel in a flap.Methods:From January 2018 to January 2021, 146 patients with soft tissue defects in extremities were treated with free groin flaps in the Department of Hand and Microsurgery, Guangxi Guilin Xing'an Jieshou Orthopaedic Hospital. There were 126 patients with traumatic wound and 20 with chronic ulcer. In addition, 86 of the patients with bone fracture and exposure of internal fixator, 18 with tendon, nerve or artery injuries or defects. There were 6 patients with severe infection and other 3 with deep dead space. The sizes of wound ranged from 2.0 cm×3.0 cm to 25.0 cm×6.0 cm. The flap was the same size as the wound and not enlarged. Firstly, the superficial branch of superficial iliac circumflex artery was explored as the axial artery for all the flaps, then the blood supply vessels of the flap were selected according to the availability of the axial artery. The size, course, adjacent and possible length to be freed of the axial artery and the accompanying veins of a flap were recorded. The donor sites were directly sutured and closed. All patients were included in the postoperative follow-up at outpatient clinic.Results:Free groin flap were used to repair the wounds in all patients. However, the main blood supply vessel of the flap was not constant, and it was often required to adjust the way of flap harvesting. Superficial circumflex iliac artery was taken as the axial vessels in 141 patients (96.6%), among them, 133 cases(94.3%) had the superficial branch as the axis and 5 cases (3.6%) had deep branch as the axis. Three patients (2.1%) had the bone and soft tissue defects reconstructed with vascularised iliac mosaic osteocutaneous flap with superficial circumflex iliac artery as axial vessel and 5 cases(3.4%) had the superficial epigastric artery as axial vessel. The axial arteries were measured as follow: the superficial branch of the superficial circumflex iliac artery was 0.5-0.9 mm in diameter and 7.0-9.0 cm in length, the outer diameter of the deep branch was 1.2-1.4 mm and 9.0-11.0 cm in length, and the outer diameter of superficial epigastric artery was 1.0-1.6 mm and 8.0-11.3 cm in length. All the flaps survived smoothly after surgery and the follow-up period ranged 6-40 (mean 26) months. The texture of the flaps was soft with good function.Conclusion:Free groin flap can be used to repair soft tissue defects in extremities. The main axial vessel is the superficial branch of the superficial circumflex iliac artery, followed by the deep branch or the trunk. The superficial abdominal artery can also be used as an axial vessel. Under the circumstances, the flap design needs to be adjusted without changing the supply area

Reconstruction of soft tissue defects of extremities with polyfoliate anterolateral thigh perforator flap / 中华显微外科杂志

Objective:To report the clinical effect of using polyfoliate anterolateral thigh perforator flap (ALTPF) in reconstruction of soft tissue defects of extremities.Methods:From April 2017 to January 2020, 21 cases of soft tissue defect in extremities were repaired by polyfoliate ALTPF, including 11 cases of traffic accident trauma, 8 of machine crush injury, and 2 of iatrogenic complications. There were 14 cases in calf and ankle, and 7 in hand and wrist. The area of defect was 17.0 cm×12.0 cm-20.0 cm×14.0 cm. Eight cases were complicated with fracture and bone exposure, 13 with tendon and nerve exposure. Thirteen cases had 2 adjacent wounds and 8 had large wound. The polyfoliate ALTPF was designed for wound repair. The patients entered follow-up regularly. The last follow-up included the colour, texture, shape, sensation of the flap and the scar of the donor area.Results:There was no infection in the recipient site of all 21 patients after operation, and all flaps survived. Two cases had venous crisis, with 1 was found in 5 hours after operation. Emergency exploration found that there were thrombosis in anastomosed veins. The flap survived completely after the thrombus removed and the embolized vein was anastomosed again. Another case was found with venous crisis at 1 lobe of flap in 2 hours after operation. Emergency exploration found that the anastomotic site between the superficial vein from the medial edge of the flap to the great saphenous vein and the superficial vein of the recipient area was embolised. The flap survived completely after the thrombus removed and the embolized veins was anastomosed again. The wounds of all donor sites healed in the first stage. All patients were followed-up for 6-30 (mean 12.3) months. All flaps had good colour and texture, with slightly bloated appearance and dull sensation. There was only a linear scar in the donor area, and the appearance evaluation was good.Conclusion:Polyfoliate ALTPF can be used to repair 2 large or adjacent wounds in 1 stage, reduce the damage of donor site. It is an ideal method to repair large or adjacent wounds of limb.

Free superficial iliac circumflex artery perforator flap with different arterial anastomosis methods for repairing soft tissue defects of limbs / 中华创伤杂志

Objective:To investigate the clinical effect of free superficial iliac circumflex artery perforator flap with different arterial anastomosis methods for repairing soft tissue defects of limbs.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was used to analyze the data of 60 patients with soft tissue defects of limbs treated in Ningbo No.6 Hospital from March 2017 to March 2020, including 38 males and 22 females, aged 21-57 years［(35.6±3.1)years］. The wounds were located on the upper limb in 33 patients and the lower limb wound in 27 patients. The defect area was 4.5 cm × 2.0 cm-17.0 cm × 8.0 cm. All patients received debridement and vacuum sealing drainage (VSD) in stage I, and free superficial iliac circumflex artery perforator flap transplantation in stage II. The flap area was 4.9 cm × 2.6 cm-17.0 cm × 8.0 cm. According to the different anastomotic vessels, the superficial iliac circumflex artery was anastomosed end-to- side to the radial artery in 25 patients, the ulnar artery in 8, the dorsalis pedis artery in 18 and the anterior tibial artery in 9. Flap healing and healing time were detected. Texture and appearance of the flap were observed at the last follow-up. The appearance of the donor area was evaluated by Vancouver scar scale (VSS), and the satisfaction rate of appearance of the recipient area was measured by numerical score.Results:All patients were followed up for 5-15 months［(7.1±1.3)points］. All flaps survived successfully after operation, including arterial crisis in 4 patients, among which 2 had flap perforator anastomosed with the radial artery, 1 with the ulnar artery and 1 with the dorsalis pedis artery. There was no significant difference in flap crisis after end-to-side arterial anastomosis in different recipient areas ( P>0.05). For patients with flap perforator anastomosed with the radial artery, the ulnar artery, the dorsalis pedis artery and the anterior tibial artery, the flap healing time was 15(14, 16)days, 15(14, 16)days, 14.5(14，16)days and 14(14，15.5)days, respectively (all P>0.05). The flaps showed sufficient elasticity and soft texture at the last follow-up. For patients with flap perforator anastomosed with the radial artery, the ulnar artery, the dorsalis pedis artery and the anterior tibial artery, the VSS of the donor area was (10.2±1.5)points, (10.9±1.6)points, (9.4±1.5)points and (9.8±1.5)points at the last follow-up (all P>0.05), and the satisfaction rate of appearance of the recipient area was 9 (8, 10)points, 9(8, 9)points, 9(8, 9)points and 8(8, 9.5)points at the last follow-up ( P>0.05), showing that all patients were satisfied with the appearance of the wound. Conclusions:The transplantation of free superficial iliac circumflex artery perforator flap with different arterial anastomosis methods is safe and reliable in repairing soft tissue defects of limbs with advantages of low occurrence of postoperative vascular crisis, good flap survival, no influence on flap healing by different anastomotic vessels, hidden donor area with small scar and satisfactory appearance of the recipient area. It can be used as one of the common vascular repair methods for free tissue flap transplantation.

Effect of sling exercise therapy combined with Tuina on nerve conduction of upper extremities after radicular cervical spondylosis / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To observe the effect sling exercise therapy (SET) and Tuina on radicular cervical spondylosis. Methods From August, 2015 to December, 2016, 72 patients with radicular cervical spondylosis were randomly divided into control group (n = 36) and trial group (n = 36), who accepted traction and SET+Tuina, respectively, for four weeks. They were measured F-wave conduction velocity with electromyogram from median nerve and ulnar nerve, somatosensory evoked potential (SEP), and current perception threshold (CPT) before and after treatment. The clinical ratio of improvement was calculated. Results The ratio of improvement was 83.33% in the trial group more than 58.33% in the control group (Z = 2.093, P < 0.05). F-wave conduction velocity increased in both groups after treatment (t > 12.059, P < 0.001), and increased more in the trial group than in the control group (t > 3.266, P < 0.01); while the latency of SEP decreased in N9 and N13 in both groups (t > 7.061, P < 0.001), and decreased more in the trial group than in the control group (t > 8.033, P < 0.001); the grade of CPT decreased in both groups (t > 8.895, P < 0.001), and decreased more in the trial group than in the control group (t = 8.913, P < 0.001). Conclusion The combination of SET and Tuina can promote the repair of nerve conduction of cervical spondylotic radiculopathy.

Gunshot injury in children: A 3-year review of cases that presented to the Jos University Teaching Hospital, North Central Nigeria

OBJECTIVES: Gunshot injuries among children are a major clinical and public health concern and one of the leading causes of pediatric morbidity and mortality. This usually takes a great financial and emotional toll on the affected children, their families, and society as a whole. The objective of the study was to determine the pattern of injury, severity, outcome, and challenges in managing the gunshot injuries in children.MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a descriptive study of patients below 18 years of age who presented with gunshot injuries to the Jos University Teaching Hospital between January 2011 and December 2014. Patient demographics and clinical details were collected on a trauma data sheet, and entered into an Excel spreadsheet. It was analyzed descriptively.RESULTS: Two hundred and forty-two patients presented with gunshot injuries in the period under review, of which 30 of them were children. The median age of the patients was 12 years with an interquartile range of 7.75 and 16.25. Twenty-two (73.3%) of them were male while 8 (26.7%) were female. High-velocity firearms accounted for 13 (43.3%) of the injuries and were the most predominant cause of injury. The most common part of the body involved was the extremities in 63.3% of patients. Debridement and secondary suturing was carried out in 83.3% of the patients while wound infection was the most noted complication in 33.3% of the patients. CONCLUSION:There is an increasing incidence of gunshot injuries in this region. A lot of the children survive and reach the hospital though, and most of them are treated and discharged, however, attendant emotional and psychological trauma cannot be excluded in these patients. There is, thus, a need for proper policy to protect and treat these children when this happens.

Damage control of peripheral vascular trauma - Don't be afraid of axillary or popliteal fosses / Control de daños del trauma vascular periférico - No le tema a la fosa axilar o poplítea

Abstract Peripheral vascular injuries are uncommon in civilian trauma but can threaten the patient's life or the viability of the limb. The definitive control of the vascular injury represents a surgical challenge, especially if the patient is hemodynamically unstable. This article proposes the management of peripheral vascular trauma following damage control surgery principles. It is essential to rapidly identify vascular injury signs and perform temporary bleeding control maneuvers. The surgical approaches according to the anatomical injured region should be selected. We propose two novel approaches to access the axillary and popliteal zones. The priority should be to reestablish limb perfusion via primary repair or damage control techniques (vascular shunt or endovascular approach). Major vascular surgeries should be managed post-operatively in the intensive care unit, which will allow correction of physiological derangement and identification of those developing compartmental syndrome. All permanent or temporary vascular procedures should be followed by a definitive repair within the first 8 hours. An early diagnosis and opportune intervention are fundamental to preserve the function and perfusion of the extremity.

Resumen El trauma vascular periférico no es común en el contexto civil, pero representa una amenaza para la vida del paciente o de la extremidad. El control definitivo de la lesión vascular representa un desafío quirúrgico, especialmente en pacientes con inestabilidad hemodinámica. Este artículo describe la propuesta de manejo del trauma vascular periférico de acuerdo con los principios de la cirugía de control de daños. Se debe identificar los signos sugestivos de lesión vascular y realizar oportunamente maniobras temporales para el control del sangrado. Se debe elegir el abordaje quirúrgico dependiendo del área anatómica lesionada. Se proponen dos nuevas incisiones para acceder a la región axilar y poplítea. La prioridad es restablecer la perfusión de la extremidad mediante el reparo primario o técnicas de control de daños (shunt vascular o abordaje endovascular). Los pacientes sometidos a cirugías vasculares mayores deben ser manejados postoperatoriamente en la unidad de cuidados intensivos para corregir las alteraciones fisiológicas e identificar aquellos que desarrollen un síndrome compartimental. Todos los procedimientos vasculares permanentes o temporales deben contar con un reparo definitivo en las primeras 8 horas. El diagnóstico temprano e intervención oportuna son fundamentales para salvaguardar la perfusión y funcionalidad de la extremidad.

Damage control of peripheral vascular trauma - Don't be afraid of axillary or popliteal fosses / Control de daños del trauma vascular periférico - No le tema a la fosa axilar o poplítea

Abstract Peripheral vascular injuries are uncommon in civilian trauma but can threaten the patient's life or the viability of the limb. The definitive control of the vascular injury represents a surgical challenge, especially if the patient is hemodynamically unstable. This article proposes the management of peripheral vascular trauma following damage control surgery principles. It is essential to rapidly identify vascular injury signs and perform temporary bleeding control maneuvers. The surgical approaches according to the anatomical injured region should be selected. We propose two novel approaches to access the axillary and popliteal zones. The priority should be to reestablish limb perfusion via primary repair or damage control techniques (vascular shunt or endovascular approach). Major vascular surgeries should be managed post-operatively in the intensive care unit, which will allow correction of physiological derangement and identification of those developing compartmental syndrome. All permanent or temporary vascular procedures should be followed by a definitive repair within the first 8 hours. An early diagnosis and opportune intervention are fundamental to preserve the function and perfusion of the extremity.

Resumen El trauma vascular periférico no es común en el contexto civil, pero representa una amenaza para la vida del paciente o de la extremidad. El control definitivo de la lesión vascular representa un desafío quirúrgico, especialmente en pacientes con inestabilidad hemodinámica. Este artículo describe la propuesta de manejo del trauma vascular periférico de acuerdo con los principios de la cirugía de control de daños. Se debe identificar los signos sugestivos de lesión vascular y realizar oportunamente maniobras temporales para el control del sangrado. Se debe elegir el abordaje quirúrgico dependiendo del área anatómica lesionada. Se proponen dos nuevas incisiones para acceder a la región axilar y poplítea. La prioridad es restablecer la perfusión de la extremidad mediante el reparo primario o técnicas de control de daños (shunt vascular o abordaje endovascular). Los pacientes sometidos a cirugías vasculares mayores deben ser manejados postoperatoriamente en la unidad de cuidados intensivos para corregir las alteraciones fisiológicas e identificar aquellos que desarrollen un síndrome compartimental. Todos los procedimientos vasculares permanentes o temporales deben contar con un reparo definitivo en las primeras 8 horas. El diagnóstico temprano e intervención oportuna son fundamentales para salvaguardar la perfusión y funcionalidad de la extremidad.