Fístula carótido-cavernosa con hipertensión ocular secundaria: reporte de caso / Carotid-cavernous fistula with secondary ocular hypertension. A case report

Presentación del caso. Paciente femenina de 62 años con una historia de diez meses de dolor ocular pulsátil, proptosis e inyección conjuntival en el ojo izquierdo; posteriormente presentó un edema palpebral superior izquierdo. Se evaluó con mejor agudeza visual corregida de 20/30 en dicho ojo y presión intraocular de 30 mmHg. Intervención terapéutica.Resonancia magnética nuclear de órbitas evidencia proptosis y dilatación de vena oftálmica superior izquierda, por lo que se diagnosticó como defecto del drenaje venoso e hipertensión ocular del ojo izquierdo. Inició tratamiento hipotensor tópico de ojo izquierdo; estudios de imagen angiotomografía de órbitas y ultrasonido doppler de ojo izquierdo, con énfasis en párpado superior, evidencian fístula carótido-cavernosa izquierda de alto gasto. Se realizó angiografía cerebral diagnóstica y terapéutica con embolización de fístula en arterias meníngea media y faríngea ascendente con ausencia de flujo por dichas ramas después de la intervención. Evolución clínica. Presentó una evaluación clínica favorable, conservando agudeza visual y presión intraocular dentro de valores normales en ojo izquierdo, con evidente disminución de congestión venosa epiescleral, edema de párpado superior y ausencia de proptosis izquierda. Ultrasonido doppler control de párpado superior izquierdo con disminución de flujo venoso a valores normales

Case presentation. 62 years old female with ten months history of ocular pain, proptosis, and conjunctival hyperemia in left eye, developing swollen upper eyelid. Best corrected visual acuity was 20/30 in her left eye, with and intraocular pressure of 30 mmHg. Treatment. Nuclear magnetic resonance of the orbits showed proptosis and dilated superior ophthalmic vein. Initial diagnosis. Abnormal venous drainage and ocular hypertension in the left eye. Topical hypotensive treatment of the left eye was initiated with ocular hypotensive eyedrops. Angiotomography of the orbit and left eye Doppler ultrasound, with upper eyelid emphasis, gave visualization of high flow carotid-cavernous fistula. Cerebral diagnostic and therapeutic angiography with embolization of the fistula in middle meningeal and ascending pharyngeal arteries showed no vascular flow after the procedure. Outcome. Positive clinical outcome, with corrected visual acuity conserved and normal eye pressure. Notable relief of ocular congestion and swollen upper eyelid with no proptosis in the left eye. Doppler ultrasound in the upper eyelid showed normal flow rate measurement.

Manejo Quirúrgico de Fístula Bucosinusal: Reporte de Caso y Revisión de la Literatura

Las fístulas bucosinusales son complicaciones poco frecuentes originadas a partir de comunicaciones bucosinusales de larga trayectoria o no tratadas que predisponen a desarrollar cuadros patológicos tales como infecciones, sinusitis y un establecimiento crónico de la fístula si no es tratada de manera apropiada y oportuna. El tratamiento indicado es el cierre quirúrgico de esta comunicación, la cual puede ser lograda mediante múltiples técnicas; siendo el tamaño, localización y compromiso de los tejidos blandos circundantes los factores principales para considerar una técnica por sobre otra. El siguiente artículo tiene como objetivo presentar el manejo de una fístula bucosinusal de larga data en un paciente de 71 años con antecedentes médicos de radioterapia de cabeza y cuello.

Oroantral fistulae are rare complications originating from non-treated or long-term oroantral communications which can contribute to the development of certain pathological entities such as local infections, sinusitis and chronic fistula formation. The treatment modality indicated is surgical closure of the communication, which can be achieved through multiple techniques, being the size, location and nearby soft tissue the main factors for considering one technique over another. The objective of the following article is to present the management of an oroantral fistula in a 71 year old patient with a medical history of head and neck radiotherapy.

Histiocitosis de células de Langerhans en un paciente con lesión perianal. Caso clínico / Langerhans cell histiocytosis in a patient with perianal lesion. A case report

La histiocitosis de células de Langerhans es una expresión de células dendríticas mieloides, asociada a un componente inflamatorio significativo y compromiso sistémico variado. La edad más frecuente de presentación es entre 1 y 4 años, y predomina en el sexo masculino. Se comunica el caso de un niño de 5 años de edad cuya forma de presentación fue una lesión granulomatosa con fístula perianal, afectación pulmonar y de oído externo. El abordaje interdisciplinario permitió llegar al diagnóstico, realizar las intervenciones necesarias e iniciar el tratamiento adecuado.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis is an expression of myeloid dendritic cells, associated with a significant inflammatory component and varied systemic involvement. The most common age at presentation is between 1 and 4 years, and it prevails among male subjects. Here we describe the case of a 5-year-old boy who presented with a granulomatous lesion with perianal fistula and lung and external ear involvement. An interdisciplinary approach helped to make a diagnosis, provide the necessary interventions, and start an adequate treatment.

Incidência de complicações durante os anos iniciais de formação de um serviço de fissuras labiopalatinas / Incidence of complications during the initial years of formation of a cleft lip and palate service

Introdução: A fissura labiopalatina é a malformação congênita craniofacial mais comum. Dificuldades na alimentação, fala e audição são comuns nestes pacientes, necessitando de tratamento multidisciplinar, o que dificulta a criação e manutenção de serviços especializados. A diversidade de classificações e o grande número de técnicas cirúrgicas utilizadas nas cirurgias primárias (queiloplastia e palatoplastia) dificultam a comparação de dados epidemiológicos e de complicações entre os serviços, existindo carência de estudos avaliando centros especializados em fissuras labiopalatinas recém-criados. Método: Foi realizado estudo do tipo coorte prospectiva com pacientes com diagnóstico de fissura labiopalatina submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos primários, no Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, entre julho de 2017 e fevereiro de 2023. Foram incluídos pacientes menores de 18 anos com acompanhamento pós-operatório de pelo menos 3 meses. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 79 pacientes, que foram submetidos a 115 cirurgias primárias (54 queiloplastias e 61 palatoplastias). Foram relatadas 11 complicações neste período: 2 deiscências em queiloplastia (3,70%), 1 cicatriz hipertrófica em queiloplastia (1,85%), 6 fístulas em palatoplastia (9,83%) e 2 deiscências em palatoplastia (3,28%). A incidência de complicações foi de 9,56% quando analisado o total de cirurgias, sendo 5,55% nos pacientes submetidos a queiloplastia e 13,11% nos pacientes submetidos a palatoplastia. Conclusão: A incidência de complicações durante os anos iniciais de estruturação do serviço foi semelhante a outros estudos da literatura.

Introduction: Cleft lip and palate is the most common congenital craniofacial malformation. Difficulties in eating, speaking, and hearing are common in these patients, requiring multidisciplinary treatment, which makes it difficult to create and maintain specialized services. The diversity of classifications and the large number of surgical techniques used in primary surgeries (cheiloplasty and palatoplasty) make it difficult to compare epidemiological data and complications between services, and there is a lack of studies evaluating newly created specialized centers for cleft lip and palate. Method: A prospective cohort study was carried out with patients diagnosed with cleft lip and palate who underwent primary surgical procedures at the Hospital de Clínicas of the Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, between July 2017 and February 2023. Patients under 18 years of age with follow-up were included. post-operative period of at least 3 months. Results: 79 patients participated in the study, who underwent 115 primary surgeries (54 cheiloplasties and 61 palatoplasties). 11 complications were reported in this period: 2 dehiscences in cheiloplasty (3.70%), 1 hypertrophic scar in cheiloplasty (1.85%), 6 fistulas in palatoplasty (9.83%) and 2 dehiscences in palatoplasty (3.28%). The incidence of complications was 9.56% when analyzing the total number of surgeries, being 5.55% in patients undergoing cheiloplasty and 13.11% in patients undergoing palatoplasty. Conclusion: The incidence of complications during the initial years of structuring the service was similar to other studies in the literature.

Experiencia en el manejo de fístulas enterocutáneas postoperatorias en el Hospital Nacional del 2017 al 2022

Introducción: la mayoría de las fistulas enterocutáneas se producen como complicación de una o varias cirugías previas. La mortalidad sigue siendo muy elevada. Su tratamiento supone un reto para el cirujano y gran uso de recursos humanos, económicos y prolongada estancia hospitalaria. Objetivo: determinar la experiencia del manejo de las fístulas enterocutáneas postoperatorias en el servicio de cirugía general del Hospital Nacional de Itauguá durante el periodo 2017-2022. Metodología: estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo de corte transversal, con muestreo no probabilístico. Solo hubo 30 casos con fichas completas, las cuales sometimos a procesamiento y análisis de las variables de interés. Resultados: de la muestra final 70 % fueron hombres, el promedio de edad fue de 49,6 años y de días de internación 28,6. Solo 5 pacientes consultaron por secreción fecaloide, los demás refirieron secreción seropurulenta por herida o cicatriz operatoria. Del total, 9 fueron de alto débito. El 100 % recibió antibioticoterapia; obitaron 4 de los 14 pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente con fin terapéutico. La técnica quirúrgica mayormente utilizada fue: laparotomía + liberación de adherencias e identificación de la fístula + resección intestinal + anastomosis. De los antecedentes la mayoría fueron postoperados de oclusión intestinal mecánica alta o peritonitis aguda de origen apendicular. Conclusión: debido a su alto impacto en la capacidad laboral y social las fístulas enterocutáneas representan patologías quirúrgicas muy complejas y relevantes con bajas tasas de curación definitiva. La mayoría se presentan como complicación de cirugías de urgencia; requiere intervención multidisciplinaria adaptada para cada caso en particular.

Introduction: the occur enterocutaneous fistula as a complication of one or several previous surgeries. Mortality is still very high. Its treatment represents a challenge for the surgeon and great use of human and economic resources and a long hospital stay. Objective: to determine the experience in the management of postoperative enterocutaneous fistulae in the general surgery service of the Itauguá National Hospital during the period 2017-2022. Methodology: retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive, observational study with non-probabilistic sampling. There were only 30 cases with complete records, which we subjected to processing and analysis of the variables of interest. Results: of the final sample, 70 % were men, the average age was 49,6 years and 28,6 days of hospitalization. Only 5 patients consulted due to fecaloid discharge, the rest reported seropurulent discharge from wound or surgical scar. Of the total, 9 were high debit. 100 % received antibiotic therapy, 4 of the 14 patients who underwent surgery as therapeutics, died. The most commonly used surgical technique was: laparotomy + release of adhesions and identification of the fistula + intestinal resection + anastomosis. Most of the antecedents were post-operated for high mechanical intestinal occlusion or acute peritonitis of appendiceal origin. Conclusion: due to their high impact on work and social capacity, enterocutaneous fistulas represent very complex and relevant surgical pathologies with low definitive cure rates. Most present as a complication in emergency surgeries; requires multidisciplinary intervention adapted to each particular case.

Una rara causa de falla cardíaca: reporte de un caso

Durante décadas el estudio de las enfermedades cardiacas ha sido una de las principales preocupaciones de los profesionales del área de la salud, más aún aquellos casos donde la patología es de tipo congénita, debido a las múltiples complicaciones que se pueden generar en la calidad de vida de los pacientes diagnosticados, por falta de un manejo adecuado. Tal es el caso de la fistula coronaria, que es una anomalía de este tipo de arterias, los síntomas más frecuentes son la dificultad respiratoria, ángor, taponamiento cardiaco y muerte súbita, por ello, entre más precoz sea el diagnostico existirán mayores posibilidades de la reducción de los riesgos agravados de la enfermedad. Se presenta el caso de un paciente pediátrico cuyos estudios demostraron la presencia de una fistula coronaria proveniente de la arteria coronaria izquierda hacia la aurícula derecha, cuya frecuencia no es muy alta y por lo cual puede ser considerada como una enfermedad rara, así que también se describe el tratamiento recibido para dicha malformación congénita y los resultados obtenidos luego del manejo dado. Objetivo: Describir el caso de un paciente pediátrico con falla cardiaca secundario a una fistula coronaria. Conclusiones: La fistula coronaria es una cardiopatía congénita poco frecuente, sin embargo, la presencia de esta anomalía pone en riesgo la vida de los pacientes que tienen esta afectación en cuanto al funcionamiento o estructura de su corazón, la descripción de este caso clínico aporta información relevante para el conocimiento científico del área de la salud, en lo que respecta al diagnóstico y manejo temprano de esta afectación en la función cardiaca de los pacientes pediátricos, ya que, se logró tener un estatus exitoso post cierre endovascular de la fistula coronaria identificada, que favorecerá al comportamiento normal de las funciones del corazón y por consiguiente la calidad y el pronóstico de vida del paciente tratado. (provisto por Infomedic International)

For decades, the study of heart disease has been one of the main concerns of health professionals, especially in cases where the pathology is congenital, due to the multiple complications that can be generated in the quality of life of diagnosed patients, for lack of proper management. Such is the case of coronary fistula, which is an anomaly of this type of arteries, the most frequent symptoms are respiratory distress, angina, cardiac tamponade and sudden death, therefore, the earlier the diagnosis, the greater the possibilities of reducing the aggravated risks of the disease. We present the case of a pediatric patient whose studies showed the presence of a coronary fistula from the left coronary artery to the right atrium, whose frequency is not very high and therefore can be considered a rare disease, and we also describe the treatment received for this congenital malformation and the results obtained after the management given. Objective: To describe the case of a pediatric patient with heart failure secondary to a coronary fistula. Conclusions: Coronary fistula is a rare congenital heart disease, however, the presence of this anomaly puts at risk the life of patients who have this affectation in terms of the function or structure of their heart, the description of this clinical case provides relevant information for the scientific knowledge of the health area, regarding the diagnosis and early management of this affectation in the cardiac function of pediatric patients, since a successful status was achieved after endovascular closure of the identified coronary fistula, which will favor the normal behavior of the heart functions and consequently the quality and prognosis of life of the treated patient. (provided by Infomedic International)

Manejo endovascular de hemoptisis secundaria a pseudoaneurisma de la aorta torácica, mediante un abordaje proximal

Objetivo: Describir un caso clínico y una alternativa de manejo para el tratamiento de la hemoptisis secundaria a patología la aneurismática de la aorta torácica. Materiales y Métodos: Revisión de historia clínica y exámenes complementarios, disponibles en sistema digital del centro asistencial de origen. Resultados: Se presenta el caso de paciente masculino, 56 años, que cursó con cuadro de hemoptisis, posteriormente objetivado como secundario a un pseudoaneurisma de la aorta torácica. Entre sus antecedentes destaca, enfermedad aorto-ilíaca tratada mediante un bypass de aorta torácica. Se decidió la reparación endovascular, mediante un abordaje proximal, utilizando la arteria axilar. Discusión: Las indicaciones para el uso de la reparación torácica endovascular de la aorta (TEVAR) se están expandiendo ampliamente, incluyendo a pacientes previamente intervenidos o aquellos que antiguamente se consideraban con un riesgo prohibitivamente alto para una cirugía. La fístula aorto-bronquial, es una complicación rara, sin embargo, existe correlación entre su desarrollo y la cirugía de aorta torácica. La sospecha diagnóstica debe ser alta. La AngioTC, cumple un doble rol, tanto para el diagnóstico, como para la planificación preoperatoria, hecho fundamental para conseguir una terapia adecuada.

Objective: To describe a clinical case and a management alternative for the treatment of hemoptysis secondary to thoracic aortic aneurysm pathology. Material and Method: Review of clinical history and complementary examinations, available in the digital system of the health care center of origin. Results: We present the case of a male patient, 56 years old, presented with hemoptysis, later found to be secondary to a pseudoaneurysm of the thoracic aorta. History included aorto-iliac disease treated by thoracic aortic bypass. Endovascular repair was decided by a proximal approach using the axillary artery. Discussion: Indications for the use of TEVAR are expanding widely. Including previously operated patients or those formerly considered prohibitively high risk for surgery. Aortobronchial fistula is a rare complication, however, there is a correlation between its development and thoracic aortic surgery. Diagnostic suspicion should be high. AngioCT plays a dual role in diagnosis and preoperative planning, which is essential to achieve adequate therapy.

Complicaciones de la laringectomía total: experiencia de 7 años en un hospital universitario de Paraguay / Complications of total laryngectomy: a 7-year experience in a university hospital in Paraguay

Introducción: El cáncer de laringe es la neoplasia maligna más común de las vías aerodigestivas superiores. La laringectomía total es el tratamiento de elección en casos avanzados, pero se asocia a una alta tasa de complicaciones. Objetivos: Conocer la prevalencia de las complicaciones posquirúrgicas de la laringectomía total y los factores asociados en pacientes con cáncer de laringe. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo, de corte transversal, revisando el comportamiento de la laringectomía total y sus principales complicaciones en la Cátedra y Servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Hospital de Clínicas de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Paraguay, de 2015 a 2022. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años, de ambos sexos, postoperados de laringectomía total, con diagnóstico anatomopatológico de neoplasia de laringe. Se excluyeron pacientes no operados, con fichas incompletas o que abandonaron el tratamiento. Se analizaron variables demográficas, clínicas, quirúrgicas y anatomopatológicas. Resultados: Se incluyeron 10 pacientes, todos varones, con edad media de 56,3 ± 10,2 años. El 90% presentaba hábitos tóxicos. La complicación más frecuente fue la fístula faringocutánea (70%), seguida por infección del sitio quirúrgico (10%) y sangrado posoperatorio (10%). El 71,4% de las fístulas se resolvieron con medidas conservadoras. El 30% tenía afectación supraglótica y el 57,1% de los que presentaron complicaciones recibieron radioterapia previa. Conclusión: Las complicaciones de la laringectomía total son frecuentes, principalmente la fístula faringocutánea. La afectación supraglótica y la radioterapia previa se asociaron a mayor tasa de complicaciones. Se requieren estudios prospectivos con muestras más grandes para confirmar estos hallazgos.

Introduction: Laryngeal cancer is the most common malignant neoplasm of the upper aerodigestive tract. Total laryngectomy is the treatment of choice in advanced cases, but it is associated with a high rate of complications. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of postoperative complications of total laryngectomy and associated factors in patients with laryngeal cancer. Materials and methods: Observational, descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study, reviewing the behavior of total laryngectomy and its main complications in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of the Hospital de Clínicas, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Asunción, Paraguay, from 2015 to 2022. Patients over 18 years of age, of both sexes, who underwent total laryngectomy, with anatomopathological diagnosis of laryngeal neoplasm were included. Non-operated patients, those with incomplete records or who abandoned treatment were excluded. Demographic, clinical, surgical and anatomopathological variables were analyzed. Results: Ten patients were included, all male, with a mean age of 56.3 ± 10.2 years. Ninety percent had toxic habits. The most frequent complication was pharyngocutaneous fistula (70%), followed by surgical site infection (10%) and postoperative bleeding (10%). Conservative measures resolved 71.4% of the fistulas. Thirty percent had supraglottic involvement and 57.1% of those who presented complications received previous radiotherapy. Conclusion: Complications of total laryngectomy are frequent, mainly pharyngocutaneous fistula. Supraglottic involvement and previous radiotherapy were associated with a higher rate of complications. Prospective studies with larger samples are required to confirm these findings.

Fístula pancreática: una complicación temida. Experiencia en una unidad de cirugía hepatobiliopancreática de cuarto nivel / Pancreatic fistula: A feared complication. Experience in a fourth level hepatobiliopancreatic surgery unit

Introducción. La fístula pancreática postoperatoria es una de las complicaciones más importantes en la cirugía hepatobiliopancreática. Su diagnóstico se hace mediante la presencia de un nivel de amilasa en el líquido de drenaje al menos tres veces por encima del valor de la amilasa en suero a partir del tercer día postoperatorio. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar los pacientes con fístula pancreática postoperatoria en nuestra institución, evaluando la importancia de la detección temprana y el establecimiento de un manejo oportuno. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, que incluyó los pacientes sometidos a pancreatoduodenectomía, con diagnóstico de fístula pancreática postoperatoria como complicación de cirugía hepatobiliopancreática, en el Hospital Internacional de Colombia, en Piedecuesta, entre enero del 2017 y diciembre de 2020. Se excluyeron los pacientes con otro tipo procedimiento quirúrgico y aquellos que decidieron no participar en el estudio. Resultados. Se evaluaron 69 pacientes, con un predominio del sexo femenino (n=38; 55,1 %) y mediana de la edad de 57 años. El 33,3 % (n=24) de los pacientes intervenidos desarrollaron fístula pancreática postoperatoria, siendo el 23,2 % fuga bioquímica, grado B 8,7 % y grado C 2,9 %, para quienes se indicaron manejo expectante, control ecográfico y reintervención, respectivamente. Fallecieron 5 pacientes (7,2 %). Conclusiones. La fístula pancreáticapostoperatoria es una complicación para tener en cuenta en todos los pacientes sometidos a pancreatoduodenectomía. Existen estrategias que pueden permitir disminuir la incidencia de esta complicación, con el fin de mejorar el desenlace, el pronóstico y la morbilidad posquirúrgica.

Introduction. Postoperative pancreatic fistula is one of the most important complications in hepatobiliopancreatic surgery. Its diagnosis is made by the presence of an amylase level in the drainage fluid at least three times above the serum amylase value from the third postoperative day. The objective of this study was to characterize patients with postoperative pancreatic fistula at our institution, evaluating the importance of early detection and to establish a timely management. Methods. Descriptive, retrospective study that included patients who underwent pancreatoduodenectomy with a diagnosis of postoperative pancreatic fistula as a complication of hepatobiliopancreatic surgery at the Hospital Internacional Colombia, between January 2017 and December 2020. Patients with another type of procedure performed by this specialty and those who did not decide to participate in the study were excluded. Results. A total of 69 patients were included, the median age was 57 years with a predominance of females (n=38; 55.1%). 33.3% (n=24) of the operated patients developed postoperative pancreatic fistula, with 23.2% having a biochemical leak, grade B in 8.7% and grade C in 2.9%, for whom expectant management, ultrasound control and reintervention were indicated, respectively. Five patients died (7.2%). Conclusions. Pancreatic fistula is a complication to take into account in all patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy. There are strategies that can reduce the incidence of this complication and thus improve not only the outcome but also the prognosis and postoperative morbidity.

Fístula enterocutánea: un enfoque desde las generalidades y el estado nutricional / Enterocutaneous fistula: An approach based on generalities and nutritional status

Introducción. Una fístula es una conexión anormal entre dos superficies epitelizadas. Cerca del 80 % de las fístulas entero-cutáneas son de origen iatrogénico secundarias a cirugía, y un menor porcentaje se relacionan con traumatismos, malignidad, enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal o isquemia. La morbilidad y las complicaciones asociadas pueden ser significativas, como la desnutrición, en la que intervienen múltiples factores. Métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en las bases de datos de PubMed, Google Scholar y SciELO, utilizando las palabras claves descritas y se seleccionaron los artículos más relevantes de los últimos años. Resultados. La clasificación de las fístulas se basa en su anatomía, su gasto o secreción diaria y su localización. Existe una tríada clásica de las complicaciones: sepsis, desnutrición y anomalías electrolíticas. El control del gasto de la fístula, el drenaje adecuado de las colecciones y la terapia antibiótica son claves en el manejo precoz de estos pacientes. Los estudios recientes hacen hincapié en que la sepsis asociada con la desnutrición son las principales causas de mortalidad. Conclusiones. Esta condición representa una de las complicaciones de más difícil y prolongado tratamiento en cirugía abdominal y colorrectal, y se relaciona con importantes tasas de morbilidad, mortalidad y altos costos para el sistema de salud. Es necesario un tratamiento multidisciplinario basado en la reanimación con líquidos, el control de la sepsis, el soporte nutricional y el cuidado de la herida, entre otros factores.

Introduction. A fistula is an abnormal connection between two epithelialized surfaces. About 80% of enterocutaneous fistulas are of iatrogenic origin secondary to surgery, and a smaller percentage are related to trauma, malignancy, inflammatory bowel disease or ischemia. The associated morbidity and complications can be significant, such as malnutrition, in which multiple factors intervene. Methods. A literature search was carried out in the PubMed, Google Scholar and SciELO databases using the keywords described and the most relevant articles from recent years were selected. Results. The classification of fistulas is based on their anatomy, their daily secretion output, and their location. There is a classic triad of complications: sepsis, malnutrition and electrolyte abnormalities. Control of fistula output, adequate drainage of the collections and antibiotic therapy are key to the early management of these patients. Recent studies emphasize that sepsis associated with malnutrition are the main causes of mortality. Conclusions. This condition represents one of the most difficult and prolonged complications to treat in abdominal and colorectal surgery, and is related to significant rates of morbidity, mortality and high costs for the health system. Multidisciplinary treatment based on fluid resuscitation, sepsis control, nutritional support, and wound care, among other factors, is necessary.

¿Es la técnica de la ligadura del trayecto fistuloso interesfintérico (LIFT) la mejor alternativa para el tratamiento de la fístula anorrectal compleja?

La fistulotomía es aceptada como la técnica ideal en el tratamiento de la fístula anorrectal (FA) simple con porcentajes de curación superiores al 95% y mínimo daño al aparato esfinteriano, a pesar de que la técnica, por definición, incluye la sección inmediata de la porción distal del esfínter interno. En la FA compleja, el daño potencial a la continencia es una secuela temida, lo que ha motivado la búsqueda de múltiples alternativas terapéuticas, algunas dificultosas y/o que requieren instrumentos sofisticados. La ligadura del trayecto fistuloso interesfintérico (LIFT) es una técnica conservadora que ha sido investigada en forma exhaustiva en los últimos 13 años con resultados variables. Se analiza las posibles causas de las fallas del LIFT (40% como promedio) y las variantes propuestas, incluyendo la técnica preferida del autor en los últimos 15 años, que se caracteriza por un abordaje interesfinteriano del trayecto fistuloso que permite tratar tanto el foco interesfintérico como el orificio fistuloso interno y las glándulas afectadas mediante una setón interesfintérico ajustado, más un pequeño drenaje cutáneo externo. Es un procedimiento simple, reproducible y con óptimos resultados en cuanto a curación, sin sección inmediata del esfínter interno y sin alteración de la continencia. A pesar de ser una técnica promisoria, con la información disponible, el LIFT no cumple con los requisitos para ser considerada como la técnica de elección en el tratamiento de la FA compleja.

Fistulotomy is the best surgical technique to treat a simple anal fistula with success in more than 95% of the cases and minor damage of anal continence. Complex anal fistula is a challenging problem due to higher recurrence rates and incontinence associated to surgical procedures. New methods have been developed for the management of complex anal fistula and some of them include complex procedure and/or the use of sophisticated instruments. Relapses are caused by reactivation of the infection at the internal fistula orifice. This is left untreated by some technique including LIFT, a promising conservative technique that has shown success rates between 20% to 86%. We analyze the probably causes of the failure of LIFT and some variations proposed, including the alternative techniques of intersphincteric approach plus treatment of the pathological anal glands with immediate section of the internal sphincter. In the experience of the author over 15 years, the intersphincteric approach to the fistulous tract, the treatment of the internal fistula orifice with a loose seton and a small cutaneous drainage is the safest technique to cure the complex fistula anal with no damage to anal continence. The benefits of conservative techniques like LIFT must be counterbalanced with the relative high recurrence rates. The quality of current evidence is not good enough to consider LIFT as the gold standard in the treatment of complex anal fistula.

Clinical profile and management outcomes among patients with Carotid-Cavernous Fistula

Background@#A carotid-cavernous sinus fistula (CCF) is an abnormal communication between the internal carotid artery and/or the external carotid artery and the cavernous sinus. There is a paucity of information on the ophthalmic outcomes of endovascular treatment for CCF in the Philippines.@*Objectives@#This study aimed to describe the clinical experience of CCF in our institution in order to further our understanding of the disease. This study described the demographic profile, risk factors, and clinical features of patients with CCF, and compared the data of patients according to the type of CCF. The study discussed the changes in clinical features over time in CCF patients who chose not to undergo endovascular treatment. The study also discussed the clinical outcomes of CCF patients who underwent endovascular treatment and compared the clinical outcomes to CCF patients who did not undergo endovascular treatment.@*Methods@#A retrospective cohort study design was performed using a medical record review of patients clinically diagnosed with CCF from January 2011 to June 2019.@*Results@#One hundred twenty medical records of patients diagnosed with CCF were included. Based on angiographic findings, patients were grouped according to type of CCF, with 86 patients in Group 1 or Direct CCF, 23 patients in Group 2 or Indirect CCF, and 11 patients in Group 3 or Mixed type of CCF. The patients were also grouped according to treatment, with 109 patients in Group A, or patients who did not undergo endovascular treatment, and 11 patients in Group B, or patients who underwent endovascular treatment. There was a male predominance in CCF, most occurring in the age range of 26 to 35 years. Risk factors for CCF were trauma and hypertension. Clinical features included the presence of blurring of vision, proptosis, corkscrewing of conjunctival vessels, extraocular movement limitation, diplopia, audible bruit, elevated intraocular pressure, and pulsation. Findings on Computed Tomography scan included dilated superior ophthalmic vein, proptosis, and enlarged extraocular muscles. Direct CCF (Group 1) occurred mostly in males, with mean age of 39.1 years, and with trauma as the major risk factor. Indirect CCF (Group 2) occurred mostly in females, with mean age of 52.1 years, and with hypertension as the major risk factor. Regardless of the type of CCF, patients who did not undergo endovascular treatment can exhibit spontaneous improvement or worsening of clinical features. Patients who underwent endovascular treatment generally had favorable clinical outcomes, manifesting as either improvement or no worsening of features. There were minimal ophthalmic complications associated with treatment.@*Conclusion@#Endovascular treatment is safe and effective in the improvement of visual acuity, corkscrewing of conjunctival vessels, amount of proptosis, extraocular movement limitation, diplopia, and presence of audible bruit.

Bilateral fourth branchial fissure: a case report and literature review / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#To explore the diagnosis and treatment of fourth branchial cleft deformity.@*Methods@#The clinical data of a patient with bilateral fourth branchial cleft deformity in the neck were summarized, and the literature was reviewed@*Results@#The patient was a 17-year-old male who had a painless lump in his neck for 10 years. During specialized examination, a lump approximately 4.0 cm × 3.0 cm in size could be palpated subcutaneously on the right side of the neck, with clear boundaries, a regular shape, a soft texture, and a wave-like sensation without obvious tenderness. A fistula with a size of approximately 0.5 cm × 0.5 cm could be observed on the left side of the neck, and yellow clear liquid could be seen flowing out of the fistula. The surrounding skin was locally red and swollen, and the surface temperature of the skin was elevated. Computed tomography examination demonstrated a circular cystic low-density shadow approximately 4.4 cm × 3.4 cm in size in the right supraclavicular and anterior cervical regions. A flocculent isodense image could be observed in the middle; moreover, nodular calcification could be observed at the edge, and the surrounding fat spaces were blurred. The enhanced scan showed mild enhancement of the cyst wall but no obvious enhancement of the contents. On the left side, a circular nodular shadow with a diameter of approximately 1.4 cm could be seen, with enhanced scanning and circular enhancement. The surrounding skin was thickened, and the subcutaneous fat gap was blurred. Multiple small lymph nodes could be observed on both sides of the neck, with the larger nodes having a short diameter of approximately 0.8 cm. The size and morphology of the thyroid gland were not significantly abnormal, and there was no obvious abnormal density shadow inside of the gland. Upon admission, the diagnosis was a fourth gill fissure cyst in the right neck and a fourth gill fissure fistula in the left neck. Under general anesthesia and intravenous anesthesia, right branchial cleft cyst resection and left branchial cleft fistula resection were performed. Postoperative pathological examination demonstrated a left branchial cleft fistula and a right branchial cleft cyst. The wound healed by first intention, and there was no recurrence after 6 months of follow-up. According to the literature, fourth branchial cleft deformity is a congenital developmental abnormality of the branchial apparatus, the incidence of which accounts for only 1% of all branchial cleft deformities; moreover, it often occurs on the left side. The anatomical position is often located in the cervical root and supraclavicular region, thus demonstrating cysts or sinuses adjacent to the thyroid gland. The diagnosis should be confirmed by anatomical location, imaging examination or laryngoscopy combined with postoperative pathological results and should be differentiated from cervical masses such as thyroglossal duct cysts and lymph node metastasis. The main treatment methods include surgical procedures and endoscopic cauterization of the internal fistula. The prognosis is generally good, and there is a risk of recurrence; however, cancer rarely occurs@*Conclusion@#Deformity of the fourth branchial fissure is very rare; thus, it should be identified early to avoid excessive and ineffective surgical drainage, reduce potential complications during resection and completely remove the lesion to prevent recurrence.

Clinical analysis of intestinal fistula associated with invasive intervention for acute pancreatitis / 中华胰腺病杂志

Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics of invasive intervention-related intestinal fistula in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP).Methods:We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 177 moderately severe acute pancreatitis (MSAP) or severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) patients who received invasive intervention in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2003 to December 2022. Patients were divided into fistula group and non-fistula group based on the presence or absence of fistula after or during receiving invasive interventions. The age, gender, etiology, systemic inflammatory response syndrome(SIRS), impairment of organ function, revised Atlanta classification, bedside index of severity of acute pancreatitis(BISAP), Balthazar CT classification, extra-pancreatic involvement and secondary infection of local complications, indications, timing and modalities of invasive interventions, length of hospitalization, length of intensive care and outcomes were recorded. The differences on clinical characteristics were compared between the two groups.Results:Intestinal fistulae were found in 21(11.9%) cases during or after invasive intervention, including 8 during or after percutaneous drainage and 13 during or after surgeries. 51 cases received endoscopic drainage or debridement and no intestinal fistula occurred after endoscopic management. Compared to patients without fistula, the median age was younger in the fistula group (36 vs 45 years, P=0.014), and the occurrence of SIRS (95.2% vs 59.6%, P=0.001), extra-pancreatic invasion (100.0% vs 67.3%, P=0.002), and secondary infection (71.4% vs 36.5%, P=0.002) were higher. Patients with fistula had a longer median length of hospitalization (71 vs 40 days, P=0.016) and intensive care (8 vs 0 days, P=0.002). All patients in the fistula group had peri-pancreatic, abdominal and retroperitoneal involvement seen on imaging or intraoperatively. The intestinal fistulae mainly occurred in the colon ( n=13, 61.9%) and the duodenum ( n=6, 28.6%). The confirmed diagnosis of fistulae was based on transfistula imaging ( n=11) or digestive tract imaging ( n=5). Among 13 cases with colonic fistulae, nonsurgical treatment was preferred in 9 cases, and surgeries of fistula repairmen or proximal ostomy were preferred in 4 cases. Among 8 cases with non-colonic fistulae, nonsurgical treatment was preferred in 7 cases, and only 1 case repaired the fistula immediately during the intraoperative detection. Conclusions:Intestinal fistula is an important complication of severe AP, and it is closely associated with invasive interventions. Improved invasive intervention strategies may help prevent intestinal fistula formation; timely and effective management of intestinal fistula may help avoid complications and shorten hospitalization.

Application efficacy of ultrasound-guided musculocutaneous nerve block anesthesia in percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of arteriovenous internal fistula / 重庆医学

Objective To observe the efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided musculocutaneous nerve(MCN)block anesthesia in alleviating operative pain during percutaneous transluminal angioplasty(PTA)for hemodialysis internal fistula.Methods A total of 112 patients undergoing internal fistula PTA in the hemodi-alysis center of the nephrologic department of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Military Medical Uni-versity from February 2022 to February 2023 were selected.Among them,47 patients applied the ultrasound-guided MCN block anesthesia(MCN block group)and other 65 patients adopted perivascular local infiltration anesthesia in the injured blood vessel section(local anesthesia group).Anesthesia was independently operated by the vascular access doctor.The VAS score,analgesic satisfaction investigation and motor block evaluation were compared between the two groups,and the efficacy and safety of MCN block anesthesia were under-stood.Results The proportion of the patients with motor block score grade 1 in the MCN block group was the highest(93.6％),and there were no patients with the grade ≥3.The proportion of the patients with the VAS score(4-6)points in the local anesthesia group was the highest(52.3％),while the proportion of the patients with the VAS score(1-3)points in the MCN block group was the highest(76.6％);the proportions of(1-3)points,(4-6)points,(7-10)points and the patients with additional anesthesia had statistical differences between the MCN block group and local anesthesia group(P＜0.05).The satisfaction degree of postoperative analgesia in the local anesthesia group was 55.4％,which was lower than 85.1％in the MCN block group,and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).Conclusion The upper arm MCN block anesthesia could effectively relief the operative pain in arteriovenous internal fistula PTA,and is an effective anesthesia method suitable for the independent operation of hemodialysis channel surgeons.

Research status and prospect of pancreatic fistula after laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy / 国际外科学杂志

With the rapid development of laparoscopic techniques, the safety of laparoscopic surgery has gradually been recognized. Its advantages, including clear visualization, minimal trauma and faster recovery, are increasingly favored by surgeons and patients. Common postoperative complications of laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy include pancreatic fistula, bleeding, gastric paresis, pancreatic insufficiency, and wound infection. Among them, postoperative pancreatic fistula and its related complications are the leading causes of mortality after laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy. This article present an overview of the understanding of postoperative pancreatic fistula, combined with recent research progress in this field, to explore the potential mechanisms of pancreatic fistula occurrence and development, and also summarize the predictive models for postoperative pancreatic fistula and discuss the future trends in laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Effect of transanal mucosal flap displacement and transanal intersphincterotomy on the treatment of complex anal fistulas and their influence on the pressure of anorectal canal / 临床外科杂志

Objective To explore the effect of Endoanal advancement flap(ERAF)and transanal opening of interphincteric space(TROPIS)in the treatment of complex anal fistula and their impact on anorectal pressure,so as to provide a reference for clinical selection of surgical methods.Methods Eighty-four patients with complex anal fistula admitted from October 2018 to October 2022 were divided into group E received ERAF treatment(n=48)and group T received TROPIS treatment(n=36).The clinical efficacy,operation,wound surface and anorectal pressure of the two groups were compared.Results The effective rate of treatment in Group T was 97.22％,which was higher than that in Group E(87.50％),with no statistically significant difference(P＞0.05).The surgical time[(31.53 ±7.29)minutes],intraoperative bleeding volume[(29.56±7.37)ml],and wound area[(10.03± 0.96)cm2,(8.76±0.87)cm2,(6.20±0.77)cm2]on the day of surgery,7 and 14 days after surgery in Group T were all smaller than those in Group E[(35.36±8.54)min,(36.86±8.04)ml,(12.09± 1.23)cm2,(10.52±1.09)cm2 and(7.36±0.85)cm2](P＜0.05).After surgery,the VAS score and Wexner incontinence score of Group T were(1.38±0.27)and(0.21±0.08),respectively.Group E was(1.56±0.29)and(0.33±0.09),respectively.In group T,the anorectal systolic pressure at 20 mm and 30 mm and the anorectal resting pressure at 20 mm and 30 mm were(138.18±29.58)mmHg,(136.22±35.41)mmHg,(35.47±6.58)mmHg,and(32.97±8.01)mmHg,respectively.In Group E,the data was(152.78±31.53)mmHg,(156.29±32.74)mmHg,(38.29±7.62)mmHg and(36.41±7.63)mmHg,respectively.Both groups showed a decrease in score and anorectal pressure,and group T was lower than group E(P＜0.05).The incidence of adverse reactions in Group E was 20.83％,which was higher than that in Group T(11.11％),but the difference was not statistically significant(P＞0.05).Conclusion TROPIS has a better effect in the treatment of complex anal fistula,which can shorten the operation time,reduce intraoperative bleeding,reduce postoperative pain,and protect anal function.

Application of multimodal MRI in complex anal fistula / 实用放射学杂志

Objective To investigate the application value of multimodal MRI in complex anal fistula.Methods The clinical and MRI data of 50 cases with complex anal fistula confirmed by surgery were collected.All patients were examined with 1.5T MR before surgery,including three major modules of conventional MRI,diffusion weighted imaging(DWI)and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging(DCE-MRI).Finally,the diagnostic efficacy of different MRI modules in complex anal fistula was evaluated based on the surgical results.Results The surgery detected 73 internal orifices,81 external orifices,58 main fistulas,47 branch fistulas and 37 abscesses.Before the surgery,there were 63 internal orifices(86.3%),75 external orifices(92.6%),53 main fistulas(91.4%),40 branch fistulas(85.1%),and 37 abscesses(100%)correctly diagnosed by conventional MRI.Sixty internal orifices(82.2%),75 external orifices(92.6%),51 main fistulas(87.9%),37 branch fistulas(78.7%),and 37 abscesses(100%)were correctly diagnosed by conventional MRI+DWI,while 68 internal orifices(93.2%),78 external orifices(96.3%),56 main fistulas(96.6%),44 branch fistulas(93.6%),and 37 abscesses(100%)were correctly diagnosed by conventional MRI+DCE-MRI.There were 68 internal orifices(93.2%),78 external orifices(96.3%),56 main fistulas(96.6%),44 branch fistulas(93.6%),and 37 abscesses(100%)correctly diagnosed by conventional MRI+DWI+DCE-MRI.Compared with conventional MRI,conventional MRI+DWI or conventional MRI+ DCE-MRI,conventional MRI+DWI+DCE-MRI could find more internal orifices,main fistulas and branch fistulas,and the difference was statistically significant.The multimodal MRI had the highest consistency with the surgical results(Kappa=0.734,P<0.001).Conclusion MRI can accurately estimate the information of internal orifices,external orifices,main fistula,branch fistula and abscess of cases with complex anal fistula.The diagnostic accuracy of multimodal joint application is superior than that of single-modal and dual-modal application.

Observation on the effect of micro-video breakthrough education combined with special workshop in the nursing of internal fistula in patients with maintenance hemodialysis / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To observe of the effects of micro-video breakthrough education and thematic workshops in the care of internal fistulae in maintenance haemodialysis patients, to provide a basis for improving prognosis of patients.Methods:This study was a randomized controlled trial. A total of 90 cases of maintenance haemodialysis patients with endocardial fistula were selected in Huzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from January to December in 2022 as the observation samples using convenience sampling method. They were divided into the experimental group and the control group with 45 cases in each group by the method of random number table. The control group used the conventional nursing care for maintenance haemodialysis endocardial fistula to administer nursing care, the experimental group introduced the micro-video breakthrough education and thematic workshop as a combined mechanism of intervention. The self-care behaviors with arteriovenous fistula and other observation indexes between the two groups were compared.Results:There were 23 males and 22 females in the control group, aged (58.07 ± 3.00) years old. There were 24 males and 21 females in the experimental group, aged (58.93 ± 4.07) years old. After care, the total internal fistula self-care behaviour score in the experimental group was (49.44 ± 1.84) points, and (38.93 ± 2.19) points in the control group, the difference between the two groups were statistical significant ( t = 24.65, P<0.05). For health management adherence, the score of fluid intake, dialysis regimen, medication and dietary dimension were (15.82 ± 1.37), (12.87 ± 1.39), (17.24 ± 1.33) and (21.60 ± 1.03) points in the experimental group, and (11.20 ± 0.92), (9.98 ± 1.14), (12.11 ± 1.01) and (17.40 ± 1.10) points in the control group, the difference between the two groups were statistical significant ( t values were 10.78 to 20.62, all P<0.05). For positive psychological capital, the scores of self-efficacy, resilience, hope and optimism were (38.69 ± 1.22), (39.27 ± 1.10), (33.29 ± 1.52) and (33.40 ± 1.39) points, and were (31.16 ± 1.26), (31.04 ± 1.15), ( 26.13 ± 1.52) and (27.09 ± 7.28) points in the control group, the difference between the two groups were statistical significant ( t values were 5.71 to 34.77, all P<0.05). The total complication rate of the experimental group was 8.89% (4/45), lower than 28.89% (13/45) in the control group, and the differences were all statistically significant ( χ2 = 5.87, P<0.05). Conclusions:The combined application of micro-video breakthrough education and special workshops in maintenance hemodialysis patients with internal fistula is beneficial to the improvement of their internal fistula self-care ability, health management compliance and positive psychological capital, and can reduce the probability of internal fistula complications.