Os aspectos psicológicos da criança e do adolescente na adoção tardia / Psychological features of late-adopted children and adolescents / Los aspectos psicológicos del niño y del adolescente en la adopción tardía

Em razão do número significativo de crianças maiores e adolescentes disponíveis para o processo de adoção no Cadastro Nacional de Adoção, e de a idade representar um fator de restrição e obstáculo para os pretendentes à adoção, torna-se necessário desmistificar as crenças enraizadas sobre adoção tardia. Pensando nessas questões, o presente estudo objetiva compreender os aspectos psicológicos e comportamentais das crianças e dos pais por adoção, comumente presentes no período de adaptação e convivência pós-adotiva, e analisar as atitudes dos pais diante dos obstáculos, observando a eficácia da preparação necessária aos pretendentes à adoção. Para tanto, a metodologia adotada consistiu inicialmente em embasar teoricamente a adoção tardia e suas fases de adaptação, com fundamentação psicanalítica, para a compreensão abrangente do assunto, e em uma pesquisa de campo com dois casais, pais por adoção que se encontravam no período de convivência de seis meses a um ano, para coletar dados relevantes e os correlacionar com a teoria. Por meio dos resultados obtidos, foram apontados os estágios de convivência e os aspectos psicológicos envolvidos nesse processo, bem como a importância de os pretendentes à adoção se instrumentalizarem com informações e se prepararem para a filiação afetiva. Assim, mesmo com todas as dificuldades que possam surgir no processo de adaptação na adoção tardia, em virtude de fatores como idade, preconceitos, mitos e histórico prévio de vida da criança, conclui-se que o afeto e a adoção recíproca prevalecem a qualquer desafio e que, se a experiência da adoção tardia for bem orientada, pode apresentar excelentes resultados.(AU)

Before the significant number of older children and adolescents available for adoption in the National Adoption Register, and considering age as both a restriction factor and an obstacle, rooted beliefs concerning late adoption must be demystified. In this scenario, this study aimed to understand the psychological and behavioral features of children and their adopting parents during the adjustment period soon after adoption, besides analyzing parents' attitudes toward obstacles in light of the necessary preparation on the part of couples intending to adopt. Based on psychoanalytical principles, this study first sets the theoretical foundations of late adoption and its adjustment phases to reach a comprehensive understanding of the issue. To collect data and relate them to the underlying theory, a field research was conducted with two adopting couples in the adjustment period, which ranges from six months to a year. The results indicate the adjustment phases and psychological features underlying this process, besides stressing the importance of parents who intend to adopt for searching for information on the issue and preparing themselves for an affective adoption. Despite the difficulties in late-adoption adaptation - due to age, prejudices, myths, and the previous lives of children, - affection and mutual adoption can overcome any challenges that may arise. Moreover, if the late adoption process is adequately guided, it may present excellent results.(AU)

Debido al número significativo de niños mayores y adolescentes disponibles para el proceso de adopción en el Catastro Nacional de Adopción, y siendo la edad un factor de restricción y obstáculo para los adoptantes, es necesario desmitificar las creencias en relación a la adopción tardía. En este sentido, el presente trabajo tiene por objeto comprender los aspectos psicológicos y comportamentales de los niños y de los padres por adopción, comúnmente presentes en el período de adaptación y convivencia postadoptiva, así como analizar las actitudes de los padres ante a los obstáculos, observando la eficacia de la preparación necesaria para los aspirantes a adopción. Para ello, la metodología adoptada consistió inicialmente en basar teóricamente la adopción tardía y sus fases de adaptación, con fundamentación psicoanalítica, para una comprensión más amplia del asunto, y una investigación de campo con dos parejas, que son padres por adopción entre seis meses a un año, para recoger datos relevantes y correlacionarlos con la teoría. Los resultados apuntan las etapas de convivencia y los aspectos psicológicos que involucran este proceso, así como la importancia de los aspirantes a adopción para conseguir informaciones y prepararse para la filiación afectiva. Incluso con todas las dificultades que puedan surgir en el proceso de adaptación en la adopción tardía, en virtud de la edad, de los prejuicios, mitos y por el histórico previo de vida que el niño carga, se concluye que el afecto y la adopción recíproca prevalecen ante cualquier desafío y que si bien orientada la experiencia de la adopción tardía se puede presentar excelentes resultados.(AU)

Familiaridade interfere no reconhecimento e na natureza da representação memorizada, não no processo de recuperação / Familiarity interferes in the recognition and nature of the memorized representation, not in the process of retrieval / La familiaridad influye en el reconocimiento y en la naturaleza de la representación memorizada, no en el proceso de recuperación

Nossa capacidade de armazenamento é maior para estímulos com os quais estamos mais familiarizados. No entanto, os processos específicos afetados pela familiaridade ainda são pouco conhecidos. Nós investigamos o efeito da familiaridade sobre a recuperação de representações visuais em uma tarefa de reconhecimento utilizando o paradigma de dicas retroativas. Uma tarefa de interferência visual irrelevante (Ruído Visual Dinâmico) foi utilizada como indicador da natureza visual das representações recuperadas. A familiaridade, definida como a exposição repetida ao mesmo conjunto de estímulos, foi manipulada entre dois grupos de participantes. Para um grupo (Grupo com Estímulos Repetidos) as provas experimentais continha estímulos sorteados de um mesmo conjunto de 8 (oito) caracteres chineses. Para o outro grupo (Grupo com Estímulos Inéditos) as provas eram formadas por estímulos inéditos, sorteados de um conjunto de 483 caracteres chineses. O RVD foi apresentado no intervalo entre a dica retroativa e o estímulo teste em metade das provas. O desempenho de ambos os grupos na tarefa de reconhecimento melhora ao longo da sessão, mas de forma mais acentuada no grupo que trabalhou com Estímulos Repetidos. O efeito da dica se mantem inalterado ao longo da sessão e independe da familiaridade, entretanto a representação mais familiar mostra-se mais suscetível à interferência do RVD, sugerindo que a exposição repetida aos mesmos estímulos permitiu a geração de representações visuais.

Our ability to save is greater for more familiar stimuli than for less familiar. However, the specific processes affected by familiarity are still less known. We investigate the familiarity effect on the retrieval of visual representations in a recognition task, using the retroactive cue paradigm. A visual interference task (DVN-Dynamic Visual Noise) was used as visual nature indicator of recovered representations. The familiarity, defined as to the repeated exposure to the same stimuli set, was manipulated between two groups of participants. For one group (Group with Repeated Stimuli) the experimental tests contained stimuli drawn from the same set of 8 Chinese characters. For the other group (Group with Unpublished Stimuli) the tests were formed by unpublished stimuli, drawn from a set of 483 Chinese characters. DVN was presented in the interval between the retroactive tip and the test stimulus in half the tests. The performance of both groups improves on the task recognition throughout the experimental session, but more sharply at the group that worked with Repeated Stimuli. The retrieval effect remains unchanged throughout the session and independs of familiarity, however the more familiar representation is more susceptible to DVN, suggesting the repeated exposure to the same stimuli allowed the generation of visual representations.

Nuestra capacidad de almacenamiento es mayor para estímulos familiares que para los estímulos poco familiares. Sin embargo, los procesos específicos afectados por la familiaridad son poco conocidos. Nosotros investigamos el efecto de la familiaridad sobre la recuperación de las representaciones visuales en una tarea de reconocimiento usando el paradigma de pistas retroactivas. Una tarea de interferencia visual irrelevante (Ruido Visual Dinámico) fue utilizada como indicador de la naturaleza visual de las representaciones recuperadas. La familiaridad, definida como la exposición repetida al mismo conjunto de estímulos, fue manipulada entre dos grupos de participantes. Para un grupo (Grupo con Estímulos Repetidos) las pruebas experimentales contenían estímulos sorteados de un mismo conjunto de 8 caracteres chinos. Para el otro grupo (Grupo con Estímulos Inéditos) las pruebas eran formadas por estímulos inéditos, sorteados de un conjunto de 483 caracteres chinos. El RVD fue presentado en el intervalo entre pista retroactiva y el estímulo test en la mitad de las pruebas. El desempeño de ambos los grupos en la terea de reconocimiento mejora a lo largo de la sesión experimental, pero mejora de forma más acentuada en el grupo que trabajó con los Estímulos Repetidos. El efecto de las pistas retroactivas se mantiene inalterado a lo largo de la sesión y no depende de la familiaridad, por otro lado, la representación más familiar se muestra más susceptible a la interferencia del RVD, sugiriendo que la exposición repetida a los mismos estímulos permitió la generación de representaciones visuales

The influence of unitization encoding strategy on directed forgetting effect of associative recognition / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective@#To investigate the influence of unitization encoding strategy and the moderating effect of unitization level on directed forgetting effect of associative recognition.@*Methods@#Association recognition paradigm combined with directed forgetting paradigm were employed in this study.The 39 participants acquired by simple random sampling were asked to remember or forget compound words or unrelated word pairs which were randomly presented according to cues.In the retrieval stage, they needed to distinguish " old" or " rearranged" word pairs regardless of the cues.@*Results@#(1) The reversed unitization effect reached significance. The discrimination of compound words (0.43±0.03) was lower than that of unrelated words (0.55±0.03) (F=27.27, P<0.001, ηp2=0.42). For the word pairs (to be remembered, TBR), the discrimination of compound words (0.43±0.03) was lower than that of unrelated words (0.59±0.03) (t=-6.05, P<0.001); for the word pairs (to be forgotten, TBF), the discrimination of compound words (0.43±0.03) was still lower than that of unrelated words (0.50±0.04) (t=-2.30, P=0.025). (2) The directed forgetting effect of associative recognition was significant.However, TBR (0.51±0.03) was more discriminative than TBF (0.46±0.03) (F=4.30, P=0.045, ηp2=0.10). But the difference was mainly reflected in the recognition of unrelated words.TBR (0.59±0.03) was more discriminative than TBF (0.50±0.04) (t=3.19, P=0.003). However, there was no significant difference between TBR (0.43±0.03) and TBF (0.43±0.03) in recognition of compound words.@*Conclusion@#The unitization encoding stratege can simultaneously promote hit rate and false alarm rate.The directed forgetting effect can be eliminated when unitization level is high enough.

Coexistence of Excessive Weight Gain and Celiac Disease in Children: An Unusual Familial Condition / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

Excessive weight gain in children diagnosed with celiac disease (CD) is becoming more common. We describe 2 siblings (9-year and 6 months-old female and 6-year and 9 months-old male) with obesity showing attenuated gastrointestinal and atypical symptoms in which CD was diagnosed in the absence of a known family history of CD. After children's diagnosis, CD in their parents was also investigated. It was detected in their father affected by overweight. The presentation of patients with CD has changed. While patients with overweight and obesity commonly have symptoms such as abdominal pain, reflux, headache, and constipation due to lifestyle factors, CD should also be considered in patients with or without a family history of CD. Careful nutritional status assessment and follow-up monitoring after the diagnosis of CD are mandatory, especially in subjects who are already overweight at the presentation of this disease.

Estudio normativo de la familiaridad subjetiva en niños de segundo grado de Educación Primaria en Medellín (Colombia) / A Normative Study of Subjective Familiarity in Children of the Second Grade of School in Medellin (Colombia)

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio, consistió en evaluar la familiaridad subjetiva (FS) de 827 palabras en 187 niños de segundo grado de educación primaria de la ciudad de Medellín. Las palabras, fueron extraídas de diferentes textos escolares y se ajustaron a tres parámetros psicolingüísticos: consistencia ortográfica, estructura silábica y longitud. En la prueba realizada, los niños debían indicar si conocían nada, poco, mucho o muchísimo cada una de las palabras seleccionadas. De acuerdo con esto, se asignó un valor numérico a cada palabra. Un análisis estadístico de las medianas de las palabras, permitió seleccionar 405 palabras con FS alta y 422 palabras con FS baja. Los resultados, muestran que los parámetros psicolingüísticos propuestos se relacionan con la FS.

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the subjective familiarity of 827 words in 187 second-grade children from the city of Medellín. The words were taken from textbooks and adjusted to three psycholinguistic parameters: orthographic consistency, syllabic structure and length. In these tests, the children had to indicate whether they knew each of the words and according to their responses, a numerical value was assigned. A statistical analysis of the medians allowed the selection of 405 words of high subjective familiarity y 422 words of low subjective familiarity. The results show that the proposed psycholinguistic parameters relate to subjective familiarity.

Influence of Familiarity on Energy Intake and Plasma Gut Hormone Concentration in Lean and Overweight Young Male Students / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>This study is to examine the influence of familiarity on energy intake, eating behavior, and concentration of the plasma gut hormones in lean and overweight young male subjects.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-eight lean and twenty-eight overweight participants were recruited. Their food consumption was documented and analyzed when they had a test meal while they were paired with friends or strangers at the same weight stature. Their eating behavior was recorded with cameras hidden in the carton, and postprandial plasma gut hormone concentration were measured.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with overweight strangers (OS), overweight friends (OF) had increased food consumption, prolonged and decreased number of chews per 10 g food. Compared with OS, postprandial plasma concentration of cholecystokinin-8 was significantly lower in OF group at 30, 60, and 90 min, whereas the concentration of glucagon-like peptide 1 was significantly lower at 60 and 90 min. Plasma ghrelin concentration was significantly higher in the OF group than that in the OS group at 90 and 120 min. No significant differences in gut hormone concentration were observed between lean strangers (LS) and lean friends (LF) groups at all time points.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Familiarity plays an important role in increasing energy intake and in changing of postprandial gut hormone concentration in overweight individuals.</p>

Familiaridad e interés en los procesos de la ciencia de los estudiantes de Educación Secundaria

Introducción. Las destrezas en los procesos de la ciencia forman parte de la alfabetización científica y constituyen un componente muy importante de la enseñanza de las ciencias. Sin embargo, son escasos los estudios en Iberoamérica sobre estas destrezas en la Educación Secundaria. Objetivo. Se trata de un estudio exploratorio para determinar el grado de familiaridad e interés de estudiantes de Secundaria en estas destrezas. Materiales y métodos. A 144 estudiantes de Educación Secundaria españoles de cinco niveles educativos diferentes se les administró un cuestionario en el que se les demanda el grado de familiaridad e interés en las destrezas de los procesos de las ciencia básicas e integradas. Resultados. El grado de familiaridad con las destrezas de los procesos de la ciencia es creciente a medida que se avanza en el nivel académico. Sin embargo, el grado de interés es máximo al principio y al final de la Educación Secundaria. La prueba U de Mann-Whitney revela que no existen diferencias significativas entre las destrezas básicas e integradas. La prueba "chi cuadrado" evidencia una asociación significativa tanto entre el grado de familiaridad y el nivel académico, como entre el grado de interés y el nivel académico. Conclusiones. El grado de familiaridad de los estudiantes de Secundaria con las destrezas de los procesos de la ciencia es aceptablemente bueno (a excepción de tres destrezas integradas) y es significativamente mejor al final de la Educación Secundaria. El grado de interés es bastante alto y es significativamente mayor al principio y al final de la Educación Secundaria.

Introduction. Skills for science processes are a part of scientific literacy and also are a very important component of science teaching. There are, nevertheless, not enough studies in Iberoamerica about these skills in secondary education. Objective. This is an exploratory study that aims to determine the familiarity and interest degrees of secondary education students on these skills. Materials and methods. A questionnaire was given to 144 Spanish secondary students, from five different education levels. In that questionnaire, their familiarity and interest degrees on the skills of the basic and integrated sciences are demanded. Results. The familiarity degree with the sciences processes is growing as the academic level is higher. Nevertheless, the interest degree reaches its maximum levels at the beginning and at the end of the secondary education. The U Mann-Whitney´s test reveals that there are not significant differences between the basic and the integrated skills. The "chi square" test demonstrates a significant association between the familiarity degree and the academic level and between the interest degree and the academic level. Conclusions. The familiarity degree of secondary education students with the skills related to science processes is relatively good (except for three integrated skills) and is significantly better at the end of the secondary education. The interest degree is really high and is significantly higher at the beginning and at the end of the secondary education.

Introdução. As destrezas nos processos da ciência formam parte da alfabetização científica e constitui um componente muito importante do ensino das ciências. Mas, são escassos os estudos na Ibero-América sobre estas destrezas na Educação Secundária. Objetivo. Se trata de um estudo exploratório para determinar o grau de familiaridade e interesse de estudantes de Secundária nestas destrezas. Materiais e métodos. A 144 estudantes de Educação Secundária espanhóis de cinco níveis educativos diferentes se lhes administrou um questionário no qual se lhes demanda o grau de familiaridade e interesse nas destrezas dos processos das ciências básicas e integradas. Resultados. O grau de familiaridade com as destrezas dos processos da ciência é crescente a medida que se avança no nível acadêmico. Mas, o grau de interesse é máximo no princípio e ao final da Educação Secundária. A prova U de Mann-Whitney revela que não existem diferenças significativas entre as destrezas básicas e integradas. A prova "chi quadrado" evidencia uma associação significativa tanto entre o grau de familiaridade e o nível acadêmico, como entre o grau de interesse e o nível acadêmico. Conclusões. O grau de familiaridade dos estudantes de Secundária com as destrezas dos processos da ciência é aceitavelmente bom (a exceção de três destrezas integradas) e é significativamente melhor ao final da Educação Secundária. O grau de interesse é bastante alto e é significativamente maior no princípio e no final da Educação Secundária.

Effects of computer familiarity and computer type on the performance of Korean computerized neurobehavioral test

BACKGROUND: It is thought that computer familiarity has increased significantly since 2004 as well as the use of computers. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of computer familiarity and types of keyboard and computer on the performance of the Korean computerized neurobehavioral test (KCNT), and to identify which parameters of KCNT were affected by aforementioned factors. METHODS: A total of 85 subjects were classified into three groups of computer familiarity by Korean typing speed. Their age, gender and the level of education were also collected. The parameters of KCNT included simple reaction time, choice reaction time, addition, symbol digit, and finger tapping speed. The test was conducted using three types of computers: a laptop computer, a laptop computer with a simplified keyboard, and a desktop computer with a simplified keyboard. RESULTS: Parameters including the simple reaction time, choice reaction time, addition, and symbol digit, and the finger tapping speed of non-dominant hand showed no significant differences in the results among the three groups by computer familiarity after age and educational years were controlled as covariates. The mean reaction time of the simple reaction time and the choice reaction time with a simplified keyboard was significantly shorter compared to that with a typical keyboard. With regard to type of computer, the mean reaction time of the simple reaction time and the choice reaction time was significantly reduced when performed with the desktop computer with a simplified keyboard. CONCLUSIONS: Unlike previous study results, the choice reaction time, the addition, and the finger tapping speed of dominant hand were the only parameters affected by the computer familiarity. Both the type of keyboard and the type of computer significantly influenced the simple reaction time and the choice reaction time. Therefore, it is recommended to use a desktop computer with a simplified keyboard for such parameters.

Criação e normatização de um conjunto brasileiro de estímulos pictóricos / Development and standardization of a brazilian set of pictorial stimuli / Creación y estandarización de un conjunto brasileño de estímulos pictóricos

O objetivo do presente estudo foi criar e normatizar um conjunto de 89 estímulos pictóricos para brasileiros adultos de idade intermediária e adultos idosos (40-89 anos). Foram selecionados 89 conceitos verbais de um estudo prévio sobre normas de associação semântica categórica. Todos os conceitos foram representados graficamente e avaliados por três juízes. Posteriormente, cada estímulo pictórico foi normatizado pelos seguintes atributos: concordância conceitual, concordância de nomeação, familiaridade conceitual e complexidade visual. Os resultados sugerem que 93,3% (83) dos estímulos apresentaram concordância conceitual satisfatória. Os demais atributos apresentaram índices de correlação próximos aos observados nos estudos de normatização dos maiores bancos internacionais de estímulos pictóricos. Esses resultados sugeriram a qualidade do conjunto de estímulos e contribuirão tanto para o desenvolvimento do Teste MAPS (Memória e Aprendizagem através de Pistas Seletivas) quanto para a criação de outros instrumentos de avaliação psicológica e cognitiva...

The aim of this study was to create and to standardize a new set of 89 pictorial stimuli for Brazilian middle aged and elderly people (40-89 years). Verbal Concepts (89) were selected from studies that investigated norms semantic association. All concepts are drawn and evaluated by three judges. Thereafter, each pictorial stimulus was standardized on the following attributes: conceptual agreement, naming agreement, conceptual familiarity and visual complexity. At least 93.3% (83) stimuli presented satisfactory conceptual agreement. The other attributes showed correlation coefficients close to those observed in the standardization of the largest international sets pictorial stimuli. These results suggest the quality of this set of pictorial stimuli and will contribute for the development of the test called MAPS (Memory and Learning with Selective Cues) and others psychological assessment tools...

El objetivo del presente estudio fue crear y estandarizar un conjunto de 89 estímulos pictóricos para personas de adultos y ancianos (40-89 años). Se seleccionaron 89 conceptos verbales derivadas de los estudios de estandarización de asociación semántica. Todos los conceptos se representaron y evaluados por tres jueces. Para cada estimulo fue estandarizado para los siguientes atributos: el acuerdo conceptual, el acuerdo de nombramiento, la familiaridad conceptual y la complejidad visual. Una gran parte de los estímulos (93,3%) presentaron acuerdo conceptual satisfactorio y los otros atributos presentan índices compatibles con los conjuntos internacionales de estímulos pictóricos. Estos resultados sugieren que la calidad de este conjunto y contribuirán en la elaboración de un test MAPS (Memoria y Aprendizaje com Pistas Seleccionadas) y otras herramientas de evaluación psicológica...

Construção e análise pelo modelo de Rasch de dois testes computadorizados de memória de reconhecimento / Construction and analysis by the Rasch model of two computerized recognition memory tests

Os objetivos deste estudo foram desenvolver uma versão computadorizada para um teste de reconhecimento associativo, desenvolver itens para a construção e informatização de um teste de reconhecimento de itens, utilizando o modelo de Rasch. Também foi objetivo deste estudo testar as hipóteses dos níveis de dificuldade dos itens e buscar evidência de validade para os instrumentos, averiguando se as mulheres obtêm desempenho superior ao dos homens. Participaram 217 estudantes universitários, homens e mulheres, com idade média de 25 anos. Os resultados indicaram que os testes se ajustaram ao modelo de Rasch, apresentaram índices de fidedignidade adequados e não apresentaram funcionamento diferencial dos itens (DIF). Obteve-se empiricamente a ordem esperada de dificuldade das categorias de itens do teste individual e uma alta correlação entre a ordem de dificuldade esperada dos pares e a ordem obtida dos pares. As mulheres apresentaram um desempenho significativamente superior ao dos homens, que não se deve ao DIF.

The objectives of this study were to develop items for a computerized version of an associative recognition memory test and to develop items for the construction and computerization of an individual recognition memory test, using the Rasch model. This study also aimed to test the hypothesis related to the item difficulty levels and to search for validity evidences for the instruments investigating if there are differences between male and female performance. Two hundred and seventeen college students, male and female, with average age of 25 years, participated in the study. Results indicated that the tests fit the Rasch model, presented adequate reliability index and did not present differential item functioning (DIF). The expected difficulty order of item categories from the individual subtest as well as a large correlation between the pairs expected difficulty order and the pairs obtained order were found. Women presented significantly higher performance than men and it is not due to DIF.

Is genetic infommation family property? expandig on the argument of confidentiiality breach and duty to inform persons at risk / ¿la información genética es de prpiedad familiar? ampliando el argumento de la rruptura de la confidencialidad y en el deber de informar personas en situación de riegoo / A informaão genéética é de propriedade failiar? ampliando o argumento daa quebra da confidencialidade e o dever de informar pessoas em situação de risco

A current trend in bioethics considers genetic information as family property. This paper uses a logical approach to critically examine Matthew Liao's proposal on the familial nature of genetic information as grounds for the duty to share it with relatives and for breach of confidentiality by the geneticist. The authors expand on the topic by examining the relationship between the arguments of probability and the familial nature of genetic information, as well as the concept of harm in the context of genetic risk. Lastly, they examine the concept of harm in relation to the type of situations w the potential recipient of the information is not the person directly affected by the risk.

Considerar la información genética como una propiedad familiar es una tendencia actual en Bioética. El artículo examina con un método crítico, desde un enfoque lógico conceptual la propuesta de Matthew Liao, que sugiere como justificación de la obligación de compartir información entre familiares y para la ruptura de la confidencialidad, la naturaleza familiar de la información genética. Se amplía el tema mediante la relación entre los argumentos de la probabilidad y naturaleza familiar de la información genética y analiza el concepto de daño en el contexto del riesgo genético. Por último examina del concepto de daño en relación con el tipo de situaciones en que el posible receptor de la información no es la persona directamente afectada por el riesgo.

Considerar a informação genética como uma propriedade familiar é uma tendência atual em Bioética. O artigo examina com um método crítico, a partir de um enfoque lógico conceitual, a proposta de Matthew Liao, que sugere como justificativa a obrigação de compartilhar informação entre familiares e para a quebra da confidencialidade, a natureza familiar da informação genética. Amplia-se o tema mediante a relação entre os argumentos da probabilidade e a natureza familiar da informação genética, e analisa o conceito de dano no contexto do risco genético. Por último, examina o conceito de dano referente ao tipo de situações no qual o possível receptor da informação não é a pessoa diretamente afetada pelo risco.

Measurement of Acceptable Noise Level with Background Music

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Acceptable noise level (ANL) is a measure of the maximum background noise level (BNL) that a person is willing to tolerate while following a target story. Although researchers have used various sources of target sound in ANL measures, a limited type of background noise has been used. Extending the previous study of Gordon-Hickey & Moore (2007), the current study determined the effect of music genre and tempo on ANLs as possible factors affecting ANLs. We also investigated the relationships between individual ANLs and the familiarity of music samples and between music ANLs and subjective preference. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Forty-one participants were seperated into two groups according to their ANLs, 29 low-ANL listeners and 12 high-ANL listeners. Using Korean ANL material, the individual ANLs were measured based on the listeners' most comfortable listening level and BNL. The ANLs were measured in six conditions, with different music tempo (fast, slow) and genre (K-pop, pop, classical) in a counterbalanced order. RESULTS: Overall, ANLs did not differ by the tempo of background music, but music genre significantly affected individual ANLs. We observed relatively higher ANLs with K-pop music and relatively lower ANLs with classical music. This tendency was similar in both low-ANL and high-ANL groups. However, the subjective ratings of music familiarity and preference affected ANLs differently for low-ANL and high-ANL groups. In contrast to the low-ANL listeners, the ANLs of the high-ANL listeners were significantly affected by music familiarity and preference. CONCLUSIONS: The genre of background music affected ANLs obtained using background music. The degree of music familiarity and preference appears to be associated with individual susceptibility to background music only for listeners who are greatly annoyed by background noise (high-ANL listeners).

Safety against fire in basic health units

Nowadays it is widely recognized the demand of a modernization of the Government and his administrative entities. According to the legislation referent to fire prevention the Firefighters were the most proactive entity concerning the creation of legislation based on the tragic incidents and the experience acquired in daily routines. A fire can occur in any situation whether exist or not human activities and Basic Health Units are not free from this event and unfortunately a real possibility of this happening due to elevated fire charge. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of knowledge and that employees have in relation to Fire Safety theme and confront the findings with the needs required by law due to the non-mandatory fire brigade constitution in Basic Health Units with ground floor and inferior to 750 m² whose requisites fulfill the vast majority of buildings. The research method is qualitative observational and descriptive by convenience sample in nine Basic Health Units in city council Santo André,(São Paulo, Brazil) with the aim to enrich the health professionals knowledge about fire prevention was also evaluated in this case study...

Hoje em dia reconhece-se a necessidade de uma modernização dos Estados e respectivos aparelhos administrativos. No contexto normativo e referente à prevenção de incêndios, o Corpo de Bombeiros foi à entidade mais atuante na criação de legislações e normas, baseando-se nos trágicos acontecimentos e na experiência adquirida no atendimento diário de ocorrências. O incêndio pode atacar qualquer local onde existam ou não atividades humanas sendo que os estabelecimentos assistenciais de saúde (EAS) não estão isentos deste infortúnio e infelizmente existe a possibilidade real de que possam acontecer novas tragédias relacionadas com incêndios dado que a carga de incêndio. O objectivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar o nível de conhecimento que os funcionários de Unidades Básicas de Saúde possuem em relação à temática Segurança contra Incêndio e confrontar os resultados com o exigido legislação vigente confrontando os achados com o Decreto Estadual 5.6819/11 devido à não obrigatoriedade de constituição de brigada de incêndio nas unidades básicas de saúde, com menos de 750 m², piso térreo, constituindo a grande maioria das edificações do sistema de Saúde Brasileiro. O método de investigação é um qualitativo observacional e descritivo por amostra de conveniência em nove Unidades Básicas de Saúde no município de Santo André, São Paulo, Brasil, com o objetivo de aprofundar o nível de conhecimento que os funcionários possuem em relação à temática Segurança contra Incêndio...

Propiedades léxicas del entorno lingüístico generadas en clases de Ciencias Sociales en la escuela primaria: Un estudio del vocabulario al que se hallan expuestos los niños / Properties lexical of the linguistic environment generated in Social Science classes in primary school: A study of the vocabulary to which children are exposed

El trabajo que se informa tuvo por objeto estudiar las propiedades léxicas del entorno lingüístico (cantidad, diversidad, abstracción y grado de familiaridad del vocabulario) que se generan en las situaciones de enseñanza de Ciencias Sociales en la escuela primaria. Por medio de un procedimiento cuantitativo se analizó comparativamente la cantidad, la diversidad y la abstracción del vocabulario que configuraba el discurso de las maestras durante las situaciones de enseñanza en primer, tercer y quinto grado de escuelas primarias urbanas y rurales. Asimismo, se elaboró una escala para medir el grado de familiaridad que las palabras empleadas en las clases tenían para los niños. Los resultados de este estudio mostraron que las diferencias más importantes en las propiedades léxicas del entorno lingüístico a que se hallan expuestos los niños a lo largo de la escuela primaria no se encontraron entre primer y tercer grado, sino entre estos grados y quinto grado. Estos resultados no mostraron que los contextos de tercer grado conlleven más oportunidades de aprendizaje de vocabulario que los entornos de primer grado. Esto podría atribuirse a que en los intercambios en las clases de Ciencias Sociales en tercer grado no se observó una descontextualización progresiva de los conocimientos con respecto a primer grado. Los intercambios se centraron, en cambio, en conceptos muy cercanos al entorno de los niños y en vocabulario familiar. Por su parte, no se observaron diferencias entre las escuelas rurales y las escuelas urbanas.

This study is based on the concern for the differences observed between students in relation to the breadth and diversity of vocabulary that they have. These differences undoubtedly affect the comprehension and production of texts and also the opportunity of learning from them. From the psycholinguistics, sociopragmatic (Tomasello, 2003, 2008) and experiential perspective (Nelson, 2007), which is the frame of this research, it is assumed that vocabulary acquisition occurs in those conversational exchanges in which social support and situational context, nonverbal and linguistic, allows the child to infer the meaning of unknown words. Research focused on pre-school children showed that the type of language used by adults, in particular the use of unknown, abstract and semantically complex vocabulary, affects the development of children's vocabulary (Beals, 1997; Beals & Tabors, 1995; Weizman & Snow, 2001). Moreover, recent studies focused on the school environment have emphasized the important role that vocabulary acquires not only in the first steps of literacy, but also throughout the whole process that leads to the command of comprehension and production of written and verbal texts (Joshi, 2005; Perfetti, 2007; Protopapas, Sideridis, Mouzaki & Simos, 2007; Sénéchal, Ouellette & Rodney, 2006). However, these researches have not explored the opportunities that children have to learn vocabulary during Science classes in elementary school. In this sense, this study aimed at analyzing the lexical properties of the linguistic environment -quantity, diversity, the degree of familiarity and the abstraction of vocabulary- which is generated in teaching situations of Social Science in elementary school. The corpus under analysis is made up of 11,318 interactional turns -children: 6,306; teachers: 5,012- produced in 12 spontaneous teaching situations which took place in Social Science classes. The situations were registered in 12 courses -4 courses of 1st grade, 4 courses of 3rd grade and 4 courses of 5th grade from elementary schools; 2 of them from rural areas and 2 from urban areas located in the Province of Córdoba (Argentina). Through a quantitative procedure, the amount, diversity and the abstraction of vocabulary that shaped the discourse of teachers during the teaching situations in 1st, 3rd and 5th grade from schools in urban and rural areas were analyzed comparatively. Besides, a scale was elaborated to measure the degree of familiarity of words used by teachers during classes. The results of this study showed that the major differences in the lexical properties of the linguistic environment to which children are exposed to all throughout the elementary school, were not found between 1st and 3rd grade, but between these two grades and 5th grade. These results did not show that the contexts of 3rd grade entail more opportunities to learn vocabulary than the environments of 1st grade. This could be attributed to the fact that exchanges in Social Science classes in 3rd grade did not show a progressive decontextualization of knowledge regarding 1st grade. Instead, the exchanges focused on concepts closely related to the children's environment and familiar vocabulary. Moreover no differences between rural and urban schools were observed. The results of this study have important pedagogical implications insofar as they highlight the need to increase opportunities for learning the vocabulary further than preschool age, since the breadth of the child's vocabulary is a predictor of the acquisition of the writing system (Goswami, 2003; Perfetti, 1992, 2007), as well as the comprehension and production of texts (Joshi, 2005; Perfetti, 2007; Protopapas, Sideridis, Mouzaki, & Simos, 2007; Sénéchal, Ouellette, & Rodney, 2006). In this sense, the primary school should be a favorable environment in which all students have during his career in the school increasingly more opportunities to listen to and, therefore, learn different, abstract and unfamiliar words.

Perspectives of the Community and PHC Doctors from Three Southern States in India on Community Preference for Health Services Provided by Rural Medical Practitioners.

Research question: Study to determine the reasons why community members continue to access healthcare through Rural Medical Practitioners (RMPs). Objective : To find out the impression of stakeholders i.e. community leaders, PHC doctors and members of community on the need of RMPs cater to the health needs of the communities. Study design : Cross sectional study. Setting : Remote and rural villages in Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu and Kerala. Participants : 322 persons who include 59 RMPs, 81 village heads, 55 PHC doctors and 127 patients.

Antropologia ataca narcisismo / Antropología ataca narcisismo / Anthropology attacks narcissism

O autor, ao comentar o texto do antropólogo Eduardo Viveiros de Castro, enfatiza a importância do uso de conceitos freudianos (narcisismo, inconsciente, estranhamento e familiaridade) como contribuição ao novo viés teórico de observação antropológica (área da Filosofia da Etnologia), proposto pelo palestrante. Essa nova condição de olhar o objeto, feita de um ângulo "invertido-revertido" em relação ao antropólogo, por ser menos investida de "amor próprio", visa reduzir as influências da autorreferência.

El autor al comentar el texto del antropólogo Eduardo Viveiros de Castro hace énfasis en la importancia del uso de conceptos freudianos (Narcisismo, Inconsciente, Extrañeza y Familiaridad) como una contribución a la nueva tendencia teórica de observación antropológica (área de Filosofía de la Etnología), propuesto por el conferencista. Esta nueva condición de examinar el objeto, llevada a cabo desde un ángulo "invertido-revertido" en relación al antropólogo, por estar menos cargada de "amor proprio", tiene como objetivo reducir la influencia de la autorreferencia.

The author, upon commenting on a text by the anthropologist Eduardo Viveiros Castro, emphasizes the importance of the use of Freudian concepts (Narcissism, Unconscious, the foreign, Familiarity) as a contribution to the new line of theory regarding anthropological observation (fields of Philosophy of Ethnology), as proposed by the lecturer. This new view on the object, having less "self-love", aims to reduce the influences of self-reference.

Open-Set Monosyllabic Speech Perception Test for Preschool Children / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: An open-set monosyllabic speech perception test is necessary, not only to devise habilitation programs but to select candidates and estimate performance in pediatric cochlear implant program. The purpose of this study is to develop a validated open-set monosyllabic speech perception test for preschool children. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Qualitative test development was based on vocabulary familiarity, syllabic and phonemic frequency, and phonetic balancing between the lists. The devised test lists were applied to 138 normal hearing children and 46 children with cochlear implant to examine the validity and reliability. RESULTS: The final two test lists were made up of 100 items with 260 phonemics. The consequential validity of this devised test was proven by the applied results that the speech perception score of children with implanted devices was significantly lower than that of normal children, when controlling for the length of auditory experience. CONCLUSION: The developed monosyllabic speech perception test is the validated instrument for preschool children. It is sensitive to perceptual characteristics of articulatory function in cochlear implanted children. The validity of this test needs to be enhanced by clinical application and further item analysis.

Figuras de atividades funcionais: concordância de nomeação e familiaridade / Functional activities pictures: name agreement and familiarity

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a concordância de nomeação e familiaridade de um conjunto de figuras de objetos/animais e de atividades funcionais. Participaram 26 crianças entre 5 e 7 anos e 24 estudantes universitários entre 18 e 25 anos, de ambos os sexos. Os participantes observaram 90 figuras, 45 de atividades funcionais e 45 de objetos/animais, nomearam uma a uma e referiram o grau de familiaridade. Os dados foram analisados pelo coeficiente de Kappa, correlação de Spearman e teste de Mann-Whitney. Os resultados mostraram que a concordância com o nome original foi maior do que a freqüência de outras nomeações. As crianças tiveram mais dificuldades em fazer a nomeação. As figuras de objetos/animais foram consideradas mais familiares. O estudo mostrou diferenças significativas entre as figuras e entre as crianças e adultos, sugerindo o uso de figuras de atividades funcionais em estudos neuropsicológicos.

This study was done with the aim to examine the naming agreement and familiarity of a set of objects/animals and functional activities pictures. Twenty six children were used between 5-7 years old and 24 university students between 18-25 years old of both sexes. Participants should watch 90 pictures, being 45 of functional activities and 45 of objects/animals, nominate one by one, moreover, to refer the familiarity degree. Data were analyzed by coefficient of Kappa, Spearman correlation test and Mann-Whitney test. The original name agreement was bigger than the frequency of other nominations. The children had more difficult than adults to make the pictures nomination. The objects/animals pictures were considered more familiar, as well children as adults. This way, the study showed significant differences between the pictures and between children and adults, suggesting the use of functional activities pictures in neuropsychological studies.

Effects of Familiarity with Computer and Type of Keyboard on Computerized Neurobehavioral Performance Tests / 대한산업의학회지

OBJECTIVES: A stratified cross-over study was conducted to evaluate the effects of familiarity with computer on the performance of computerized neurobehavioral tests. Effects of keyboard type on the relationship between familiarity with computer and performance of computerized neurobehavioral tests were also examined. METHODS: We tested 70 persons classified into three groups according to degree of familiarity with computer: Group 1 was people with no computer competency, Group 2 had slight working experience on the computer, and Group 3 were highly competent and efficient on the computer. For each group, we executed 4 tests of the Korean version of the Swedish Performance Evaluation System (Simple Reaction Time, Addition, Symbol Digit, and Finger Tapping Speed). Three types of keyboard were applied for all three groups. Type 1 keyboard was a conventional layout with 106 keys. We removed the unused keys except for the 17 which were used in the test and remodeled the normal keyboard into Type 2 keyboard with 17 keys (10 numeric keys, 4 arrow keys, space bar, and both Ctrl keys). Type 3 keyboard with 11 keys consisted of 10 numeric keys and the space bar was newly developed for the computerized neurobehavioral performance test. RESULTS: It was found that Simple Reaction Time, Addition, and Finger Tapping Speed were not affected by familiarity with computer and type of keyboard. The mean reaction time of Symbol Digit adjusted by age and educational level with Type 1 keyboard was found to have significant difference among the three groups (F=3.347, p=0.041). The performance of Symbol Digit in Group 1 was found to be significantly lower than that in Group 2. The performances of Symbol Digit measured with Types 2 and 3 keyboards were not found to have significant differences among the three groups. In Groups 1 and 3, the performances of Symbol Digit measured with Type 1 keyboard were found to be significantly lower than those of other keyboards. CONCLUSIONS: According to the above results, Simple Reaction Time, Addition, and Finger Tapping Speed have high priority over other neurobehavioral tests for the workers having varying degrees of computer familiarity. It is also suggested that familiarity with computer and keyboard type needs to be considered in interpretation of the performance of Symbol Digit. We recommended executing the computerized neurobehavioral test with keyboards 2 or 3 to reduce the effect of computer familiarity.

Neural Substrates for Voice Familiarity: a fMRI Study / 中国心理卫生杂志

s Objective: To identify neural correlates for the recognition of familiar verbal voices by measuring regional blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Methods:Thirteen Chinese health male subjects (mean age 26.1 years, SD= 2.9years) participated in the study. All subjects were right-handed and Han nationality. The subjects listened to familiar (subjects' friends) and unfamiliar voices when functional scanning. Functional data were acquired using a 1.5T MRI (GE Systems, USA), and were analyzed using statistical parametric mapping 99 (SPM99). A fixed-effects model was employed to assess the difference in BOLD response between 'familiarity' and 'unfamiliarity' conditions (P