RÉSUMÉ
Las convulsiones neonatales están entre las manifestaciones más dramáticas de enfermedad neurológica y deben ser consideradas una emergencia. La incidencia es 3.5 por cada 100 nacidos a término y en prematuros asciende a 58 por cada 100 nacidos vivos. Las convulsiones neonatales son una manifestación clínica de disfunción cortical no específica que puede dar lugar a daño permanente del cerebro. La etiología es multifactorial y requiere una evaluación cuidadosa de cada escenario clínico. El diagnóstico es más complejo por el hecho de que la mayoría de convulsiones son sub-clínicas o sutiles y a veces no tienen correlación con el electroencefalograma. Aunque la identificación temprana y el tratamiento son críticos, el diagnóstico se complica por algunos factores como la variedad de presentaciones clínicas, diferentes etiologías y varias alternativas de tratamiento. De todas maneras, los estudios de investigación y la evidencia clínica disponible han demostrado que el tratamiento precoz con fármacos anticonvulsivantes puede mejorar el pronóstico.
Neonatal seizures are among the most dramatic manifestations of acute central nervous system dysfunction. The incidence is much higher in very low weight neonates than in full term infants (~58 and 3.5 per 100 live births, respectively). Neonatal seizures represent the clinical manifestation of a non-specific cortical cerebral dysfunction which can lead to permanent brain injury. The etiology is multifactorial and requires a judicious assessment for each clinical scenario. The diagnosis is further complicated by the fact that most neonatal seizures are subclinical, that is, may display very subtle or no clinical changes and the diagnosis may just be based on EEG findings. The treatment depends on the etiology, but an early and opportune intervention prevents further brain damage, thus improving prognosis. Although early identification and treatment are critical, the diagnosis of neonatal seizures is complicated by several factors such as different clinical presentations, possible etiologies and several treatment options. Nevertheless, research studies and clinical evidence have shown that early treatment with anti-seizure medications can change the outcome.
Sujet(s)
Humains , Nouveau-né , Crises épileptiques/traitement médicamenteux , Anticonvulsivants/usage thérapeutique , Pronostic , Crises épileptiques/diagnostic , Électroencéphalographie , Anticonvulsivants/classificationRÉSUMÉ
Introducción: El síndrome de DRESS por sus siglas en inglés (Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Sistemic Symptoms), re-presenta una enfermedad grave (1) potencialmente letal que incluye reacción cutánea, iebre, anomalías hematológicas e involucro de diversos órganos. Caso Clínico: Masculino de 2 años con antecedente de uso de Fenobarbital, quien ingresó con historia de iebre, adenopatías y rash cutáneo generalizado. En los exámenes de laboratorio se evidencio leucopenia con eosinoilia con elevación de las enzimas hepáticas; se realizaron pruebas de imagen que reportaron hepatomegalia, y nefromegalia bilateral, mostrando evolución satisfactoria inmediata después del retiro de fenobarbital y una terapia esteroidea sistémica. Discusión: Al ser una reacción adversa de baja frecuencia que presenta una mortalidad de hasta un 30% se considera de importancia conocer su comportamiento clínico, así como el diagnóstico y manejo...(AU)
Sujet(s)
Humains , Mâle , Enfant d'âge préscolaire , Phénobarbital/toxicité , Exanthème/complications , Syndrome d'hypersensibilité médicamenteuse/diagnostic , Éosinophilie/complications , HypersensibilitéRÉSUMÉ
El síndrome de abstinencia neonatal (SAN) debido a la exposición prenatal al citalopram se desarrolla durante los primeros días de vida, incluso con una exposición al fármaco en dosis bajas. El tratamiento de apoyo es la primera opción, aunque puede usarse el fenobarbital en el tratamiento de este síndrome. No debe interrumpirse la lactancia. Debe hacerse un seguimiento de estos recién nacidos para establecer el desenlace del SAN y las consecuencias en el desarrollo neurológico. En este artículo presentamos el caso de un recién nacido con SAN debido a exposición al citalopram en una dosis más baja que lo informado previamente en la bibliografía durante los últimos seis meses del embarazo. Se utilizó el fenobarbital debido al fracaso del tratamiento no farmacológico.
Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) due to prenatally exposure to citalopram can develop during the first days of life even with low dose of drug exposure. Supportive management is the first choice but phenobarbital can be used in treatment of this syndrome. Breastfeeding should not be interrupted. These neonates should be followed both for NAS and neurodevelopmental outcome. In this article, we reported a newborn with NAS due to citalopram exposure with a lower dose than previously reported in the literature, during the last six months of pregnancy. Phenobarbital was used because of non-pharmacological treatment failure.
Sujet(s)
Humains , Mâle , Grossesse , Nouveau-né , Syndrome de sevrage néonatal/étiologie , Citalopram/effets indésirables , Antidépresseurs de seconde génération/effets indésirables , Phénobarbital/usage thérapeutique , Complications de la grossesse/psychologie , Complications de la grossesse/traitement médicamenteux , Effets différés de l'exposition prénatale à des facteurs de risque , Syndrome de sevrage néonatal/traitement médicamenteux , Trouble dépressif majeur/traitement médicamenteux , Anticonvulsivants/usage thérapeutiqueRÉSUMÉ
ABSTRACT This study aimed to obtain and characterize a microemulsion (ME) containing phenobarbital (PB). The PB was incorporated in the proportion of 5% and 10% in a microemulsion system containing Labrasol(r), ethanol, isopropyl myristate and purified water. The physicochemical characterization was performed and the primary stability of the ME was evaluated. An analytical method was developed using spectrophotometry in UV = 242 nm. The kinetics of the in vitro release (Franz model) of the ME and the emulsion (EM) containing PB was evaluated. The incorporation of PB into ME at concentrations of 5 and 10% did not change pH and resistance to centrifugation. There was an increase in particle size, a decrease of conductivity and a change in the refractive index in relation to placebo ME. The ME remained stable in preliminary stability tests. The analytical method proved to be specific, linear, precise, accurate and robust. Regarding the kinetics of the in vitro release, ME obtained an in vitro release profile greater than the EM containing PB. Thus, the obtained ME has a potential for future transdermal application, being able to compose a drug delivery system for the treatment of epilepsy.
RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter e caracterizar uma microemulsão (ME) contendo fenobarbital (FEN). O FEN foi incorporado na proporção de 5% e 10% em um sistema microemulsionado composto por labrasol(r), etanol, miristato de isopropila e água purificada. Foi realizada a caracterização físico-química e avaliada a estabilidade preliminar da ME. Desenvolveu-se um método analítico por espectrofotometria em UV = 242 nm. Foi avaliada a cinética de liberação in vitro (em modelo de Franz) da ME e da emulsão (EM) contendo FEN. A incorporação do FEN em ME nas concentrações de 5 e 10% não alterou o pH e a resistência à centrifugação. Houve aumento do tamanho da partícula, redução da condutividade e alteração do índice de refração em relação à ME placebo. A ME manteve-se estável nos ensaios de estabilidade preliminar. O método analítico demonstrou ser específico, linear, preciso, exato e robusto. Na cinética de liberação in vitro, a ME obteve um perfil de liberação in vitro superior a EM contendo FEN. Desta forma, a ME obtida tem potencial para uma futura aplicação transdérmica, podendo compor um sistema de liberação de fármacos para tratamento da epilepsia.
Sujet(s)
Phénobarbital/pharmacocinétique , Émulsions/analyse , Contrôle de qualité , Spectrophotométrie UV/méthodes , Cinétique , Nanotechnologie/méthodes , Libération de médicament/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiquesRÉSUMÉ
Blister formation and eccrine sweat gland necrosis is a cutaneous manifestation associated with states of impaired consciousness, most frequently reported after overdoses of central nervous system depressants, particularly phenobarbital. The case of a 45-year-old woman who developed "coma blisters" at six distinct anatomic sites after confirmed (laboratory) phenobarbital poisoning, associated with other central nervous system depressants (clonazepam, promethazine, oxcarbazepine and quetiapine), is presented. A biopsy from the left thumb blister taken on day 4 revealed focal necrosis of the epidermis and necrosis of sweat gland epithelial cells; direct immunofluorescence was strongly positive for IgG in superficial blood vessel walls but negative for IgM, IgA, C3 and C1q. The patient was discharged on day 21 with no sequelae.
Formação de bolhas e necrose de glândula sudoríparas écrinas é uma manifestação cutânea associada com estados de diminuição da consciência, mais frequentemente relatada após superdosagens de depressores do sistema nervoso central, particularmente fenobabital. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente de 45 anos que desenvolveu "bolhas do coma" após tentativa de suicídio por fenobarbital (confirmada laboratorialmente), associada a outros depressores do sistema nervoso central (clonazepam, prometazina, oxcarbazepina e quetiapina). Biópsia da bolha do 1o quirodáctilo esquerdo no 4o dia de internação revelou necrose focal da epiderme e necrose de células epiteliais de glândula sudorípara; a imunofluorescência direta foi fortemente positiva para IgG na parede superficial dos vasos sanguíneos, mas negativa para IgM, IgA, C3 e C1q. A paciente teve alta no 21o dia, sem seqüelas.
Sujet(s)
Femelle , Humains , Adulte d'âge moyen , Cloque/induit chimiquement , Dépresseurs du système nerveux central/intoxication , Coma/induit chimiquement , Épiderme/anatomopathologie , Glandes sudoripares/anatomopathologie , Cloque/anatomopathologie , Coma/anatomopathologie , Épiderme/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Nécrose/induit chimiquement , Nécrose/anatomopathologie , Glandes sudoripares/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiquesRÉSUMÉ
OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos morfológicos do tratamento com fenobarbital, sobre a neoformação óssea e sobre a biomecânica óssea do osso de ratos Wistar. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados dez ratos divididos em dois grupos: controle (CT) e fenobarbital (FE). O grupo FE recebeu doses diárias de fenobarbital 0,035 ml/kg via intramuscular, por 60 dias. O grupo CT recebeu a mesma dose e via de administração de solução fisiológica 0,9 por cento. Após 30 dias, foi realizada uma falha óssea no osso parietal e implantada a hidroxiapatita porosa (HAP) em cavidades nas tíbias. Após as cirurgias, manteve os respectivos protocolos até completar 60 dias e serem eutanasiados, sendo os ossos coletados. RESULTADOS: O volume de osso formado ao redor HAP na falha parietal e os achados biomecânicos foram menores nos animais do grupo FE em relação ao CT. CONCLUSÃO: O uso prolongado do fenobarbital interfere no reparo ósseo após lesões, diminui a osseointegração de implantes de HAP e torna os ossos menos resistentes.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the morphological effects of phenobarbital treatment on new bone formation and on bone marrow biomechanics in Wistar rats. METHODS: We used ten rats that were divided into two groups: control (CT) and phenobarbital (FE). The FE group received daily doses of phenobarbital 0.035 ml / kg intramuscularly for 60 days. The CT group received the same dose and route of administration of 0.9 percent saline solution. After 30 days, we introduced a bone defect in the parietal bone and implanted porous hydroxyapatite (HAP) in cavities in the tibia. After surgery, we continued the protocols until the end of 60 days when the rats were euthanized, and the bones were collected. RESULTS: The volume of bone formed around HAP in parietal defect and biomechanical findings were lower in animals receiving FE compared to CT. CONCLUSION: Prolonged use of phenobarbital interferes with bone repair after injury, decreasing the osseointegration of HAP implants and making bones less resistant.
OBJETIVO: Evaluar los efectos morfológicos del tratamiento con fenobarbital, sobre la neoformación ósea y sobre la biomecánica ósea del hueso de ratas Wistar. MÉTODOS: Fueron utilizadas diez ratas divididas en dos grupos: control (CT) y fenobarbital (FE). El grupo FE recibió dosis diarias de fenobarbital 0,035 ml/kg vía intramuscular, por 60 días. El grupo CT recibió la misma dosis y vía de administración de solución fisiológica 0,9 por ciento. Después de 30 días, se realizó una falla ósea en el hueso parietal e implantó la hidroxiapatita porosa (HAP) en cavidades en las tibias. Después de las cirugías, se mantuvo los respectivos protocolos hasta completar 60 días y de ser eutanasiados, siendo recolectados los huesos. RESULTADOS: El volumen de hueso formado alrededor HAP en la falla parietal y los hallazgos biomecánicos fueron menores en los animales del grupo FE en relación al CT. CONCLUSIÓN: El uso prolongado del fenobarbital interfiere en la reparación ósea después de lesiones, disminuye la óseointegración de implantes de HAP y vuelve a los huesos menos resistentes.
Sujet(s)
Animaux , Rats , Anticonvulsivants/effets indésirables , Maintenance Correctrice , Durapatite/usage thérapeutique , Phénobarbital/effets indésirables , Ostéo-intégration , Os et tissu osseux , Ostéogenèse , Phénomènes biomécaniques , Essai clinique , Rat WistarRÉSUMÉ
Introducción. La prevalencia de colestasis neonatal varía del 7-57%. Parte del manejo incluye al ácido ursodesoxicólico (UDCA) y al fenobarbital, ambos con débil sustento en la literatura. El objetivo de este trabajo es comparar la efectividad del UDCA vs fenobarbital en la reducción de las cifras de bilirrubina directa, en recién nacidos prematuros con colestasis, con peso entre 1 000-2 000 g. Métodos. Se realizó un ensayo clínico aleatorizado cruzado en 18 pacientes. Cada individuo recibió al azar una de las dos intervenciones: UDCA (10 mg/kg/día c/12 h) o fenobarbital (a 3 mg/kg/día c/24 h) durante un período inicial de 7 días. Después de 7 días de lavado, se les asignó el tratamiento contrario. En total se realizaron 36 tratamientos. Se midieron bilirrubinas y pruebas de función hepática al inicio y final de cada tratamiento. El análisis se realizó por medio de medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión, de acuerdo al tipo de variable. Para la comprobación de hipótesis se realizó t pareada. Resultados. En el grupo que recibió UDCA a 10 mg/kg/día c/12 h por 7 días, disminuyeron las cifras de bilirrubina directa en 2.7 mg/dL (P<0.01). Conclusiones. Se recomienda el uso de UDCA a dosis de 10 mg/kg/día c/12 h por vía enteral como coadyuvante para el tratamiento de colestasis neonatal.
Background. The prevalence of neonatal cholestasis varies from 7-57%. Part of the treatment includes ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and phenobarbital, both with little supporting evidence in the literature. We undertook this study to compare the effectiveness of phenobarbital vs. UDCA in reducing the direct serum bilirubin levels in patients with cholestasis and weighing from 1 000 to 2 000 g. Methods. Using a cross-randomized clinical trial, 18 patients were included with 36 treatments. Each subject randomly received one of the two interventions: UDCA (10 mg/kg/day) every 12 h or phenobarbital (3 mg/kg/day, every 24 h for 7 days) continuing with 7 days of wash-out to return to their initial state, and to subsequently receive the other treatment. At the beginning and at the end of the administration of each medication, bilirubin concentrations and hepatic test functions were measured. Central tendency and dispersion measurements were applied according to the type of variable. For hypothesis confirmation, paired t-test was carried out. Results. The obtained results indicate that with UDCA at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day every 12 h for 7 days, serum bilirubin levels decreased to 2.7 mg/dL (p <0.01). Phenobarbital had no effect in reducing bilirubin concentration. Conclusion. Use of UDCA is recommended at a dose of 10 mg/kg/dose every 12 h (PO) as a coadjuvant in the treatment of neonatal cholestasis.
RÉSUMÉ
En este artículo se presentan los resultados del desarrollo, estandarización y validación de una metodología analítica por cromatografía líquida de alta eficiencia para la cuantificación de fenobarbital en una suspensión extemporánea, usando butobarbital como est¨¢ndar interno. El método cromatográfico utiliza un detector uv con arreglo de diodos (dad) como sistema de detección, una fase móvil compuesta por una mezcla de metanol y agua (48:52) adicionada de H3PO4 al 0,1% y una columna cromatográfica C18 estabilizada a una temperatura de 35 ºC. La metodología validada fue selectiva, lineal, precisa y exacta. La linealidad se evalua para concentraciones entre 4,8 y 24 μg/mL. La metodología desarrollada se utilizó para llevar a cabo el estudio de estabilidad de una suspensión extemporánea de fenobarbital, utilizada en la Clínica Country para el tratamiento de las convulsiones en pacientes pediátricos.
In this article we present the data obtained during the development, standardization and validation of a high performance liquid chromatography method for the quantification of phenobarbital in an extemporaneous suspension using butobarbital as internal standard. The chromatographic method uses a uv detector with diode array (dad) as detection system, as mobile phase a mixture of H3PO4 0.1% in methanol and H3PO4 to 0.1% in water (48:52) and column chromatography C18 stabilized at 35 ¡ãC. The validated methodology was selective, linear, precise and accurate. The linearity was evaluated for concentrations between 4.8 and 24 mcg/mL. The developed methodology was used to carry out the study of stability of an extemporaneous suspension of phenobarbital used in the Clinic Country for the treatment of convulsions in pediatric patients.
Sujet(s)
Chromatographie en phase liquide à haute performance , Phénobarbital , SuspensionsRÉSUMÉ
PURPOSE: To evaluate in vitro and in vivo neuromuscular blockade produced by rocuronium in rats treated with Phenobarbital and to determine cytochrome P450 and cytochrome b5 concentrations in hepatic microsomes. METHODS: Thirty rats were included in the study and distributed into 6 groups of 5 animals each. Rats were treated for seven days with phenobarbital (20 mg/kg) and the following parameters were evaluated: 1) the amplitude of muscle response in the preparation of rats exposed to phenobarbital; 2) rocuronium effect on rat preparation exposed or not to phenobarbital; 3) concentrations of cytochrome P450 and cytochrome b5 in hepatic microsomes isolated from rats exposed or not to phenobarbital. The concentration and dose of rocuronium used in vitro and in vivo experiments were 4 µg/mL and 0,6 mg/kg, respectively. RESULTS: Phenobarbital in vitro and in vivo did not alter the amplitude of muscle response. The neuromuscular blockade in vitro produced by rocuronium was significantly different (p=0.019) between exposed (20 percent) and not exposed (60 percent) rats; the blockade in vivo was significantly greater (p=0.0081) in treated rats (93.4 percent). The enzymatic concentrations were significantly greater in rats exposed to phenobarbital. CONCLUSIONS: Phenobarbital alone did not compromise neuromuscular transmission. It produced enzymatic induction, and neuromuscular blockade in vivo produced by rocuronium was potentiated by phenobarbital.
OBJETIVO: Avaliar in vitro e in vivo o bloqueio neuromuscular produzido pelo rocurônio em ratos tratados com fenobarbital e determinar as concentrações de citocromo P450 e b5 em microssomos hepáticos. MÉTODOS: Trinta ratos foram incluídos no estudo e distribuídos em seis grupos de cinco animais cada. Ratos foram tratados por sete dias com fenobarbital (20 mg/kg) e avaliou-se: 1) amplitude das respostas musculares em preparação de ratos expostos ao fenobarbital; 2) o efeito do rocurônio em preparações de ratos expostos ou não ao fenobarbital; 3) as concentrações de citocromo P450 e b5 em microssomos isolados de fígados dos ratos expostos ou não ao fenobarbital. A concentração e dose de rocurônio utilizadas nos experimentos in vitro e in vivo foram respectivamente de 4 µg/mL e 0,6 mg/kg. RESULTADOS: In vitro e in vivo, o fenobarbital não alterou a amplitude das respostas musculares. In vitro, o bloqueio produzido pelo rocurônio foi significativamente diferente (p=0.019) entre expostos (20 por cento) e não expostos (60 por cento); in vivo o bloqueio foi significativamente maior (p=0.0081) nos ratos tratados (93,4 por cento). As concentrações enzimáticas foram significativamente maiores nos ratos expostos ao fenobarbital. CONCLUSÕES: O fenobarbital isoladamente não comprometeu a transmissão neuromuscular. Ocasionou indução enzimática, e in vivo o bloqueio com o rocurônio foi potencializado pelo fenobarbital.
Sujet(s)
Animaux , Mâle , Rats , Androstanols/pharmacocinétique , Hypnotiques et sédatifs/pharmacologie , Blocage neuromusculaire/méthodes , Jonction neuromusculaire/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Curarisants non dépolarisants/pharmacocinétique , Phénobarbital/pharmacologie , /analyse , /analyse , Évaluation préclinique de médicament , Microsomes du foie/enzymologie , Transmission synaptique/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Transmission synaptique/physiologieRÉSUMÉ
Apesar do desenvolvimento de novos fármacos, o fenobarbital ainda tem destaque no tratamento da epilepsia por ser completo, efetivo e apresentar baixo custo. A margem terapêutica relativamente estreita e o risco do desenvolvimento de crises convulsivas, caso a dosagem não esteja adequada, fazem da monitorização terapêutica um procedimento de rotina na conduta do tratamento. O objetivo deste trabalho de caracterizar o perfil dos pacientes que se submeteram à monitorização terapêutica de fenobarbital em um laboratório de ensino em análises clínicas, no Estado do Paraná, nos anos de 2004 e 2005. Foi realizado um levantamento das fichas do laboratório e obtidos dados de 104 pessoas que realizaram 119 determinações séricas do fármaco, dentre as quais 116 foram para a monitorização terapêutica. A maioria dos pacientes era adulta e realizou exames por solicitação de um serviço público de saúde. Observou-se que 49,1% dos resultados estavam acima ou abaixo da faixa terapêutica considerada. Foram realizados 49 exames em pacientes que faziam uso do fenobarbital em regime de monoterapia e 67 exames em pacientes que utilizavam este fármaco em associação com outros agentes antiepilépticos. A monitorização de níveis séricos de fenobarbital mostra-se vantajosa frente ao grande número de fatores que evidenciam a necessidade de se correlacionar a concentração do fármaco com o estado clínico do paciente
Despite the development of new drugs, the phenobarbital still has prominence in the treatment of the epilepsy for being complete, effective and to present low cost. The relatively narrow therapeutical range and the risk of the development of convulsive crises in case the dosage is not well adjusted, make the therapeutical control a routine procedure. The aim of this work is to characterize the profile of the patients submitted to the therapeutical control of phenobarbital in a laboratory of clinical analysis in Paraná State from 2004-2005. A survey at the laboratory data showed that 104 people underwent 119 serum determination of phenobarbital. From them, 116 did it for the control of a therapeutical drug. The majority of the population was adult attending a request of a health public service. It was observed that 49.1% of the results were above or below the therapeutical range. In 49 cases, patients were using phenobarbital alone and in 67 cases patients were using phenobarbital along with other antiepileptic agents. The serum determination of phenobarbital levels is an advantageous front to the great number of factors that influences the concentration of the drug with the clinical state of the patient
Sujet(s)
Humains , Mâle , Femelle , Adulte , Anticonvulsivants/usage thérapeutique , Surveillance de l'environnement , Phénobarbital , Interactions médicamenteusesRÉSUMÉ
RACIONAL: O fenobarbital é utilizado em modelos experimentais não só por ser um importante agente promotor da carcinogênese em fígado de ratos, como também por ser não-genotóxico, órgão-específico e dose-dependente. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o efeito da administração diária de fenobarbital em ratos, desde o nascimento até os 24 meses de idade, na ausência concomitante de administração de agentes químicos iniciadores da carcinogênese. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Um grupo controle de ratos machos Wistar recebeu dieta básica e a esta, do outro grupo, foi adicionado diariamente, fenobarbital a 0,05 por cento, durante 24 meses. Cortes dos lobos médio e direito do fígado foram submetidos ao processamento histológico e corados pela hematoxilina-eosina e coloração imunoistoquímica para a glutationa S-transferase forma placentária. RESULTADOS: Detectaram-se áreas glutationa S-transferase forma placentária positivas em ambos os grupos e as imagens foram analisadas quanto ao número e à extensão da superfície, mediante análise de imagem por histomorfometria. CONCLUSÃO: O uso crônico de fenobarbital não alterou o número de áreas glutationa S-transferase forma placentária positivas, havendo, no entanto, aumento no tamanho médio de áreas glutationa S-transferase forma placentária positivas, com conseqüente aumento da superfície glutationa S-transferase forma placentária positiva, sendo este aumento provavelmente relacionado a maior capacidade evolutiva dessas lesões e possível irreversibilidade das mesmas.
BACKGROUND: Phenobarbital has been used in experimental models because it is an important agent of carcinogenesis promotion in the liver of rats, and it is also non-genotoxic, organ-specific and dose-dependent. AIM: To evaluate the effects of the daily administration of phenobarbital in old rats treated with phenobarbital since their birth up to 24 months of age, in the absence of concomitant administration of chemical agents, which initiate carcinogenesis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A control group of male Wistar rats was fed with a basic diet and a second group was fed with the same basic diet added of 0.05 percent of phenobarbital, for a period of 24 months. Medium and right liver fragments were submitted to the histological processing and they were stained by hematoxiciline and eosin and were immunohystochemically colored to glutathione S-transferase placentary form. RESULTS: Glutathione S-transferase placentary positive zones were detected in both groups and the images were analyzed concerning their number and surface extension through the technique of histometry analyses. CONCLUSION: Chronic use of phenobarbital did not modify the number of glutathione S-transferase placentary form positive areas. Although, data indicates that glutathione S-transferase placentary form positive areas media size are increased, probably because there are an increase in their evolution capacity and irreversibility.
Sujet(s)
Animaux , Mâle , Rats , Glutathione transferase/métabolisme , Tumeurs expérimentales du foie/enzymologie , Phénobarbital/pharmacologie , Immunohistochimie , Tumeurs expérimentales du foie/induit chimiquement , Tumeurs expérimentales du foie/anatomopathologie , États précancéreux/enzymologie , Rat WistarRÉSUMÉ
Objetivo: evaluar la utilidad del Fenobarbital (Fb), administrado en forma temprana y a dosis alta, en la prevención de la encefa-lopatía hipóxico-isquémica (EHI), secundaria a asfixia perinatal (APN). Material y métodos: mediante un ensayo clínico al azar, se asignaron a recién nacidos (RN) de término o postérmino con APN, a un grupo experimental (A) o al control (B); a los del primero se le administró Fb a 40 mg/Kg iniciado en la primera hora de edad, y a los del grupo B sólo en caso de crisis convul-sivas, a dosis habitual; el resto del tratamiento fue similar. Se evaluó la frecuencia de EHI, según la clasificación de Sarnat, así como otras complicaciones de la APN. Se midieron los signos vitales en uno y otro grupos y los niveles séricos de Fb en el grupo A. Se utilizaron las pruebas estadísticas de t o de U Mann-Whitney, X ² cuadrada o probabilidad exacta de Fisher. Se obtuvo consentimiento informado de los padres. Resultados: fueron 37 RN en el grupo A y 36 en el B, similares en proporción de sexos, edad gestacional y gasometría inicial, el peso fue mayor en el grupo A (p < 0.05). El diagnóstico de APN se hizo por pH < 7.00 y uno o dos de los criterios usados de asfixia, en la mayoría de los neonatos. Hubo diferencia respecto al momento de inicio y la cantidad total del Fb, entre los grupos. La EHI se presentó en 5/37 (13.5%) niños del grupo A y en 8/36 (22.2%) del B; las crisis convulsivas, o estadio II de EHI, se observaron en 4/37 (10.8%) y 4/36 (11.1%), respectivamente, sin diferencia en estas proporciones, ni en la frecuencia de otras complicaciones. La aplicación del Fb no originó efectos adversos en los signos vitales y todos los RN que lo recibieron tuvieron niveles séricos adecuados y sólo uno mostró niveles tóxicos. Discusión: no hubo diferencia significativa en la frecuencia global de EHI ni en la de convulsiones, o estadio II de EHI, entre los neonatos que recibieron Fb y a los que se no se les aplicó; por lo anterior, y aunque no hubo efectos colaterales, no se recomienda su empleo con este fin. Se plantea la necesidad del seguimiento de estos recién nacidos para valorar los efectos del Fb a largo plazo, ya que pudiera tener efecto favorable sobre el desarrollo psicomotor.
Objective: to assess usefulness of high-dose early phenobarbital therapy for prevention of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) secondary to perinatal asphyxia (PNA). Material and Methods: by means of a randomized clinical trial, asphyxiated full-term or post-term newborn infants were divided in two groups: Group A was the experimental group, while group B was the control group. Infants in group A received phenobarbital, 40 mg/kg, during the first 60 min after birth. Infants on group B received phenobarbital at conventional doses, only if there was clinical evidence of seizures; otherwise, treatment was similar in both groups. We estimated frequency of HIE according to Sarnat classification and also rate of post-asphyxial complications in other organs. Phenobarbital levels were measured in Group A. Statistical tests used were Student t, Mann-Whitney U, X ² , or Fisher. Informed consent was obtained from parents of each infant. Results: 37 infants belonged to Group A, while Group B was composed of 36 infants. Both groups were similar in sex, gestational age and cord gases. Birth weight was higher in Group A (p<0.05). Diagnostic criteria for PNA a cord pH <7.00 plus one or two criteria of commonly used parameters for asphyxia. There was a difference in total dose of phenobarbital and time of initial dose in both groups. HIE was present in 13.5% (5/37) of group A, and 22.2% (8/36) of group B. Seizures (Stage II of HIE) occurred in 10.8% (4/37) and 11.1% (4/36), respectively, without significant statistical difference. There was also no difference in rate of post-asphyxial, non-brain complications in both groups. There were no side effects or changes in vital signs associated with use of phenobarbital. Only one infant had toxic phenobarbital serum levels. Discussion: there was no significant difference in the overall frequency of HIE, nor in the incidence of seizures or stage II of HIE in both groups. According to these results and even though there were no side effects, we think Phenobarbital is not useful for these purposes. Long-term follow-up of the treated infants is justified, since Phenobarbital might have a beneficial effect on neuro-behavioral development.
Sujet(s)
Femelle , Humains , Nouveau-né , Mâle , Asphyxie néonatale/traitement médicamenteux , Hypoxie-ischémie du cerveau/prévention et contrôle , Phénobarbital/administration et posologie , Asphyxie néonatale/complications , Hypoxie-ischémie du cerveau/étiologie , Facteurs tempsRÉSUMÉ
Con el objetivo de conocer la influencia de la medicación antiepiléptica sobre los resultados escolares se estudiaron 30 niños que padecen crisis epilépticas parciales y que asisten a escuelas primarias normales. En entrevista familiar se recogió: medicación antiepiléptica usada, dosis en sangre y resultados académicos del último curso escolar que se correlacionó con las variables estudiadas con el test de correlación múltiple. El 80 % (24 niños) recibió tratamiento en monoterapia y 6 (20 %) politerapia. La fenitoína correlacionó significativamente (p < 0,005) con los resultados escolares M. Existe relación de los niveles elevados de droga en sangre con los peores resultados académicos.
With the aim of knowing the influence of antiepileptic drug therapy on learning outcomes, 30 children with partial epileptic crisis that go to normal primary schools, were studied. These data were collected in family interviews: antiepileptic drug therapy used, dose in blood, and academic outcomes in the last school course correlated with the variables studied with the multiple correlation test. Twenty four children (80 %) received monotherapy treatment, and six (20 %) received politherapy. Phenytoin significantly correlated (p < 0.005) with M school outcomes. There is a relation of the increased drug levels in blood with the worst academic results.