Padrões de consumo alimentar nas comunidades ribeirinhas da região do médio rio Solimões - Amazonas - Brasil / Patterns of food consumption in riverine communities in the mid-Solimões river region - Amazonas - Brazil

Resumo Estudo transversal conduzido na zona rural de Coari (AM) com o objetivo de identificar padrões alimentares de 492 ribeirinhos da região do médio rio Solimões e fatores associados. Utilizou-se um questionário de frequência alimentar breve na avaliação do consumo alimentar. Padrões alimentares foram identificados a partir da análise de componentes principais, analisaram-se associações entre cada padrão e variáveis sociodemográficas utilizando-se modelos lineares generalizados. Identificaram-se quatro padrões alimentares: "vegetais" (vegetais, tubérculos, frutas); "brasileiro" (frango, ovos, arroz, feijão); "ribeirinho tradicional" (peixe, farinha, leite); "carnes e doces" (carnes de caça e de porco, doces). O padrão "vegetais" associou-se a escolaridade (p = 0,001), número de cômodos da residência (p = 0,005) e menor distância da área urbana (p = 0,004). O "brasileiro" associou-se a sexo feminino (p = 0,013), maior renda (p < 0,001) e menor distância da área urbana (p = 0,001). O padrão "ribeirinho tradicional" associou-se à distância da área urbana (p < 0,001), e o padrão "carnes e doces" a idade (p = 0,029), escolaridade (p < 0,001) e distância da área urbana (p = 0,003). O caráter extrativista da alimentação ribeirinha está presente nas comunidades mais isoladas, e o consumo de outros alimentos foi associado a melhores condições sociais.

Abstract This is a cross-sectional study conducted with 492 riverine residents in the rural area of Coari (AM) to identify food patterns in the mid-Solimões river region and associated factors. Food intake was evaluated using a brief Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), and principal component analysis was used to identify dietary patterns. The association with socioeconomic variables was evaluated using generalized linear models. Four dietary patterns were identified: "vegetables" (vegetables, tubers, fruit); "Brazilian" (chicken, eggs, rice, beans); "traditional riverine" (fish, flour, milk); "meat and candies" (game and pork, candies). The "vegetable" pattern was associated with education (p = 0.001), number of rooms in the house (p = 0.005) and greater proximity to urban areas (p = 0.004). The "Brazilian" pattern was associated with the female sex (0.013), higher income (p < 0.001) and greater proximity to urban areas (p = 0.001). The "traditional riverine" pattern was associated with distance from the urban area (p < 0.001), and the "meat and candies" pattern was associated with age (p = 0.029), education (p < 0.001) and proximity to urban areas (p = 0.003). The extractive nature of riverine food intake is still present in more isolated communities, and consumption of other food items was associated with better social conditions.

Relación entre patrones alimentarios, diabetes, hipertensión arterial y obesidad según aspectos sociogeográficos, Colombia 2010 / Relation among food patterns, diabetes, arterial hypertension and obesity according to socio-demographic aspects, Colombia, 2010

Introducción: La prevalencia de hipertensión arterial, diabetes y obesidad es un problema de salud pública en Colombia. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre patrones alimentarios e hipertensión arterial, diabetes y obesidad según aspectos sociogeográficos en Colombia, 2010. Métodos: Estudio ecológico de grupos múltiples, muestra representativa 5216 sujetos entre 18 y 64 años. Se realizó análisis por regresión multinivel con los datos de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos disponibles en la Encuesta Nacional de Situación Nutricional de Colombia y la prevalencia por hipertensión arterial, diabetes y obesidad según edad, sexo y regiones geográficas de Colombia, a partir de los datos del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social del año 2010. Resultados: Las mujeres entre 18 y 39 años son quienes más le aportan a la prevalencia de las tres enfermedades (diabetes, hipertensión arterial y obesidad), en Bogotá 5038 (p < 0,05; IC: 3246,2; 6829,8) y en la región Oriental 2891 (p < 0,05; IC: 1964,5; 3818). Las mujeres entre 18 y 49 años son quienes más contribuyen a la prevalencia de la obesidad en las regiones de Bogotá, Central y Oriental, destacándose el alto consumo de embutidos, golosinas, postres y bajo en alimentos integrales. No se encontró relación de la hipertensión arterial en ningún grupo de edad. Los resultados fueron ajustados por edad y sexo. Conclusiones: Los patrones alimentarios reportados en el estudio según región, sexo y grupos de edad son un acercamiento para ofrecer recomendaciones de consumo por grupos de alimentos de forma más específica, de tal manera que se prevengan las enfermedades no transmisibles como la hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus y la obesidad(AU)

Introduction: The prevalence of arterial hypertension, diabetes and obesity is a public health problem in Colombia. Objective: To determine the relation among food patterns and arterial hypertension, diabetes and obesity according to socio-demographic aspects in Colombia, 2010. Methods: Ecologic study in multiple groups; representative sample of 5216 individuals from 18 to 64 years old. It was carried out an analysis of multilevel regression with the data of food consumption's frequency available in the National Survey on Nutritional Situation of Colombia, and the prevalence of arterial hypertension, diabetes and obesity according to age, sex and geographical regions of Colombia from the data of the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare in 2010. Results: Women in the ages from 18 to 39 years are the ones with the highest prevalence in the three disease (diabetes, arterial hypertension and obesity), in Bogotá with 5038 (p<0,05; IC: 3246,2; 6829,8) and in the Eastern region with 2891 (p<0,05; IC: 1964,5; 3818). Women in the ages from 18 to 49 years are the ones with the highest prevalence of obesity in the regions of Bogotá, Central and East with predominance of a high consumption of cold meats, candies, desserts and a low consumption of integral food. There was not found relation of arterial hypertension in any age group. The results were adjusted according to age and sex. Conclusions: The reported food patterns in the study according to region, sex and age groups are a rapprochement to provide recommendations of consumption by food groups in a more specific way, so there can be prevented non-communicable diseases as arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and obesity(AU)

High-Carbohydrate Diets and Food Patterns and Their Associations with Metabolic Disease in the Korean Population

PURPOSE: Although an Asian diet is typically high in carbohydrate and low in fat, there has been a steady increase in the rate of cardiometabolic disease in Asian countries over the past decade. We evaluated food patterns of a high-carbohydrate diet and examined their associations with metabolic disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using data from the 2013–2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we included a total of 13106 subjects aged 20 years or older in this study. Diet was divided into seven groups according to the percentage of energy from carbohydrates. Food patterns were evaluated as individual servings per food group. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to estimate odds ratios (OR) for metabolic disease. RESULTS: The proportions of men and women exceeding the recommended range of carbohydrate intake were 58.0% and 60.0%, respectively. A higher carbohydrate diet was associated with intake of low energy and saturated fats, with more grains and fruit, but less meat, fish, egg, bean (MFEB), and dairy consumption. Carbohydrate intake decreased by 3.0–3.4% per serving of MFEB and milk. In men, the highest carbohydrate group showed an OR of 1.35 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.91 to 1.99] for metabolic syndrome, although this failed to show statistical significance. In women, the highest carbohydrate group had an OR of 1.38 (95% CI, 1.06 to 1.80) for a reduced level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that a very-high-carbohydrate diet for the Korean population is attributable to lower consumption of MFEB and dairy products and is associated with several metabolic risk factors. The appropriate distribution of macronutrients for the prevention and management of metabolic disease should be explored.

Long term interaction between dietary patterns and disease incidence: evidence from serbia

The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between dietary pattern and incidence of nutrition-related non-communicable diseases in Serbia, a country which has experienced a significant shift in nutrition and lifestyle habits, guided by its particular historical background and its rapid transition to liberal economy. Data was collected from annual reports published by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia and the Institute of Public Health. It provides a focus on the timeframe of 1997-2014, in order to capture any changing pattern after the year 2000, in which the process of complete trade liberalization started.The results have shown a striking growing trend in both disease incidence on the one hand and processed food items such as processed meat, fruit juices, chocolate and biscuits and on the other hand. Granger causality test suggests that there exists causality that goes beyond spurious relationship between the disease of blood and blood-forming organs and immune system disorders and average per capita consumption of fruit and vegetables, poultry, processed meat, chocolates and biscuits and fruit juices. Also, we find evidence of long-term relationship between fish consumption and endocrine, metabolic and digestive diseases(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la relación entre los patrones de dieta y la incidencia de las enfermedades no transmisibles relacionadas con la nutrición en Serbia, un país que ha experimentado un cambio significativo en los hábitos de nutrición y estilo de vida, guiado por sus antecedentes históricos particulares y su rápida transición hacia una economía liberal. Se recogieron datos de los informes anuales publicados por la Oficina de Estadística de la República de Serbia y el Instituto de Salud Pública. Se hizo foco en el período de 1997 a 2014, con el fin de poder detectar cualquier cambio en los patrones a partir del año 2000, cuando comenzó el proceso de liberalización total del comercio. Los resultados han mostrado llamativamente una tendencia creciente tanto en la incidencia de enfermedades como en la proliferación de alimentos procesados, tales como carne procesada, jugos de frutas, chocolate y galletas. La prueba de causalidad de Granger sugiere que existe una relación de causalidad que va más allá de la relación espuria entre las enfermedades hematológicas, las afecciones de los órganos hematopoyéticos y del sistema inmunológico y el consumo promedio per cápita de frutas y hortalizas, productos avícolas, carne procesada, chocolates, galletas y jugos de frutas. Parece evidente también la existencia de una relación a largo plazo entre la aparición de enfermedades endocrinas, metabólicas y digestivas y el consumo de pescado(AU)

Estudio venezolano de nutrición y salud: patrón de consumo de alimentos. Grupo del estudio latinoamericano de nutrición y salud / The venezuelan study of nutrition and health: food consumption patterns. Latin american study of nutrition and health study group

Los patrones de consumo se utilizan para identificar el tipo y variedad de alimentos que consume una población de manera habitual. La pregunta que se intenta responder en este trabajo es la siguiente: ¿qué es lo que usualmente comen los venezolanos y en qué cantidades? Se utilizan los resultados del Estudio Venezolano de Nutrición y Salud (EVANS), 2015, para identificar un patrón general de alimentación y relacionarlo con la ingesta de energía y macronutrientes. Además, se aplican técnicas estadísticas para identificar distintos subpatrones, que dependen de diversos factores sociodemográficos como región y clase social. Se encontró un patrón general de la población venezolana, con un promedio de 911 gramos y 1.925 kcal, inferior a la referencia nacional de 2.300 kcal. Además se obtuvieron 5 patrones de consumo diferenciados según su composición nutricional. El patrón 1 con altos niveles de adecuación, presente en apenas 6% de la población, y el 5 con una marcada inadecuación por déficit en todos los nutrientes, presente en 35% de los participantes en el estudio. Dos patrones intermedios, cuyo consumo parece estar influido por factores de tipo geográfico. El patrón 3, característico de los llanos y la región occidental, en el que resalta un alto consumo de carne, grasas y cereales; y un patrón 4, más característico de la región oriental y Guayana, con predominio de pescado y frutas. El patrón 2, más característico de la región andina y central, presenta un nivel adecuado de consumo en casi todos los nutrientes. Los patrones muestran diferencias geográficas y la existencia de una alta vulnerabilidad alimentaria en 35% de la población cuyo consumo calórico promedio alcanza niveles de sobrevivencia(AU)

Food patterns identify the type and variety of foods consumed regularly by the population. The research question in this study is: what are the foods Venezuelans usually eat and amounts consumed? The results of the Venezuelan Nutrition and Health Study (EVANS) 2015, were analyzed to identify a general eating pattern and study a relationship to the intake of energy and macronutrients. In addition, statistical analysis were applied to identify different sub patterns, which depend on various sociodemographic factors such as region and social class. An average of 911 grams and 1,925 kcal was reported, lower than the national reference of 2,300 kcal. In addition, 5 different consumption patterns were obtained according to their nutritional composition. The pattern 1 with high levels of adequacy, is present in only 6% of the population, on the other hand the pattern 5 which present a severe inadequacy by deficit in all nutrients, is consumed by 35% of the participants in the study. The consumption of two intermediate patterns, seems to be influenced by geographical factors. The pattern 3, typical of the plains and the western region, which highlights a high consumption of meat, fat and cereals; and a pattern 4, more characteristic of the eastern and southern regions, with a predominance of fish and fruits. The last pattern, the number 2, show characteristics of the Andean and central region, and presents an adequate level of consumption in almost all nutrients. In conclusion all the patterns show geographical differences and most relevant the existence of a high vulnerability food intake in 35% of the population whose average caloric consumption reaches survival levels(AU)

Traditional Living Habits of the Taz Tundra Population: A Paleoparasitological Study

An excavation of the Vesakoyakha II–IV and Nyamboyto I burial grounds was conducted during the 2014 field season, and soil samples from intact burials dating from the 19th and 20th centuries, respectively, were analyzed to determine interactions between parasites and host/vectors. Considering the discovery of Diphyllobothrium sp. and Taenia sp. eggs in soil samples from the pelvic region, diphyllobothriasis was the most frequent helminthic infection among the Taz Nenets. The Nyamboyto Nenets mainly consumed uncooked fish, while the Vesakoyakha Nenets had a bigger variety in food choices, including reindeer meat. Nenets children were given raw fish from early childhood. The paleoparasitological results corroborate rare ethnographic records about the consumption of uncooked reindeer cerebrum which led to beef tapeworm helminthiases. This is the first parasitological report of helminthic diseases among the Taz Nenets, and, as such, it provides insight into their subsistence activities and food patterns and broadens our understanding of their health condition.

Patrón de dieta pro-vegetariana y mortalidad general / Pro-vegetarian dietary pattern and all-cause mortality

Vegetarian diets have been associated with a reduced mortality. Since a pure vegetarian diet might not be easily embraced by many individuals, consuming preferentially plant-based foods would be a more easily understood message. A pro-vegetarian food pattern (FP) emphasizing preference for plant-based foods might reduce all-cause mortality. In the PREDIMED cohort we followed 7,216 participants (57% women, mean age 67 years old) at high cardiovascular risk for a median of 4.8 years. Diet was assessed yearly through a validated 137-item semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Fruit, vegetables, nuts, cereals, legumes, olive oil and potatoes consumption were positively considered while animal fats, eggs, fish, dairy products and meat or meat products consumption were negatively considered. Energy-adjusted quintiles were used to assign points to build the Pro-vegetarian FP (range: 12 to 60 points). There were 323 deaths during follow-up (76 from cardiovascular disease, 130 from cancer, 117 for non-cancer, non-cardiovascular causes) and were confirmed by reviewing medical records and verification in the National Death Index. We observed that among omnivorous subjects at high cardiovascular risk, better conformity with a FP that emphasized plant-derived foods was associated with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality.

Las dietas vegetarianas se han asociado con una menor mortalidad. Dado que una dieta vegetariana pura no puede ser llevada a cabo fácilmente por la mayoría de personas, consumir alimentos preferentemente de origen vegetal sería un mensaje más moderado y asequible. Un patrón de dieta pro-vegetariana, con preferencia por los alimentos vegetales podría reducir la mortalidad total. En la cohorte PREDIMED seguimos a 7.216 participantes (57 % mujeres, edad media de 67 años) con alto riesgo cardiovascular durante una media de 4,8 años. Se valoró la dieta con un cuestionario de frecuencia de alimentos validado de 137 ítems que fue administrado al inicio del estudio y repetido anualmente. El consumo de frutas, verduras, frutos secos, cereales, legumbres, aceite de oliva y patatas se valoró positivamente y el consumo de grasas animales, huevos, pescado, lácteos y productos cárnicos se valoró negativamente. Se calcularon quintiles ajustados por energía (rango de 12 a 60 puntos). Hubo 323 muertes durante el seguimiento (76 por causas cardiovasculares y 130 por cáncer) confirmadas mediante la revisión de historias clínicas y por comprobación en el Índice Nacional de Defunciones. Se observó que entre individuos omnívoros con alto riesgo cardiovascular, el seguimiento de una dieta pro-vegetariana se asoció con un menor riesgo de mortalidad por cualquier causa.

Contribución de la merienda al patrón alimentario de escolares con exceso de peso y estado nutricional normal, en Cartago, Costa Rica

Con el fin de identificar el aporte nutricional de las meriendas al patrón alimentario de los escolares con estado nutricional normal y con exceso de peso, se estudiaron 80 escolares (40 casos con sobrepeso/obesidad y 40 controles con estado nutricional normal) costarricenses de primer a tercer grado. Se tomó peso, talla y pliegue tricipital para la valoración antropométrica y se utilizó un registro dietético de tres días para la información de consumo. Las meriendas fueron analizadas de acuerdo al tipo (lugar de preparación y consumo) y horario. Se obtuvo que las meriendas de la tarde y la “preparada y consumida en casa” son las realizadas con la mayor frecuencia por ambos grupos. En la merienda “preparada y consumida en casa” y la “merienda de la tarde” se observó un consumo significativamente mayor de energía y carbohidratos en las niñas caso. En la merienda “preparada y consumida en casa”, se reportó un consumo significativamente mayor de grasa saturada en los niños caso comparado con los niños control. Las meriendas de la tarde y las meriendas “preparadas y consumidas en casa”, podrían estar relacionadas con el desarrollo de sobrepeso/obesidad en la muestra estudiada, por lo que la educación nutricional brindada a padres y escolares, resultan claves en la prevención de ésta.

Nutritional contribution of snacks to food patterns in school children who are overweight or obese compared to school children who are of normal weight in Cartago,Costa Rica. In order to assess the nutritional contribution of snacks to food patterns in school children, a sample of 80 Costa Rican elementary schoolchildren: 40 children who were overweight or obese (the case group) and 40 children with normal weight (the control group) were evaluated. The anthropometric evaluation included weight, height, and triceps skinfold thickness. Food patterns were determined using a 3-day food diary.Snacks consumed throughout the day were classified and analyzed according to their place of preparation and location of consumption and to the time of the day in which they were consumed. The results of this study revealed that “afternoon snacks” and “snacks prepared and eaten at home” were the most frequently consumed snacks by both case and control groups.The girls in the case group had a significantly larger intake of energy and carbohydrates in their “afternoon snacks” and the “snacks prepared and eaten at home” as compared to girls in the control group. Boys in the case group showed a significantly greater consumption of saturated fat in the “snacks prepared and eaten at home” as compared to boys in the control group. It was concluded that the intake of “afternoon snacks” and of those “prepared and eaten at home” could be related with the incidence of overweight/obesity in the sample of study and therefore nutrition education aimed at parents and children is crucial and could play an important role in its prevention.

Energy and nutrient intake and food patterns among Turkish university students

The goal of this study was to determine the nutritional value and nutrients provided by each meal and snack of consumed by university students. Subjects were randomly selected from volunteer students at five universities in Ankara. A sample of 400 students (167 female and 233 male) aged between 19 and 24 years participated in this study. A questionnaire designed to assess general characteristics, anthropometric measurements, and 24 hours dietary records was administered using face to face interviews. According to body mass index classifications, 69.5% of male students, and 77.7% of female students were found to be in the normal weight categories. Overweight categories were found to be 25.1% and 5.6% for males and females, respectively. Breakfast and lunch were the most frequently skipped meals, with a total of 47.7% of students skipping breakfast and 25.2% skipping lunch. The percentages of energy deficiency were found to be 78.4% in males, and 81.1% in females. Dinner was the main meal for consumption of energy and the other nutrients, except saturated fatty acids, for both genders. Also, dinner was the largest contributor of energy in both genders. Students ate more bread, cereals, and meat at dinner than during the other meals and snacks. Fruit was consumed more during snacks than at the other meals by all students. It was concluded that students need more nutritional information about healthy nutritional habits, adequate intake of nutrients, and ideal body weights.

Fatores associados ao excesso de peso e perfis de consumo e comportamento alimentar de adolescentes / Factors associated with overweight and consumption patterns and feeding behavior of adolescents

A alimentação inadequada e o excesso de peso (EP) são problemas de grande magnitude na adolescência e se constituem em importantes fatores de risco à saúde ainda nesta fase e também na vida adulta. Com o objetivo de estudar os fatores associados ao EP e identificar perfis de consumo e comportamento alimentar entre adolescentes matriculados na rede pública municipal de ensino do Rio de Janeiro, o presente estudo foi organizado em três artigos. O primeiro revisou de forma sistemática publicações científicas de periódicos indexados que houvessem identificado fatores sociais, ambientais, psicológicos e/ou comportamentais associados ao EP entre adolescentes segundo critérios de inclusão pré-definidos. ... Esta revisão auxiliou na formalização de um modelo teórico dos fatores associados ao EP entre adolescentes que foi examinado empiricamente no segundo artigo. Esse identificou a associação entre fatores individuais e do ambiente escolar e o EP em adolescentes (n=1632) que fizeram parte do segundo inquérito do sistema de vigilância de fatores de risco e proteção à saúde de adolescentes do município do Rio de Janeiro. ... O terceiro artigo teve por objetivo identificar perfis de consumo e comportamentos alimentares de adolescentes que participaram do mesmo inquérito, bem como descrever suas prevalências, por meio do método de classificação fuzzy, Grade of Membership-GoM. Os quatro perfis gerados, suas freqüências de ocorrência e características estão descritos a seguir. ... Com base nesses três artigos, conclui-se que variáveis socioeconômicas, comportamentais, familiares, do início da vida e características da escola estão associadas ao EP, reforçando a existência de efeitos individuais e contextuais sobre este agravo à saúde. Além disso, constatou-se que os perfis de consumo e comportamento alimentar mais prevalentes entre adolescentes são marcados por um baixo consumo de frutas e hortaliças. Este estudo sugere que intervenções dirigidas à prevenção e...

Unhealthy diet and overweight (OW) are large scale problems in adolescence and relevant risk factors to chronic non-transmissible diseases at this period and also in adulthood. In order to study the factors associated with OW and to identify food and eating behavior patterns among adolescents enrolled in public schools of Rio de Janeiro, this study was organized into three articles. The first one systematically reviewedscientific articles of indexed journals that have identified social, environmental, psychological and/or behavior factors associated with OW among teenagers given somepre-defined inclusion criteria. ... The second article identified the association between individual factors and the school environment and OW in adolescents (n = 1,632) who participated of the second survey of the risk factors surveillance system of adolescents in Rio de Janeiro. ... The third article identified food and eating behavior patterns of adolescents who participated in the same survey, and describe its prevalence through the method of fuzzy classification, Grade of Membership, GoM. The four profiles generated, their frequency andcharacteristics are described below. ... We conclude that socioeconomic, behavioral, family, early life andschool characteristics are associated with OW, reinforcing the existence of individual and contextual effects on this health problem. This study suggests that interventions aimed at the control of OW in adolescence must consider these factors and also calls for the need to expand interventions aimed at promoting healthy diet and eating patterns in this population.

Association of Nutritional Status with Obesity by Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference among Hypertensive Elderly Patients / 대한지역사회영양학회지

Hypertension and obesity are important modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death in Korea. Therefore, we assessed the association between dietary pattern and obesity in hypertensive patients to formulate health promotion strategies for the older population. Dietary information was collected from hypertensive patients visiting community health education and information center by using 24 hour recall method. The 2005 DRIs for Koreans was used to evaluate the dietary adequacy. When subjects were categorized by body mass index (BMI) as normal, overweight and obese, no significant difference in energy intake was found among groups. Dietary intakes of folate, and vitamin C in obese hypertensive patients were significantly lower than in normal weight patients (p < 0.05). When we compare the nutritional status by waist circumferences, dietary intakes of zinc, vitamin A, thiamin, vitamin C and folate were significantly lower in the obese group. Vegetable intake was significantly lower in the obese group according to BMI as well as waist circumference. Energy intake from carbohydrate was significantly higher in obese hypertensive patients (p < 0.05). Obese hypertensive patients had a higher risk of nutritional inadequacy compared to normal weight patients. Our results indicated the need for developing interventions that encourage greater consumption of vegetables while cutting down salt intake with wise selection of staple foods, for obese hypertensive patients.

Dietary conditions on elite athletes in Nagasaki prefecture / 体力科学

A study was conducted to evaluate dietary intake, food intake pattern and blood composition in athletes over a 4-year period from 1988 to 1991. We measured the mean daily intakes (energy and nutrient intakes, PFC rates, minerals and vitamins) from 3-day dietary records for 110 highly trained male athletes (swimming, track & field, canoeing, soccer, cycling and weight-lifting) and 87 female athletes (swimming, track & field, canoeing, basketball and volleyball) living in Nagasaki Prefecture. We compared these measurements with the recom-mended dietary allowances (RDA) for normal Japanese. Energy, fat, calcium and iron intakes were below the RDA, especially for most female athletes and male weight-lifters.<BR>The following mean values were obtained<BR>[MALE] SOCCER (Senior High School boys) : Energy intake 3241 kcal ; Protein 106.2 g ; Fat 88.6g ; PFC rates P (13.2%), F ( 25.0%), C (61.8%) . CANOEING (Senior High School boys) : Energy 2830 kcal ; Protein 99.2g ; Fat 83.9g ; PFC rates P (14.1%), F (26.3%), C (59.6%) . TRACK & FIELD (Adults) : Energy 2870 kcal ; Protein 105.4 g ; Fat 89.3 g ; PFC rates P (13.2%), F (25.0%), C (61.8%) .<BR>[FEMALE] BASKETBALL (Adults) : Energy 1866 kcal ; Protein 70.0 g ; Fat 51.9 g ; PFC rates P (15.0%), F (25.1%), C (59.9%) . BASKETBALL (Senior High School girls) : Energy 2421 kcal ; Protein 88.9 g ; Fat 90.9 g ; PFC rates P (14.8%), F (34.0%), C (51.1%) . VOLLEYBALL (Senior High School girls) : Energy 2290 kcal ; Protein 71.6g ; Fat 72.1 g ; PFC rates P (12.6%), F (28.4%), C (59.0%) .