Virtual reality training can effectively improve the cognitive functioning and functional fitness of persons with subjective cognitive decline / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective:To observe any effect of virtual reality (VR) training on the cognitive functioning and functional fitness of nursing home residents with subjective cognitive decline (SCD).Methods:Fifty-six of such residents were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, each of 28. Both groups received health education and routine care, but the observation group was additionally provided with 45 minutes of VR training three times a week for 6 months. The training included Baduanjin, magic, flying bird, supermarket shopping, gravity ball and gym episodes. Both groups′ cognition was evaluated using the subjective cognitive decline questionnaire (SCD-Q), the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA), the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (second edition) (RBMT-Ⅱ), a digit symbol substitution test (DSST), an animal fluency test (AFT) and trail-making test A-B (TMT A-B). Functional fitness was quantified using the 8-foot up-and-go test (8UGT), a 30-second arm curl test (30sACT), a 30-second chair stand test (30sCST), a back scratching test (BST), the sit-and-reach test (CSRT) and a 2-minute step test (2MST) before and after the 6-month intervention.Results:After the intervention, the average SCD-Q, MoCA, RBMT-Ⅱ, DSST, TMT-A, and TMT-B scores of the observation group were significantly better than before the intervention, and significantly better than the control group′s averages. And except for the back scratching their functional results were also significantly better, on average, than those of the control group.Conclusions:VR training can effectively improve the cognition and functional fitness of nur-sing home residents with SCD. Such training is worthy of promotion and wider application in nursing homes.

Relationship between Functional Fitness and Break Response in Elderly Drivers: Comparison with Young Driver

PURPOSE: This study compared the functional fitness and brake response of elderly and young drivers to confirm the correlation between the functional fitness and brake response. METHODS: This study was a cross sectional observational design. Older drivers (>65age, n=21) and young adult drivers (20–40aged, n=20) were enrolled as subjects. The functional fitness of the subjects was measured using a senior fitness test consisting of a back scratch (BS), chair sit and reach (CSR), arm curl (AC), chair stand up (CSU), foot up and go (8-FUG), and 2-minute step (2-MS). The brake response used the virtual driving simulator to measure the brake reaction time (BRT) and braking distance (BD) according to the pedestrian protection and traffic signal compliance. RESULTS: The older drivers had a lower BS (p < 0.000), CSU (p=0.040), and 8-FUG (p=0.011) than the young adult drivers. BS and 8-FUG showed a significant positive correlation with the BRT and BD of pedestrian protection and traffic signal compliance. CSU showed a significant negative correlation with the BRT of pedestrian protection and traffic signal compliance. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the flexibility of the upper extremity, lower extremity strength, and agility are strongly correlated with the driving performance of elderly drivers.

Sociodemographic and health factors associated with functional fitness in older women from a physical activity program in southern Brazil / Fatores sociodemográficos e de saúde associados à aptidão funcional em mulheres idosas de um programa de atividade física do sul do Brasil

Aim: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association of sociodemographic (skin color, socioeconomic level, educational level, occupational and marital status) and health (high blood pressure, self-reported health problems, use of medicines and health perception), with the functional fitness in older women from a physical activity program. Methods: This cross-sectional study investigates sociodemographic and health variables assessed by questionnaires and the association with functional fitness measured with the "Senior Fitness Test". Statistical analysis used the Kruskal-Wallis test to check for differences among age groups, chi-square tests and logistic regression analyses to investigate associations between each component of functional fitness and independent variables. Results: The final sample consisted of 1,806 older women, mean age 68.93 years (SD 6.6). Sociodemographic (skin color, socioeconomic class and educational level) and health variables (high blood pressure, self-reported health problems and health perception) were associated with different components of functional fitness and the overall score of functional capacity. Conclusion: Among all the independent variables, educational level and health perception were those most correlatedto functional fitness. (AU)

Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a associação de fatores sociodemográficos (cor da pele, classe econômica, escolaridade, ocupação e estado civil) e saúde (pressão arterial, problemas de saúde auto reportados, utilização de medicamentos e percepção de saúde) com a aptidão funcional em mulheres idosas de um programa de atividade física. Métodos: Este estudo com delineamento transversal investigou variáveis sociodemográficas e de saúde por meio de questionário e aptidão funcional por meio do "Senior Fitness Test". O teste de Kruskall-Wallis foi utilizado para diferenças entre faixas etárias, o Qui-Quadrado e Regressão Logística Ordinal para analisar associações entre aptidão funcional e as variáveis independentes. Resultados: A amostra final consistiu em 1.806 mulheres, com idade média de 68,9 anos (DP 6,6). Fatores sociodemográficos (cor da pele, classe econômica e escolaridade) e de saúde (pressão arterial, percepção de saúde e problemas de saúde auto reportados) estiveram associados aos diferentes componentes da aptidão funcional em idosas. Conclusão: Dentre todas as variáveis sociodemográficas e de saúde, a escolaridade e percepção de saúde apresentaram as associações mais relevantes com o escore geral e os componentes de aptidão funcional. (AU)

Correlation of functional fitness with arterial stiffness in community middle-aged and older women / 体力科学

<p>Habitual exercise is important for improving or maintaining the arterial function with age. However, the role of functional fitness on arterial stiffness in the elderly is unclear. This study was conducted to examine the relationships between functional fitness and arterial stiffness in elderly woman. Four hundred and seventy-nine elderly woman participated in the present investigation. The systolic/diastolic blood pressure and brachial to ankle pulse wave velocity were obtained in the supine position using an automatic pulse wave form analyzer. Four items of functional fitness (standing/sitting, walking, hand working, and self-care working) were assessed. The measurement variables were calculated for five chronological classifications (60~64, 65~69, 70~74, 75~79 and 80 yrs or over). The four items of functional fitness and brachial to ankle pulse wave velocity increased linearly with age. A multiple stepwise regression analysis revealed that systolic blood pressure (β= 0.366), age (β= 0.225), heart rate (β= 0.188), body mass index (β= -0.102), and standing/sitting (β= 0.098) were independent contributors to brachial to ankle pulse wave velocity, accounting for 29.6% of the variability. The physical function, especially standing/sitting, influences the arterial function in elderly women.</p>

Nivel de aptitud funcional en mujeres no institucionalizadas mayores de 60 años de una ciudad de España / Nível de aptidão funcional em mulheres não institucionalizadas com mais de 60 anos de uma cidade da Espanha / Functional fitness level among non-institutionalized women over 60 years of age from a Spanish city

La disminución de la Aptitud Funcional (AF) en personas mayores se asocia con una mayor dependencia y discapacidad. Aspecto de interés en el contexto actual del envejecimiento en el mundo y España. Objetivo: determinar el nivel de AF en un grupo de mujeres no institucionalizadas mayores de 60 años de una ciudad de España. Métodos: estudio transversal con 176 mujeres. La AF se evaluó con cuatro pruebas de la batería Senior Fitness Test (SFT): “flexiones de brazos”, “chair stand”, “2-minutos marcha” y “8 foot up-and-go test”. La baja AF se definió a partir de los puntos de corte estandarizados por Rikli & Jones (2013). Se incluyó la fuerza de prensión manual como otra prueba de AF. Resultados: la baja AF fue más frecuente en las pruebas de “flexiones de brazos” y “fuerza de presión manual” (21,0% y 15,9% respectivamente) y la de menor disminución fue “chair stand” con 7,4%. La AF disminuyó con el aumento de la edad, presentando diferencias significativas a partir de los 75 años (p<0,05). Ser obeso se asoció con una menor AF en las pruebas de 2-minutos marcha y “8-foot up-and-go test” (p<0,05). Conclusiones: la fuerza de miembros superiores fue el parámetro con más bajo desempeño, mientras el aumento de la edad y la condición de obesidad se asociaron con una disminución en la AF. La evaluación de la AF es una herramienta útil en el diagnóstico de la condición de salud en las personas mayores. Se requieren otras investigaciones orientadas a la estandarización de puntos de corte asociados con una baja AF en población española...

Associa-se a diminuição da Aptidão Funcional (AF) em pessoas idosas a uma maior dependência e limitação. Aspecto de interesse no contexto atual do envelhecimento no mundo e na Espanha. Objetivo: determinar o nível de AF em um grupo de mulheres não institucionalizadas maiores de 60 anos de uma cidade da Espanha. Métodos: estudo transversal com 176 mulheres. Avaliou-se a AF com quatro testes da bateria Sênior Fitness Test (SFT): “flexões de braços”, “chair stand”, “2-minutos de caminhada” e “8 foot up-and-go test”. A queda de AF foi definida a partir dos pontos de corte padronizados por Rikli & Jones (2013). Acrescentou-se a força de pressão manual como outra prova de AF. Resultados: a queda de AF foi mais frequente nos testes de “flexões de braços” e “força de pressão manual” (21,0% e 15,9% respectivamente) e a de menor diminuição foi “chair stand” com 7,4%. A AF diminuiu com o aumento da idade, apresentando diferenças significativas a partir dos 75 anos (p<0,05). Ser obeso as sociou-se a uma menor AF nos testes de 2-minutos de caminhada e “8-foot up-and-go test” (p<0,05). Conclusões: a força de membros superiores foi o parâmetro com menor desempenho, enquanto o aumento da idade e a condição de obesidade foram associadas à diminuição na AF. A avaliação da AF é uma ferramenta útil no diagnóstico do estado de saúde nos idosos. São necessárias outras pesquisas orientadas à padronização de pontos de corte associados à queda de AF na população espanhola...

Decrease in functional fitness (FF) in older persons is associated with a greater dependence and disability. This is an area of interest in the current context of global aging and Spain. Objective: determine the level of FF in a group of non-institutionalized women over 60 years of age from a city of Spain. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional study was carried out in 176 women. The FF was determined by four of the senior fitness test (SFT): arm curl test, chair stand, 2-min step test and ‘8 foot upand- go test’. The low FF was defined from standardized cut points by Rikli & Jones (2013). Grip strength was included as another FF test. Results: the low AF was more frequent in ‘arm curl test’ and the grip strength (21.0% and 15.9% respectively) and the lowest decrease was “chair stand” with 7.4%. The FF decreased with increasing age, showing a significant difference from 75 years (p <0,05). Obese persons had lower FF in ‘2-min step test’ and ‘8 foot up-and-go test’ (p <0.05). Conclusion: upper limb strength was the lowest performing parameter while increasing in age and condition of obesity are associated a decrease in the FF. The evaluation of the FF is a useful tool in the diagnosis of health status in the elderly. More research is needed by aiming at the standardization of cut points associated with low FF in Spanish population...

Comparison of the functional profile of elderly women with urinary continence and incontinence / Comparação do perfil funcional de mulheres idosas com continentes urinária e incontinentes urinária

Urinary incontinence (UI), more prevalent in women and influencing their functional decline, increases with age. Current longitudinal study with two data collection in 2005-2006 and 2011 compares the functional profile of urinary continence and incontinence in elderly women. Sixty-eight women were divided into females with urinary continence (CG; n = 62) and females with urinary incontinence (IG; n = 6). Dependent variables measured were obesity and body adiposity indexes and functional fitness. Data were given in means with standard deviation (±) and analyzed by the independent t-test (p < 0.05). There were six cases of UI. In the first evaluation group differences occurred for waist circumference (CG: 85.3±9.7 cm; IG: 91.2 ± 12.4cm; t=-2.267; p < 0.05) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CG: 517.9 ± 67.3 m; IG: 463.0±85.9 m; t = 2.571; p < 0.05). CG had a better functional profile, excepting flexibility and lower limbs strength, in the second evaluation. Women with UI had higher waist circumference and lower cardiorespiratory fitness. This may be due to the relationship between the variables and greater abdominal compression and functional decline. Results show that future public health strategies should focus on these factors to decrease the risk of people developing UI and to improve physical-functional and psycho-social benefits to elderly women.

O risco de incontinência urinária (IU) aumenta com o decorrer da idade, sendo mais prevalente em mulheres e pode acelerar o declínio funcional. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar a aptidão funcional de idosas continentes e incontinentes. Estudo longitudinal com duas avaliações: 2005-2006 e 2011. Participaram deste estudo 68 mulheres classificadas em: continentes (GC; n = 62) e Incontinentes (GI; n = 6) . Foram avaliados indicadores de obesidade e adiposidade corporal, e aptidão funcional. Os dados foram descritos pela média, desvio-padrão (±) e analisados pelo Test-t independente. Ocorreram seis casos incidentes de IU. Os grupos diferiram nas variáveis circunferência de cintura (GC: 85,3 ± 9,7 cm; e GI: 91,2 ± 12,4 cm; t = -2,267; p < 0,05) e aptidão cardiorrespiratória (GC: 517,9 ± 67,3 m; e GI: 463,0 ± 85,9 m; t = 2,571; p < 0,05) na primeira avaliação. O GC apresentou melhor perfil funcional, com exceção da flexibilidade e força de membros inferiores na segunda avaliação. Mulheres que desenvolveram IU apresentam excesso de adiposidade central e menor aptidão cardiorrespiratória. Tal fato pode ser explicado pela relação dessas variáveis com maior compressão abdominal e o declínio funcional. Sendo assim, recomenda-se que futuras estratégias de saúde pública enfoquem esses fatores a fim de minimizar o risco de IU, e consequentemente, refletindo em benefícios físico-funcionais, e psicossociais a estes indivíduos.

Relationship between functional fitness, medication costs and mood in elderly people / Relações entre aptidão física funcional, custos com consumo de medicamentos e estados de humor em pessoas idosas

Objective: to verify if functional fitness (FF) is associated with the annual cost of medication consumption and mood states (MSt) in elderly people. Methods: a cross-sectional study with 229 elderly people aged 65 years or more at Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Coimbra, Portugal. Seniors with physical and psychological limitations were excluded, as well as those using medication that limits performance on the tests. The Senior Fitness Test was used to evaluate FF, and the Profile of Mood States - Short Form to evaluate the MSt. The statistical analysis was based on Mancova, with adjustment for age, for comparison between men and women, and adjustment for sex, for comparison between cardiorespiratory fitness quintiles. The association between the variables under study was made with partial correlation, controlling for the effects of age, sex and body mass index. Results: an inverse correlation between cardiorespiratory fitness and the annual cost of medication consumption was found (p < 0.01). FF is also inversely associated with MSt (p < 0.05). Comparisons between cardiorespiratory fitness quintiles showed higher medication consumption costs in seniors with lower aerobic endurance, as well as higher deterioration in MSt (p < 0.01). Conclusion: elderly people with better FF and, specifically, better cardiorespiratory fitness present lower medication consumption costs and a more positive MSt. .

Objetivo: verificar se a aptidão física funcional (AFF) tem associação com o custo anual de consumo de medicamentos e com os estados de humor (EH) em pessoas idosas. Métodos: estudo transversal com 229 idosos de 65 anos de idade ou mais da Instituição Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Coimbra, Portugal. Foram excluídos os idosos com limitações físicas e psicológicas e os que usavam medicamentos que condicionariam a realização dos testes. Foram utilizados a bateria Senior Fitness Test e o questionário Profile of Mood States - Short Form como instrumentos de coleta de dados. A análise estatística recorreu à Mancova, com ajuste de idade, para comparação entre homens e mulheres, e ajustada também para o sexo, para comparação entre quintis da aptidão cardiorrespiratória. A associação entre as variáveis de interesse foi feita com a correlação parcial, corrigindo o efeito da idade, do sexo e do índice de massa corpórea. Resultados: verificou-se a existência de correlação inversa entre a aptidão cardiorrespiratória e o custo anual de consumo de medicamentos (p < 0,01). A AFF associou-se também inversamente com os EH (p < 0,05). As comparações entre os quintis da aptidão cardiorrespiratória revelaram maior consumo de medicamentos em idosos com menor resistência aeróbia, assim como maior deterioração dos EH (p < 0,01). Conclusão: idosos com melhor AFF e, particularmente, melhor aptidão cardiorrespiratória apresentam menores custos com consumo de medicamentos e EH mais positivos. .

Comparative study of anthropometric and body composition variables, and functionality between elderly that perform regular or irregular physical activity / Estudo comparativo de variáveis antropométricas, de composição corporal e de funcionalidade entre idosos que praticam atividade física regular e irregular

Background: The impact of regular and irregular physical activity in body composition, muscle mass and strength of the elderly is not well studied yet. Objective: To compare anthropometric variables, muscle and fat thickness, mobility, handgrip and lower limb strength between regularly and irregularly active elderly classified by the International Physical Questionnaire Activity Questionnaire. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted with 75 elderly people (14 males and 61 females) who practiced regular (RPA=10) or irregular physical activity (IPA=65). Anthropometric variables (body mass index, circumferences and skinfolds), muscular and fat thickness (triceps, vastus lateralis and medial gastrocnemius [ultrasound]), handgrip strength (Crown dynamometer), lower limb strength (sit and stand up test) and mobility were collected from the sample. Physical activity was assessed by the International Physical Questionnaire Activity Questionnaire. Results: No significant differences were found in the anthropometric, skeletal muscle and fat mass and force variables between two groups (p>0.05). However, elders who practiced irregular physical activity presented best performance in the time up and go test than those who practiced regular physical activity (p=0.008). Results were independent of sex and age of subjects (p=0.017). Conclusion: The study showed no significant differences between elderly that performed physical activity in regular or irregular way in relation body composition and force parameters. However, the results suggest that even irregular physical activity can help the elderly individuals in the mobility, and prevent falls. .

Introdução: o impacto da atividade física regular e/ou irregular na composição corporal, massa e força muscular e funcionalidade em idosos é ainda pouco estudado. Objetivo: comparar variáveis antropométricas, espessura muscular e de gordura, mobilidade e força de preensão palmar de membros inferiores entre idosos regular e irregularmente ativos classificados pelo International Phisical Activity Questionnnaire. Método: estudo transversal com 75 idosos (14 homens e 61 mulheres) que praticavam atividade física regular (AFR=10) ou irregular (AFI=65). Variáveis antropométricas (índice de massa corporal, circunferências e dobras cutâneas), espessura muscular e de gordura (tríceps braquial, vasto lateral e gastrocnêmico medial [ultrassom]), força de preensão palmar (dinamômetro Crown), força de membros inferiores (teste de senta e levanta) e mobilidade foram coletadas da amostra de idosos. A atividade física foi avaliada através do International Phisical Activity Questionnnaire. Resultados: não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nas variáveis antropométricas, espessura muscular e de gordura e força entre os dois grupos (p>0,05). No entanto, no grupo de idosos que praticavam atividade física irregular, foi obtido melhor desempenho no teste de mobilidade do que nos idosos que praticavam atividade física regular (p<0,008). Esse resultado foi independente de sexo e idade (p=0,017). Conclusão: o estudo não encontrou diferenças significativas entre os idosos que praticam atividade física de forma regular ou irregular em relação à composição corporal e parâmetros de força. Contudo, os resultados sugerem que a prática de atividade física irregular pode ajudar a mobilidade dos idosos e prevenir quedas. .

Adaptation of the AAHPERD test battery for institutionalized older adults / Bateria de testes da AAHPERD: adaptacao para idosos institucionalizados

The American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (AAHPERD) test battery assesses the functional fitness of older adults in five motor fitness tests. The objective of this study was to adapt and test the AAHPERD in institutionalized older adults and to define normative values of functional fitness for this population. A pilot test was conducted on older adults living in nursing homes, which confirmed the need to adapt the flexibility and aerobic endurance tests. The first test was redesigned so that the elderly person did not have to sit on the floor. The second test was changed from a half-mile to a 6-minute walk. The tests were adapted and tested in a sample of 92 older adults from six long-term care homes. The successful application of the AAHPERD adapted for older adults living in nursing homes permitted the establishment of normative values for the five motor tests. The adapted version of the AAHPERD is an easily applied, low-cost tool of low risk since it was adapted to the physical and functional conditions of institutionalized older adults. This physical test battery will contribute to the evaluation of older adults and exercise prescription.

AAHPERD - American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance é uma bateria que avalia a aptidão funcional de idosos por meio de cinco testes físicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi adaptar a AAHPERD para testar em idosos institucionalizados e definir os valores normativos de aptidão funcional para esta população. Realizou-se um teste piloto em idosos institucionalizados, quando se confirmou a necessidade de adaptação dos testes de flexibilidade e de resistência aeróbia. O primeiro teste foi redesenhado para que o idoso não precisasse sentar-se no chão e no segundo, foi substituída a caminhada de meia milha pela caminhada de 6 minutos. A AAHPERD foi adaptada e submetida à testagem em uma amostra de 92 idosos residentes em seis Instituições de Longa Permanência para Idosos (ILPI). A aplicação bem sucedida da versão AAHPERD aos idosos institucionalizados permitiu a criação de valores normativos nos cinco testes físicos. Portanto, a AAHPERD adaptada é um instrumento de fácil aplicação, de baixo custo e de baixo risco na execução dos testes físicos, pois seus testes físicos foram adaptados para as condições físicas e funcionais de idosos institucionalizados. é uma bateria de testes físicos que contribuirá para a avaliação dos idosos e prescrição de exercícios.

Exercícios físicos generalizados capacidade funcional e sintomas depressivos em idosos brasileiros / Physical exercises, functional capacity and depressive symptoms in Brazilian elderly

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os efeitos de 16 semanas de exercícios físicos generalizados sobre componentes da capacidade funcional, aptidão funcional geral e sintomas depressivos em idosos. Cinquenta e cinco idosos (67,3±5,8 anos) participaram do estudo. Os grupos foram distribuídos de acordo com a participação no protocolo proposto: a) grupo treinado (GT), composto de 27 participantes que atenderam pelo menos 75% do total de sessões de exercícios físicos generalizados por 16 semanas e; b) grupo controle (GC), participantes que não estiveram participando de nenhum tipo de programa regular de atividades físicas. A capacidade funcional foi avaliada por meio da bateria de testes para idosos da AAHPERD que é composta por cinco testes: coordenação, flexibilidade, resistência de força, agilidade e equilíbrio dinâmico e resistência aeróbia geral. Os sintomas depressivos foram medidos por meio da Escala de Depressão e Geriatria- versão curta (GDS-15). Os resultados demonstraram que os idosos do GT apresentaram melhor desempenho nos testes motores. Os sintomas depressivos não sofreram alterações em ambos os grupos. Desta maneira, nossos resultados indicam que 16 semanas são suficientes para promover benefícios na aptidão funcional geral de idosos, enquanto que idosos que permanecem sedentários tendem a apresentar decréscimo em sua aptidão física geral. O programa proposto não foi capaz de provocar alterações significativas em idosos com baixos valores relatados de sintomas depressivos para esta variável. As evidências do presente estudo possibilitam predizer que um programa generalizado pode auxiliar na prevenção de doenças crônicas, evitar declínios funcionais e produzir efeitos positivos na qualidade de vida.

The objective of our study was to investigate the effects of 16 weeks of multimodal exercise on functional capacity components, general functional fitness and depressive symptoms in the elderly. Fifty-five elderly (67.3 ± 5.8 years) participated in the study. The groups were distributed according to the participation on the proposed protocol: a) trained group (TG) composed of 27 participants who attended at least 75% of the total generalized physical exercise sessions for 16 weeks; and b) control group (CG), participants who did not attend any regular physical activity program. Functional capacity was assessed using the AAHPERD battery of motor tests for elderly, which consists of five tests: coordination, flexibility, muscular resistance, agility/dynamic balance, and overall aerobic endurance. Depressive symptoms were measured using the short version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15). The results showed that elderly on TG had better performance on motor tests. Depressive symptoms did not change for both groups. Thus, our results indicate that 16 weeks is sufficient to improve general functional fitness in elderly, while those who remain sedentary tend to decrease their overall physical fitness. The proposed program could not induce significant changes in the elderly with low levels of depressive symptoms reported for this variable. The evidence of this study allows the prediction that a generalized program can help prevent chronic diseases, reduce functional decline and produce positive effects on quality of life.

Estudo alométrico da aptidão funcional de crianças e jovens rurais de Moçambique / Allometric study of functional fitness of children and adolescents in a rural area of Mozambique

Pesquisas em contextos Africanos nas quais se estuda o desempenho motor de crianças através do método alométrica são escassas. O estudo teve como objetivo averiguar a variabilidade da aptidão funcional de crianças e jovens rurais Moçambicanos por meio do contraste entre expoentes alométricos teóricos e empíricos. Foram medidas a altura e o peso, e avaliada a aptidão funcional com base em testes selecionados das baterias AAHPERD, EUROFIT e Fitnessgram. Foi considerada a equação alométrica fundamental, Y=aXb. Para além das estatísticas descritivas habituais, recorreu-se à ANOVA fatorial para determinar o efeito da idade e do sexo nas variáveis somáticas e funcionais. Aplicou-se uma extensão do modelo alométrico a partir da ANCOVA após transformação logarítmica das variáveis de interesse. Os valores médios de altura e peso aumentam em função da idade, interagindo significativamente com idade e sexo. Constatou-se um efeito da idade nas provas físicas, com maiores médias dos meninos. Os coeficientes alométricos encontrados são distintos dos esperados teoricamente, sendo maiores nas meninas do que nos meninos em quase todas as provas. Pode-se concluir que existe um dimorfismo sexual nas diferenças de médias na aptidão funcional ao longo da idade. Os expoentes empíricos encontrados, em ambos os sexos, são antagônicos aos esperados teoricamente, salientando ausência do pressuposto da similaridade geométrica. Nas meninas, os expoentes alométricos são, em todas as provas, maiores do que dos meninos.

Few studies in Africa have investigated the physical performance of children using the allometric method. This study evaluated the functional fitness of children and adolescents in a rural area of Mozambique using the contrast between theoretical models and empirical allometric coefficients. Height and weight were measured and functional fitness was assessed using the AAHPERD, EUROFIT and Fitnessgram tests. The allometric equation Y=aXb, was used. In addition to descriptive statistics, factorial ANOVA was used to test differences of body size and functional variables between sexes and age groups. An extension of the allometric equation based on ANCOVA was used after proper logarithmic transformation of all variables of interest. Mean height and weight increased with age and were significantly associated with age and sex. Functional fitness increased with age, and mean results were higher for boys. Allometric coefficients were different from those expected according to theory, and girls had higher coefficients in almost all tests. A marked sexual dimorphism was seen in functional fitness results according to age. Empirical coefficients were different from those expected according to theory, which demonstrated the absence of the presumed geometric similarity. Girls had higher coefficients than boys in all fitness tests.

FALL-RELATED FACTORS TO TARGET IN COMMUNITY-BASED INTERVENTIONS FOR PREVENTION OF FALLS / 体力科学

Fall-related factors (FRFs) are classified into intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors. Intervention programs, which focused on modifiable factors (MFs) among FRFs have been designed to prevent falls. The purpose of this study was to identify easily-measurable intrinsic MFs for falls and recurrent falls. Cross-sectional analysis was carried out on the data from 483 community-dwelling older adults, aged 65-92 years (73.7 ± 5.9 yr, 138 men, 345 women). We measured history of falls in the past year and 7 domains of FRFs. Of these, 20 items were selected as MFs. Analyses of FRFs and MFs were conducted by comparing (separated by sex) those who did not report a fall with those who reported any number of falls, and those who reported no falls or one fall with those who reported recurrent falls. Using the significant items as independent variables, multiple logistic regression analysis with forward selection method was performed. The prevalence of falls and recurrent falls was: in men, 24.6% and 14.5%; in women, 26.7% and 12.5%. There were no significant differences in prevalence of falls or recurrent falls between genders. The following items were selected as the MFs most strongly associated with falls: climbing 10 steps with difficulty and tandem walk; and associated with recurrent falls: climbing 10 steps with difficulty, sit and reach, and tandem walk. These results are useful in determining the focus of fall prevention programs to be used in future community-based interventions.

Aptidão funcional de idosas praticantes de atividades físicas / Functional fitness of older women performing physical activities

O envelhecimento é um processo progressivo e natural e a atividade física vem sendo apontada como uma possibilidade de minimizar o seu impacto e, especialmente, manter a capacidade funcional do idoso por mais tempo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar as modificações do Índice de Aptidão Funcional Geral (IAFG) de idosos participantesde um programa de atividades físicas no decorrer de 10 meses, associando aos diferentes estratos etários, tempo de participação no programa e modificações nas capacidades físicas avaliadas. O estudo foi realizado com 225 idosos, média de idade de 69,26 anos (dp=5,685),participantes do programa de Atividade Física e Dança Folclórica para a Terceira Idade do Centro de Desportes/Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizada a estatística descritiva, o teste t de Student e análise de variância (ANOVA). De março a dezembro de 2005, verificou-se diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,01) doIAFG e nas variáveis agilidade/equilíbrio e coordenação (p<0,01). As capacidades físicas força (p=0,323), resistência (p= 0,946) e flexibilidade (p=0,722) não tiveram diferença significante no período analisado. Verificou-se também que o grupo que praticava atividadesfísicas há mais de 10 anos e com faixa etária acima de 80 anos de idade, apresentaram melhor IAFG nas avaliações realizadas. A prática de atividades físicas por idosos pode ser um importante fator para a melhora e/ou manutenção da aptidão funcional no decorrer do processo de envelhecimento.

Aging is a natural and progressive process and physical activities have been indicated as a possibility to minimize its impact and, especially, to maintain the functional capacity of older adults for a longer period of time. The objective of the present study was to analyze modifications in the General Functional Fitness Index (GFFI) in older adults participating in aphysical activity program for a period of 10 months and to associate the results with different age strata, duration of participation in the program and modifications in physical fitness. The study was conducted on 225 older women (mean age: 69.26, sd=5.685), participating in the PhysicalActivity and Folk Dance Program for The Elderly of the Sports Center, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Descriptive statistics, Student t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for analysis of the data. A significant difference (p<0.01) in GFFI and in the variablesagility/balance and coordination (p<0.01) was observed between March and December 2005. Strength (p=0.323), resistance (p=0,946) and flexibility (p=0.722) did not differ significantly during the period analyzed. In addition, the group performing physical activity for more than 10years and the group older than 80 years presented the best GFFI in the assessments. Physical activity for older adults might be an important factor to improve and/or maintain functional fitness during the process of aging.

Repercussions of training and detraining by water-based exercise on functional fitness and quality of life: a short-term follow-up in healthy older women

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of short-term exercise detraining on the functional fitness of older women after a 12-week water-based exercise (WE) program. METHODS: Healthy older women (trained (TR) group) were submitted to 12 weeks WE (three 45 min sessions per week) followed by a 6-week detraining period. A group of aged-matched women without any exercise training (UN group) were evaluated during the same period. The aerobic power, measured by VO2max and 800 meters performance, and the neuromuscular fitness and quality of life were evaluated. All assessments were made at baseline, after 12 weeks of training and after 4 and 6 weeks of detraining. RESULTS: No changes were found for the UN group during the follow-up study, but WE induced significant improvement in aerobic capacity, neuromuscular fitness and quality of life score. However, the upper and lower body strength, agility, flexibility, and body balance returned to UN levels (p>0.05) after 6 weeks of detraining. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirmed that 12 weeks of WE improves the functional fitness parameters and quality of life of older women. However, after a short detraining period of 4-6 weeks, the neuromuscular parameters and the quality of life score returns to baseline or untrained subject levels.

Interactive Effects of Forward, Backward Walking Exercise and Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercise on Sexual Function and Functional Fitness in the Elderly Male Population

BACKGROUND: To assess the effect of forward, backward walking exercise and pelvic floor muscle exercise on sexual function and functional fitness in elderly males. METHODS: Twenty two elderly males participated in this study. They were divided into two groups. The Complex Exercise(CE) group(n=11) performed the forward, backward walking exercise(3 days/week, 12 weeks) and pelvic floor muscle exercises(PFME; 5 days/week, 12 weeks). The PFME group(n=11) only performed PFME(5 days/week, 12 weeks). Both groups performed the PFME in the same manner. Outcomes were evaluated by IIEF-5(5-item version of the interna- tional index of erectile function), 6min walk, and 30sec & 1min sit-to-stand before exercise training, and at week 4, week 8, and week 12. RESULTS: Total scores and erectile function scores had significant interaction effect(p<0.05) in group and period. 6min walk wassignificantly different(p<0.05) in exercise period and 30sec(p<0.001) & 1min sit-to-stand(p<0.01) had signi- ficant interaction effectin group and period. CONCLUSION: Three months of forward, backward walking and pelvic floor muscle exercises did not have significant positive effects on sexual function and functional fitness in elderly males.

Influência de 12 anos de prática de atividade física regular em programa supervisionado para idosos / Influence of a 12-year supervised physical activity programfor the elderly

O envelhecimento é um processo inevitável, associado com o declínio fisiológico e da capacidade funcional do ser humano. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os efeitos de 12 anos de prática de atividade física em programa supervisionado, sobre a aptidão funcional em idosos. Dez idosas (idade média de 65 anos) participaram do estudo. Elas foramdivididas em dois grupos: a) grupo treinado (GT), composto de 5 participantes que estavam atendendo um programa supervisionado que incluía diferentes tipos de atividades físicas de intensidade moderada; b) grupo não treinado (GNT), participantes que não estavam engajadas em programa supervisionado de atividade física, ambos nos últimos 12 anos. A aptidão funcional foi avaliada por meio da bateria de testes para idosos da AAHPERD que é composta por cinco testes: coordenação, flexibilidade, resistência de força, agilidade e equilíbrio dinâmico e resistência aeróbia geral. Os resultados mostram que as idosas quepermaneceram no programa de atividade física apresentaram melhor desempenho nos testes motores. Portanto, enquanto idosas que continuam a participar regularmente de atividades físicas num programa supervisionado tendem a melhorar ou manter todos os componentesde aptidão funcional, mesmo durante o longo período de 12 anos, aquelas que só realizam atividades físicas requeridas nas tarefas da vida diária, tendem a reduzir a maioria daqueles componentes. As evidências do presente estudo possibilitam predizer diferenças de aptidão funcional, cada vez maiores, entre os dois grupos, com o passar do tempo, o que pode produzir efeitos de direção oposta nas respectivas qualidades de vida.

Aging is an inevitable process and is associated with declining physiological and functional capacity in humans. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a 12-year supervised physical training program on functional fitness in the elderly. Ten women (mean age: 65 years) participated in the study. The subjects were divided into two groups: a) a trained group consisting of women who had been attending a supervised program including different types of physical activities of moderate intensity over the last 12 years; b) an untrained group consisting of women who were not engaged in any supervised physical activity program over the last 12 years. Functional fitness was assessed using the AAHPERD -test battery which comprisesfive single motor tests: coordination, flexibility, strength endurance, agility and dynamic balance, and overall aerobic endurance. The results showed a better performance of elderly women who participated in a physical activity program over the last 12 years. Thus, whereas elderly womenwho perform regular physical activities in a supervised program tend to show improvement of all functional fitness components even after a period of 12 years, a tendency towards a reduction in most of these components is observed in their non-active peers. These findings seem to predict an increasing gap in functional fitness between these two groups as they grow older, with opposite effects on the quality of life of these subjects.

THE EFFECTS OF COMBINED EXERCISE ON FUNCTIONAL FITNESS AND RISK FACTORS OF METABOLIC SYNDROME IN THE OLDER WOMEN / 体力科学

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in functional fitness and risk factors for metabolic syndrome after 12 weeks of combined exercise in women of advanced age. Subjects consisted of twenty women of advanced age with metabolic syndrome (Control, 10 ; Combined, 10) whose age was over 75. The combined exercise program included stretching for 20 minutes, aerobic exercise for 30 minutes, resistance training for 15 minutes, and Asana yoga for 15 minutes. Subjects exercised 4 times a week for 12 weeks. We found that LBM (lean body mass) was significantly increased and visceral fat was significantly decreased after 12 weeks. Also, self-reliance fitness and the risk factors for metabolic syndrome were significantly improved after 12 weeks in the combined exercise group. Therefore, it appears that combined exercise plays a positive role in body composition and fitness and reduces the risk factors for metabolic syndrome in women of advanced age.

Relações entre aptidão funcional e níveis de atividade física de idosas ativas / Relationships between functional fitness and levels of physical activity of active aged women

Este estudo objetivou analisar as diferenças nas dimensões da atividade física de acordo com a classificação da aptidão funcional de idosas ativas fisicamente. Para tal foram avaliados 59 idosas com idade média de 68,3 anos (DP= 5,1) praticantes de hidroginástica, natação e dança. O nível de atividade física foi avaliado por meio do Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ), modelo longo e semana normal, aplicado em forma de entrevista. A aptidão funcional das idosas foi avaliada por meio da aplicação da bateria de testes físicos da American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance. Para classificar a aptidão funcional das idosas foram adotados os valores normativos para mulheres idosas brasileiras com idades entre 60 e 79 anos. Os resultados indicaram haver uma diferença estatisticamente significativa apenas para o nível de atividade física de lazer (p=0,014). Indicando que aquelas com melhor aptidão funcional praticavam significativamente mais atividades físicas de lazer do que aquelas com pior aptidão funcional. Não foram observadas diferenças para as outras dimensões da atividade física avaliadas. Assim, acredita-se que, especificamente para este grupo, piores classificações da aptidão funcional sejam fatores limitantes para o incremento nas práticas de atividades físicas de lazer.

This study aimed to analise the differences in the domains of physical activity according to the classification of the functional fitness of physically active aged women. For such, it were evaluated 59 aged women with mean age of 68.3 years (SD= 5.1) engajed in hydrogymnastics, swimming and dance classes. The level of physical activity was evaluated through the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), form long and normal week, applied in interview form. The seniors? functional fitness was evaluated through the application of the battery of physical tests of American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance - AAHPERD. To classify the samples? functional fitness the normative values created for Brazilian aged women with ages between 60 and 79 years were adopted. Results indicated a statistically significant difference just for the level of leisure-time physical activity (p=.014). Indicating that those with better functional fitness practiced significantly more leisure-time physical activities than those with worse functional fitness. Where not observed differences to the others evalutioned domains of the physical activity. Thus, it is believed that, specifically for this group, worse classifications of the functional fitness are factors for the increment in the practices of leisure-time physical activities.

Efeito do período de interrupção de atividades aquáticas na aptidão funcional de idosas / The effect of stopping water exercise for 12 weeks on the functional fitness of elderly women

Esse estudo teve como objetivo verificar a influência do período de interrupção de 12 semanas na aptidão funcional de mulheres idosas, praticantes de atividades aquáticas. A amostra foi composta por 31 idosas, com x = 68,97 anos (DP = 5,34), praticantes de atividades aquáticas, que fizeram os testes da Bateria da American Alliance for Health,Physical Education, Recreation and Dance - AAHPERD, em novembro de 2005 e após 12 semanas de interrupção (março de 2006). Os resultados dos testes foram comparados com os valores normativos para essa bateria. O tratamento estatístico foi descritivo, mediante a freqüência simples e percentagem, e o teste t para amostras emparelhadas/pareadas, com nível de significância de 5%. Observou-se diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os valores médios de coordenação, agilidade e do índice de aptidão funcional geral (IAFG) entre o final do programa e após o período de interrupção. Ocorreu uma diminuição no resultado do IAFG e da coordenação após o período de interrupção de 12 semanas, porém, a agilidade das participantes melhorou. Concluiu-se que o período de interrupção de 12 semanas de atividades aquáticas influencia o IAFG em idosas. Estes resultados reforçam a importância do exercício físico no processo de envelhecimento e da conscientização sobre as vantagens de se manterem ativos mesmo no período de férias para a melhora e/ou manutenção dos níveis da aptidão funcional das idosas.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a 12-week pause in exercising in water on the functional fitness of elderly women. The sample was 31 elderly women, with x = 68.97 years (SD = 5.34), all participants in a water exercise program. The women were tested in November 2005 and, after a 12-week pause in water exercises, in March 2006, using the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance - AAHPERD test battery. The statistical analysis was descriptive, using simple frequencies and percentages, plus the t test for paired samples. A statistically significant difference was observed between mean scores for coordination, agility and the general functional fitness index (GFFI) at the end of the exercise program and 12 weeks later. The GFFI and coordination scores had reduced after the 12- week period, but the participants? agility had improved. It was concluded that a 12-week pause in water exercise impacted the GFFI of these elderly women. These results emphasize the importance of physical exercise during the ageing process and of raising awareness of the need for the elderly to keep physically active even during the holiday period in order to improve and/or maintain functional fitness levels.

EFFECTS OF TAI CHI ON FUNCTIONAL FITNESS AND SUBJECTIVE HEALTH STATUS IN OLDER JAPANESE RETURNEES FROM CHINA : A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL / 体力科学

<b>Background</b> : Tai Chi is suitable for most Chinese immigrants, because it is an ancient fitness exercise with Chinese cultural background. Research has suggested that Tai Chi improves functional fitness and reduces stress and anxiety.<b>Purpose</b> : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the short and long effects of a 3-month Tai Chi exercise program on the functional fitness and subjective health status of older Japanese returnees from China.<b>Design</b> : Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT).<b>Method</b> : After obtaining informed consent, 54 participants (63.5±3.7 yrs) were randomly allocated into either an intervention group (n=27) or a control group (n=27). The intervention program included 60-minutes of Tai Chi and a health talk, etc. The program was offered once a week for a 3-month period with home-based Tai Chi performed daily. Interview surveys included items such as demography, self-related health, habits of exercise, history of falls, etc. The participants also underwent evaluations for functional fitness. Data were collected at baseline, 12 weeks, and a 3-month follow-up. A description of the intervention group's impressions about Tai Chi was added at the end of the program. Repeated measures of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Cochran's Q-test were taken to test for changes in outcome variable.<b>Results</b> : There were no significant differences in any of the baseline characteristics between the intervention and control groups. At the program completion and 3-month follow-up, the intervention group showed the following : (1) a significantly better performance in functional fitness : time interaction for one leg standing time with eyes opened (<i>P</i><0.01) and closed (<i>P</i><0.01), functional reach (<i>P</i><0.01), tandem walking (<i>P</i><0.01), Timed Up & Go (<i>P</i><0.05), and walking speed (<i>P</i><0.01) ; (2) significantly better improvement in self-rated health (<i>P</i><0.01), life satisfaction (<i>P</i><0.01), and concern about own health (<i>P</i><0.01) ; (3) As to impressions, 85.2% responded “We feel that Tai Chi is an intimate activity in our lives” ; and 63.0% reported “We are attached to Tai Chi, and we do Tai Chi to restore confidence in our health” in the intervention group. By comparison, no significant changes in control group were observed.<b>Conclusion</b> : These results showed that Tai Chi is effective for functional fitness and subjective health status in older Japanese returnees from China. This study also provides a valuable example of investigating the significance of culturally relevant interventions for Chinese immigrants, especially the aged.