Conocimiento en estudiantes de enfermería sobre sepsis quirúrgico / Knowledge in nursing students about surgical sepsis

Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de conocimiento de los estudiantes de enfermería de la Universidad Técnica de Ambato sobre sepsis quirúrgica. Material y método: La presente investigación tiene un diseño de desarrollo observacional, de tipo descriptivo, cohorte transversal, con un enfoque cuantitativo, ya que el nivel de cono-cimiento se verá representado mediante tablas y gráficos para des-cribir la problemática del periodo octubre 2023 febrero 2024. Re-sultados: Se evidencia un alto porcentaje de respuestas incorrectas por cada ítem por parte de los estudiantes. La categoría Nivel de Conocimiento sobre Definición de Sepsis, fue respondida de ma-nera incorrecta con un porcentaje del 83,9%, la categoría Nivel de Conocimiento sobre Diagnóstico de Sepsis obtuvo 51,7% y, por úl-timo, la Nivel de Conocimiento sobre Tratamiento de Sepsis con el 29,2%. Conclusiones: El nivel de conocimiento de los estudiantes sobre Sepsis Quirúrgica es malo, debido a que existe una subesti-mación de la gravedad de la sepsis como afección potencialmente mortal, lo que puede traer un impacto negativo en los pacientes[AU]

Objective: Determine the level of knowledge of nursing students at the Technical University of Ambato about surgical sepsis. Mate-rials and methods: This research has an observational, descriptive, transversal development design, with a quantitative approach since the level of knowledge will be represented through tables and gra-phs to describe the problems of the period October 2023-February 2024. Results: A high percentage of incorrect answers for each item by the students is evident. The category Level of Knowledge about Definition of Sepsis was answered incorrectly with a percentage of 83.9%, the category Level of Knowledge about Diagnosis of Sepsis obtained 51.7% and, finally, the category Level of Knowledge about Treatment of Sepsis. Sepsis with 29.2%. Conclusions: The level of knowledge of students about Surgical Sepsis is poor because there is an underestimation of the severity of sepsis as a potentially fatal condition, which can have a negative impact on patients[AU]

Objetivo: Determinar o nível de conhecimento dos estudantes de enfermagem da Universidade Técnica de Ambato sobre sepse ci-rúrgica. Material e método: Esta pesquisa possui desenho de coor-te observacional, descritivo, transversal, com abordagem quantita-tiva, uma vez que o nível de conhecimento será representado por meio de tabelas e gráficos para descrever o problema no período de outubro de 2023 a fevereiro de 2024. Resultados: Uma parada. É evidente o percentual de respostas incorretas para cada item por parte dos alunos. A categoria Nível de Conhecimento sobre Defi-nição de Sepse foi respondida incorretamente com percentual de 83,9%, a categoria Nível de Conhecimento sobre Diagnóstico de Sepse obteve 51,7% e por fim, a categoria Nível de Conhecimen-to sobre Tratamento de Sepse com 29,2%. Conclusões: O nível de conhecimento dos estudantes sobre a Sepse Cirúrgica é baixo, pois há uma subestimação da gravidade da sepse como uma condição potencialmente fatal, que pode ter um impacto negativo nos pa-cientes[AU]

Efecto de la "ley de residentes" sobre el bienestar laboral en cirugía: resultados de un estudio nacional de métodos mixtos en Colombia / Effect of the "residents' law" on occupational well-being in surgery: Results of a national mixed methods study in Colombia

Introducción. El efecto de las políticas para el mejoramiento del bienestar de los residentes, en términos de desgaste profesional y compromiso laboral, es controversial y su resultado tras la implementación de la "ley de residentes" (1917/2018) en Colombia es desconocido. Este estudio explora el efecto de esta ley en médicos residentes de cirugía colombianos. Métodos. Estudio de métodos mixtos secuencial explicativo. Inicialmente, se invitó a todos los residentes de cirugía del país a autodiligenciar los cuestionarios UWES-17 y MBI-HSS para evaluar el compromiso laboral (vigor, dedicación y absorción) y desgaste profesional (agotamiento emocional, despersonalización y baja realización personal) antes (2019) y después (2022) de la implementación de la ley. Se probaron diferentes hipótesis mediante modelos de ecuaciones estructurales. Los resultados fueron explorados con cirujanos mediante grupos focales. La información cualitativa fue analizada manualmente y por inteligencia artificial, y reportada en temas principales. Resultados. Participaron en el estudio 400 residentes. La tasa de desgaste profesional fue de 24,8 % antes y 15,8 % después (p=0,032). El análisis de ecuaciones estructurales confirmó que el agotamiento emocional sobre el desgaste profesional fue menor en 2022 (p=0,022). No se identificaron cambios significativos en el compromiso laboral. La principal explicación fue atribuida a los beneficios económicos de la ley. Conclusión. La tasa de desgaste profesional en médicos residentes de cirugía colombianos se redujo significativamente tras la implementación de la "ley de residentes". Estos hallazgos tienen implicaciones para la practica y el mejoramiento de la calidad de la educación.

Introduction. The effect of policies to improve residents' well-being, in terms of professional burnout and work commitment is controversial, and its result after the implementation of the "residents' law" (1917/2018) in Colombia is unknown. This study explores the effect of this law on Colombian surgical residents. Methods. Explanatory sequential mixed methods study. Initially, all surgical residents in the country were invited to self-complete the UWES-17 and MBI-HSS questionnaires to evaluate work commitment (vigor, dedication, and absorption) and professional burnout (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and low personal accomplishment) before (2019) and after (2022) the implementation of the law. Different hypotheses were tested using structural equation models. The results were explored with surgeons through focus groups. Qualitative information was analyzed manually and by artificial intelligence, and reported into main themes. Results. 400 residents participated in the study. Burnout rates were 24.8% before and 15.8% after (p=0.032). The structural equations analysis confirmed that emotional exhaustion over professional burnout was lower in 2022 (p=0.022). No significant changes in work commitment were identified. The main explanation was attributed to the economic benefits of the law. Conclusion. The burnout rate in Colombian surgical residents was significantly reduced after the implementation of the "residents' law". These findings have implications for practice and improving the quality of education

Efecto de la deuda económica sobre el bienestar psicológico de los residentes de cirugía: Resultados de un estudio nacional en Colombia / Effect of financial debt on the psychological well-being of surgery residents: Results of a national study in Colombia

Introducción. La deuda económica durante la residencia en cirugía general puede afectar el desempeño profesional, las decisiones de vida y el bienestar psicológico. La información disponible en Colombia es limitada. El objetivo de este estudio fue cuantificar la deuda económica del residente de cirugía general, identificar los factores asociados y evaluar su efecto en el bienestar psicológico. Métodos. Estudio de corte transversal analítico. Se invitó a 380 residentes a diligenciar una encuesta sobre los aspectos relacionados con su deuda económica y se utilizó el WHO-index para evaluar su bienestar psicológico. Resultados. Un total de 259 residentes participaron en el estudio (67,6 %). El 56 % posee una deuda económica promedio de COP $88.000.000 ((US$21.826)). Un alto nivel de endeudamiento se relacionó con el año de residencia, el tipo de institución (privada) y la solicitud de préstamos. Se identificó algún trastorno mental en 14,7 % y un bajo nivel de bienestar psicológico en 56,4 % de los participantes. No se identificó ninguna asociación entre una elevada deuda económica y el bajo bienestar psicológico. Conclusiones. La deuda económica tiene un efecto sobre los residentes. El endeudamiento de los residentes de cirugía en Colombia es altamente prevalente, y no se correlaciona con un pobre bienestar psicológico. La autodeterminación favorece el bienestar psicológico en el posgrado en cirugía general. Existe la necesidad de educación financiera en los residentes. Se requieren nuevos estudios que evalúen las causas del pobre bienestar psicológico.

Introduction. Financial debt during surgery residency can affect professional performance, life decisions, and psychological well-being. The information available in Colombia is limited. The objective of this study is to quantify the financial debt of the general surgery resident, identify the associated factors and evaluate their effect on psychological well-being. Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out. A total of 380 residents were invited to complete a survey on aspects related to their financial debt, and the WHO-index to evaluate their psychological well-being. Results. A total of 259 residents participated in the study (67.6%). 56% have an average economic debt of $88,000,000 COP (US$21,826). High debt was related to level of residence, type of institution (private), and loan application. Some mental disorder was identified in 14.7% and a low level of psychological well-being in 56.4% of the participants. No association was identified between high financial debt and low psychological well-being. Conclusions. Economic debt has an effect on residents. Financial debt among surgical residents in Colombia is highly prevalent; however, it does not correlate with poor psychological well-being. Self-determination favors psychological well-being in the postgraduate course in general surgery. Likewise, the need for financial education in residents is imminent. New studies are required that thoroughly evaluate the causes of poor well-being.

Percepción sobre la formación en cuidados paliativos de los estudiantes de las especializaciones de Cirugía general en Colombia / Perception of palliative care training among students of General Surgery specializations in Colombia

Introducción. Los cuidados paliativos responden al sufrimiento de pacientes terminales y requieren personal entrenado para la intervención. Forman parte de la actividad en cirugía, sin embargo, no encontramos información sobre la educación de postgrado en cirugía en Colombia. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el nivel de conocimientos en cuidados paliativos, la calidad de la formación y las estrategias pedagógicas en los residentes. Métodos. Estudio observacional con recolección de la información autodiligenciada por medio electrónico. Resultados. Participaron 228 residentes, 7,8 % mencionaron asistir a rotación en cuidado paliativo y 66,6 % tener contacto con especialistas en cuidados paliativos. El 30,7 % no identificó una estrategia pedagógica clara. El 29,3 % tuvo alto nivel de conocimiento y 21,1 % adecuada calidad de formación. El 83,8 % tuvo un alto nivel en el manejo de obstrucción intestinal. No hubo asociación entre el nivel de conocimiento y las variables evaluadas (p>0,05). Conclusiones. Ni el aprendizaje recibido, ni el año de entrenamiento tuvieron efecto en el nivel percibido de conocimiento. Las competencias en cuidados paliativos, sus métodos y la calidad del aprendizaje son deficientes a nivel de postgrado en cirugía en Colombia. Probablemente está en un currículo oculto. Es necesario implementar estrategias pedagógicas en los currículos de estudios de los programas de formación de cirujanos.

Introduction. Palliative care responds to the suffering of terminal patients and requires trained personnel for intervention. They are part of the activity in surgery; however, we did not find information about postgraduate education in surgery in Colombia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the level of knowledge in palliative care, the quality of training and pedagogical strategies in residents. Methods. Observational study with self-completed information collection by electronic means. Results. A total of 228 residents participated, 7.8% mentioned a palliative care rotation and 66.6% mentioned having contact with palliative care specialists; 30.7% did not identify a clear pedagogical strategy; 29.3% had a high level of knowledge and 21.1% had adequate quality of training; 83.8% had a high level in the management of intestinal obstruction. There was no association between the level of knowledge and the variables evaluated (p>0.05). Conclusions. Neither the learning received nor the year of training had an effect on the perceived level of knowledge. Competencies in palliative care, its methods and the quality of learning are deficient at the postgraduate level in surgery in Colombia. It is probably on a hidden resume. It is necessary to implement pedagogical strategies in the study curricula of surgeon training programs.

Alcance para Colombia de la declaración de la World Society of Emergency Surgery 2022 sobre el entrenamiento en cirugía digestiva mínimamente invasiva de emergencia / Scope for Colombia of the World Society of Emergency Surgery 2022 declaration on training in emergency minimally invasive digestive surgery

Introducción. El currículo para la formación del cirujano general exige precisión, ajuste al contexto y factibilidad. En 2022, la World Society of Emergency Surgery formuló cinco declaraciones sobre el entrenamiento en cirugía digestiva mínimamente invasiva de emergencia que puede contribuir a estos propósitos. El objetivo del presente artículo fue examinar el alcance de estas declaraciones para la educación quirúrgica en Colombia. Métodos. Se analizó desde una posición crítica y reflexiva el alcance y limitaciones para Colombia de cada una de las declaraciones de la World Society of Emergency Surgery, con base en la evidencia empírica publicada durante las últimas dos décadas en revistas indexadas nacionales e internacionales. Resultados. La evidencia empírica producida en Colombia durante el presente siglo permite identificar que el país cuenta con fundamentos del currículo nacional en cirugía general, formulado por la División de Educación de la Asociación Colombiana de Cirugía en 2021; un sistema de acreditación de la educación superior; un modelo de aseguramiento universal en salud; infraestructura tecnológica y condiciones institucionales que pueden facilitar la adopción exitosa de dichas declaraciones para el entrenamiento de los futuros cirujanos en cirugía digestiva mínimamente invasiva de emergencia. No obstante, su implementación requiere esfuerzos mayores e inversión en materia de simulación quirúrgica, cooperación institucional y fortalecimiento del sistema de recertificación profesional. Conclusión. La educación quirúrgica colombiana está en capacidad de cumplir con las declaraciones de la World Society of Emergency Surgery en materia de entrenamiento en cirugía digestiva mínimamente invasiva de emergencia.

Introduction. The general surgeon training curriculum requires precision, contextual fit, and feasibility. In 2022, the World Society of Emergency Surgery formulated five statements on training in emergency minimally invasive digestive surgery, which can contribute to these purposes. This article examines the scope of these declarations for surgical education in Colombia. Methods. The scope and limitations for Colombia of each of the statements of the World Society of Emergency Surgery were analysed from a critical and reflective position, based on empirical evidence published during the last two decades in national and international indexed journals. Results. The empirical evidence produced in Colombia during this century allows us to identify that the country has the foundations of the national curriculum in general surgery, formulated by the Education Division of the Colombian Association of Surgery in 2021; a higher education accreditation system; a universal health insurance model; technological infrastructure, and institutional conditions that can facilitate the successful adoption of said statements for the training of future surgeons in emergency minimally invasive digestive surgery. However, its implementation requires greater efforts and investment in surgical simulation, institutional cooperation, and strengthening of the professional recertification system. Conclusion. Colombian surgical education is able to comply with the declarations of the World Society of Emergency Surgery regarding training in emergency minimally invasive digestive surgery.

Importância Prognóstica do Eletrocardiograma Pré-Operatório em Pacientes de Baixo Risco Submetidos à Intervenção Cirúrgica sob Anestesia Geral / Prognostic Value of Preoperative Electrocardiogram in Low-Risk Patients Undergoing Surgical Intervention and General Anesthesia

Resumo Fundamento Pacientes com idade superior a 50 anos requerem quatro vezes mais intervenções cirúrgicas que o grupo mais jovem. Muitas diretrizes recomendam a realização do eletrocardiograma pré-operatório nessa faixa etária. Objetivos Determinar a importância do ECG pré-operatório em pacientes com idade superior a 50 anos e com classificação de risco cirúrgico ASA I e II. Métodos Foram recrutados pacientes com idade superior a 50 anos, sem comorbidades, submetidos à intervenção cirúrgica sob anestesia geral. Os pacientes foram randomizados para a realização (grupo A n=214) ou não (grupo B n=213) do ECG pré-operatório. Foram analisadas as variáveis: sexo, idade, resultado do ECG, da radiografia do tórax e dos exames laboratoriais, risco cirúrgico, duração do procedimento, eventos adversos e mortalidade intra-hospitalar. O nível de significância estatística adotado foi de 5%. Resultados Houve ocorrência de desfechos adversos em 23 (5,4%) pacientes, com um número significante de eventos adversos nos pacientes do sexo masculino (OR=7,91, IC95% 3,3-18,90, p<0,001) e naqueles com intervenções de maior porte cirúrgico (OR=30,02, IC95% 4,01-224,92, p<0,001). Não houve diferença entre os grupos que realizaram ou não o ECG (OR=1,59, IC95% 0,67-3,75, p=0,289). As demais variáveis não mostraram diferenças significantes. Na regressão logística multivariada o sexo masculino (OR=6,49; IC95% 2,42-17,42, p<0,001) e o porte cirúrgico (OR=22,62; IC95% 2,95-173,41, p=0,002) foram preditores independentes de desfechos adversos, enquanto realizar ou não ECG (OR=1,09; IC95% 0,41-2,90, p=0,867) permaneceu sem significância estatística. Conclusões Os resultados sugerem que o ECG pré-operatório não foi capaz de predizer aumento do risco de desfechos adversos nos pacientes estudados, durante a fase hospitalar.

Abstract Background Patients aged over 50 years require four times more surgical interventions than younger groups. Many guidelines recommend the performance of preoperative electrocardiogram (ECG) in this population. Objectives To determine the value of preoperative ECG in patients aged over 50 years and classified as ASA I-II (surgical risk). Methods Patients older than 50 years, without comorbidities, who underwent surgical intervention and general anesthesia were included in the study. Patients were randomized to undergo ECG (group A, n=214) or not (group B, n=213) in the preoperative period. The following variables were analyzed: sex, age, ECG, chest x-ray and laboratory tests results, surgical risk, surgery duration, adverse events and in-hospital mortality. The level of significance was set at 5%. Results Adverse outcomes were reported in 23 (5.4%) patients, with a significant number of adverse events in male patients (OR=7.91 95%CI 3.3-18.90, p<0.001) and in those undergoing major surgeries (OR=30.02 95%CI 4.01-224.92, p<0.001). No differences were observed between patients who underwent ECG and those who did not (OR=1.59, 95%CI, 0.67-3.75, p=0.289). No significant differences were found in the other variables. In multivariate logistic regression, male sex (OR = 6.49; 95%CI 2.42-17.42, p<0.001) and major surgery (OR=22.62; 95%CI 2.95-173.41, p=0.002) were independent predictors of adverse outcomes, whereas undergoing (or not) ECG (OR=1.09; IC95% 0.41-2.90, p=0.867) remained without statistical significance. Conclusion Our findings suggest that preoperative ECG could not predict an increased risk of adverse outcomes in our study population during the hospital phase.

Motivación y satisfacción laboral de los residentes de Cirugía General

Introducción: La motivación y satisfacción laboral constituyen factores que garantizan el necesario compromiso social del profesional de la salud. La investigación tuvo como objetivo caracterizar los factores que influyen en el grado de motivación y satisfacción laboral de los residentes de Cirugía General. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional y exploratorio en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Universitario Clínico Quirúrgico Comandante Faustino Pérez Hernández, de Matanzas, en el año 2023. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos, empíricos (revisión de documentos, test de motivación y satisfacción laboral y la matriz DAFO) y estadístico-matemáticos. Las variables estudiadas fueron motivación y satisfacción laboral. Resultados: En la revisión documental se pudo conocer que no existen acciones que contribuyan a elevar el grado de motivación y satisfacción laboral. El grado de satisfacción laboral general de los residentes se encontró en un nivel medio, y la motivación general fue alta. En la entrevista a profundidad los profesores se mostraron insatisfechos y señalaron falta de disciplina y compromiso con el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de los residentes. A partir de la matriz DAFO se establecieron las debilidades, amenazas, fortalezas y oportunidades relacionadas con las variables estudiadas. Conclusiones: Los insuficientes recursos materiales y financieros, las inadecuadas condiciones de trabajo, las insuficiencias en la gestión del servicio y las deficiencias en el proceso docente-educativo y del trabajo en equipo, fueron las causas identificadas de insatisfacción y desmotivación laboral en los residentes de Cirugía General.

Introduction: Motivation and job satisfaction are factors that guarantee the necessary social commitment of the health professional. Objective: To characterize the factors influencing the degree of motivation and job satisfaction of General Surgery residents. Materials and methods: A descriptive, observational and exploratory study was carried out in the General Surgery Service of the Surgical Clinical University Hospital Comandante Faustino Pérez Hernández, of Matanzas, in 2023. Theoretical and empirical methods were used (document review, motivation and job satisfaction test and SWOT matrix) and statistical-mathematical tests. The variables studied were motivation and job satisfaction. Results: In the documentary review it was found that there are no actions that contribute to raising the degree of motivation and job satisfaction. The degree of general job satisfaction of the residents was found at a medium level and general motivation was high. In the in-depth interview, the professors were dissatisfied and indicated a lack of discipline and commitment to the teaching-learning process of the residents. From the SWOT matrix, the weaknesses, threats, strengths, and opportunities related to the variables studied were established. Conclusions: Insufficient material and financial resources, inadequate working conditions, deficiencies in the management of the service and deficiencies in the teaching-educational process and teamwork were the identified causes of dissatisfaction and work demotivation in the residents of General Surgery.

Appendiceal goblet cell carcinoma: comparison of classification and staging systems with evaluation of the prognostic role of immunohistochemistry stains

Background: Goblet cell carcinoma (GCC) of the appendix is a unique lesion that exhibits features of both adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine tumors. Due to the rarity of this cancer, multiple grading (e.g., Tang, Yozu, and Lee) and staging systems (e.g., tumor, lymph nodes, and metastasis [TNM]) have been developed for classification. This study aimed to compare commonly used classification systems and evaluate the prognostic effectiveness immunohistochemical staining may or may not have for appendiceal GCC. Methods: An electronic medical records review of patients who were diagnosed with GCC of the appendix in our hospital system from 2010 to 2020. The data were collected regarding the age at diagnosis, gender, initial diagnosis at presentation, operation(s) performed, final pathology results, current survival status, and year of recurrent disease or death year. Results: Ten patients were evaluated. Seventy percent of the patients were above the age of 50 years at diagnosis. Postdischarge survival ranged from 1 month to 109 months postdiagnosis. Two patients expired from GCC at 13- and 54-months following diagnosis. When comparing the classification systems, Lee categorized more patients as high risk than Tang and Yozu. Immunohistochemical staining was analyzed using four staining methods: Ki67, E-cadherin, Beta-catenin, and p53. Tumor, lymph nodes, and metastasis staging has supportive evidence for worsening prognosis and overall survival secondary to the depth of invasion of the tumor. Conclusion: Tumor, lymph nodes, and metastasis staging may be superior to the other classification systems in predicting overall mortality. Our study demonstrated that immunohistochemistry staining does not appear to have a significant impact in determining the prognosis for GCC of the appendix. (AU)

Flap of the sternocephalicus muscle in the repair of a partial defect in the trachea of a rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Purpose: The current study aimed at evaluating the repair of a partial defect of the trachea with a muscle flap, an advanced technique that employs combined suture patterns. Methods: Sixteen healthy male New Zealand white rabbits were used as an experimental model. A partial defect in the trachea within the ventral region of the fourth to eighth tracheal ring was created. Subsequently, repair was initiated with a flap of the sternocephalicus muscle. The animals were divided into four groups for postoperative evaluation using clinical, tracheoscopic, and histopathological analyses. Each group was separated according to the time of euthanasia, programmed at interval of seven (G7), 15 (G15), 30 (G30), and 60 days (G60). Results: One animal from the G60 group died, whereas the other animals had good surgical recovery without serious changes in the breathing pattern. The major clinical signs observed were stridor and coughing. Tracheoscopy revealed secretions in the tracheal lumen, exuberant granulation, and stenosis. Histopathological analysis showed growth of the ciliary respiratory epithelium at the flap site 30 days after implantation. Conclusions: Partial repair showed satisfactory results owing to the anatomical location of the muscle, adequate vascular support, and structural and physiological maintenance without serious changes in the respiratory system.

Factors associated with surgical resection in patients with Crohn's disease: long-term evaluation

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate patient characteristics and factors associated with surgical resection in patients with Crohn's disease (CD). Methods: An analysis was performed on data from 295 patients with CD in follow-up from 2001 to 2018. Medical record data comprised age, gender, location, behavior and duration of the CD, smoking, and extraintestinal manifestation. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of surgical resection. Results: Out of the 295 patients with CD, 155 underwent surgical resection (53.2% male, mean age: 43.88 ± 14.35 years). The main indications for surgery were stenosis (44.5%), clinical intractability (15.5%), and intra-abdominal fistulas (15.5%). Smoking (p < 0.001), longer CD duration (p < 0.0001), ileo-colonic location (p = 0.003), stenosing behavior (p < 0.0001), and fistulizing behavior (p < 0.0001) were significantly associated with surgical resection. Initial use of biological was significantly more frequent in the group of patients without surgical resection (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Patients with CD still frequently need surgical treatment. Smoking (current or past), longer disease time, stenosing and fistulizing behavior, and ileo-colonic localization in CD patients were associated with a higher risk of surgery. Awareness about factors associated with unfavorable outcome allows such patients to be treated more appropriately.

El laboratorio de simulación quirúrgica en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje de las ciencias quirúrgicas

Los laboratorios de simulación quirúrgica permiten perfeccionar las habilidades y disminuir las brechas de aprendizaje en la enseñanza de las ciencias quirúrgicas porque se logra disminuir el tiempo de formación y mejorar la calidad, sin estrés en los profesionales y con mayor seguridad para los pacientes. El uso de los simuladores permite minimizar el conflicto ético entre la seguridad del paciente y la enseñanza, lograr mayor eficiencia en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje, al disminuir los costos por concepto de insumos y complicaciones de los pacientes. Es propósito del autor comunicar sobre la importancia de los laboratorios de simulación quirúrgica en la docencia médica y motivar a las Universidades de Ciencias Médicas en Cuba para que, a través de proyectos de desarrollo, puedan obtener con estas estrategias de aprendizaje, alternativas útiles, ante las afectaciones económicas que provoca el bloqueo.

Surgical simulation laboratories make it possible to perfect skills and reduce learning gaps in the teaching of surgical sciences because it is possible to reduce training time and improve quality, without stress for professionals and with greater safety for patients. The use of simulators allows minimizing the ethical conflict between patient safety and teaching, achieving greater efficiency in the teaching-learning process, by reducing costs for supplies and patient complications. It is the author's purpose to communicate about the importance of surgical simulation laboratories in medical teaching and to motivate the Universities of Medical Sciences in Cuba so that, through development projects, they can obtain useful alternatives with these learning strategies before the economic effects caused by the blockade.

Results of the Last 5 Years (2018-2022) of the Specialist Title Exam of The Brazilian College of Surgeons / Avaliação dos resultados dos últimos 5 anos (2018-2022) da prova do Título de Especialista do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões

ABSTRACT The article discusses the evolution of the Brazilian College of Surgeons (CBC) specialist title exam, highlighting the importance of evaluating not only theoretical knowledge, but also the practical skills and ethical behavior of candidates. The test was instituted in 1971, initially with only the written phase, and later included the oral practical test, starting with the 13th edition in 1988. In 2022, the assessment process was improved by including the use of simulated stations in the practical test, with the aim of assessing practical and communication skills, as well as clinical reasoning, in order to guarantee excellence in the assessment of surgeons training. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the performance of candidates in the last five years of the Specialist Title Test and to compare the performance results between the different surgical training groups of the candidates. The results obtained by candidates from the various categories enrolled in the test in the 2018 to 2022 editions were analyzed. There was a clear and statistically significant difference between doctors who had completed three years of residency recognized by the Ministry of Education in relation to the other categories of candidates for the Specialist Title..

RESUMO O artigo aborda a evolução da prova de título de especialista do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões (CBC), destacando a importância de avaliar não apenas o conhecimento teórico, mas também as habilidades práticas e o comportamento ético dos candidatos. A prova foi instituída em 1971, inicialmente com apenas a fase escrita, e posteriormente foi incluída a prova prática oral, a partir da 13ª edição em 1988. Em 2022, foi aprimorado o processo de avaliação, incluindo na prova prática o uso de estações simuladas, visando avaliar habilidades práticas e de comunicação, além do raciocínio clínico, buscando garantir a excelência da avaliação da formação dos cirurgiões. O objetivo deste estudo é demonstrar o desempenho dos candidatos nos últimos cinco anos da Prova de Título de Especialista e comparar os resultados dos desempenhos entre os diferentes grupos de formação cirúrgica dos candidatos. Foram analisados os resultados obtidos pelos candidatos das diversas categorias inscritas na prova nas edições de 2018 a 2022. Ficou evidente e estatisticamente significativa a diferença entre os médicos que fizeram três anos de residência reconhecida pelo MEC em relação aos demais categorias de candidatos ao Título de Especialista.

Obstrucción intestinal por fecaloma gigante en adolescente con enfermedad de Hirschsprung

La enfermedad de Hirschsprung (EH) es infrecuente y la mayoría de los escasos casos se presentan en neonatos, raramente se diagnostica durante la adolescencia y menos son los casos documentados. Se presenta el caso de un varón de 16 años quien experimentó 15 días de estreñimiento, anorexia, vómitos postprandiales y distensión abdominal. Los exámenes imagenológicos mostraron un fecaloma masivo que obstruía el colon, y el examen anatomopatológico señaló EH. Ante el fracaso de medidas conservadoras de evacuación se realizó una hemicolectomía izquierda ampliada y una colostomía, más apendicectomía por obstrucción intestinal. El paciente fue dado de alta con antibioticoterapia. Este caso resalta la importancia de considerar EH en adolescentes con estreñimiento crónico y masas abdominales. Aunque los pacientes pueden experimentar problemas postoperatorios, la cirugía es el tratamiento más efectivo para la EH.

Hirschsprung's disease (HD) is uncommon, and most of the cases occur in neonates. It is rarely diagnosed during adolescence, and even fewer cases are documented. We present the case of a 16-year-old male who had 15 days of constipation, anorexia, postprandial vomiting and abdominal distension. Imaging examinations showed a massive fecaloma obstructing the colon, and histopathological examinations showed HD. Given the failure of conservative evacuation measures, an extended left hemicolectomy and colostomy were performed, plus appendectomy for bowel obstruction. The patient was discharged with antibiotic therapy. This case highlights the importance of considering HD in adolescents with chronic constipation and abdominal masses. Although patients may experience postoperative problems, surgery is the most effective treatment for HD.

Formación, desarrollo y evaluación de competencias profesionales en especialistas en cirugía general

Introducción: La formación, el desarrollo, la evaluación de competencias y el desempeño de los profesionales de la salud han sido una preocupación permanente en las últimas décadas, para incrementar la calidad de los servicios. Asimismo, las universidades médicas trabajan en pro de aportar un profesional con capacidad y modo de actuación adecuados. Objetivo: Evaluar, desde la formación permanente y continuada, las competencias profesionales de especialistas en cirugía general, a partir de la elaboración de la ficha del perfil de competencias. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de desarrollo, descriptivo, exploratorio, en el período de enero de 2022 a enero de 2023, en el Hospital Universitario Clínico Quirúrgico Comandante Faustino Pérez Hernández, de Matanzas. En la investigación participaron los 28 especialistas en cirugía general que laboran en el centro, y se analizó la variable "competencias profesionales". Se utilizaron como métodos teóricos: análisis documental, analítico-sintético, sistematización, inducción-deducción y modelación; y como empíricos: consulta a expertos con el método Delphi por rondas, y para la evaluación, el método 360 grados. Resultados: Se evaluaron las competencias profesionales del especialista en cirugía general según la ficha del perfil elaborada, y se identificaron las limitaciones, y la necesidad de superación desde la formación permanente y continuada. Conclusiones: La evaluación de los especialistas en cirugía general a partir del perfil de competencias profesionales, es el punto de partida para un adecuado desempeño profesional, y el enriquecimiento de las ciencias de la educación médica desde el principio de la formación permanente y continuada.

Introduction: The training, development, evaluation of skills and performance of the health professionals has been a concern in the last decades, to increase the quality of the services. Likewise, medical universities work in favor of providing professionals with adequate skills and mode of action. Objective: To evaluate, from the permanent and continuous training, the professional skills of specialist in general surgery, starting from the preparation of the skill profile file. Materials and methods: A development, descriptive, exploratory study was carried out in the period from January 2022 to January 2023 at the Clinical Surgical University Hospital Comandante Faustino Pérez Hernández, of Matanzas. The 28 specialists in general surgery who work in the hospital participated in the research, and the variable "professional skills" was analyzed. The following theoretical methods were used: documentary analysis, analytic-synthetic, systematization; induction-deduction and modeling; and as empirical: experts' consultation with the Delphi method by rounds, and for evaluation, the 360 degrees method. Results: The professional skills of the specialist in general surgery were evaluated according to the profile elaborated; the limitations and the need to improve from permanent and continuous training were identified. Conclusions: The evaluation of the specialist in general surgery from the profile of professional skills, is the start point for an adequate professional performance, and the enrichment of medical education sciences from the principle of the permanent and continuous training.

Lavado peritoneal laparoscópico en pacientes con diverticulitis aguda Hinchey III atendidos en una clínica privada de Lima / Laparoscopic peritoneal lavage in patients with Hinchey III acute diverticulitis attended at a private clinic in Lima

RESUMEN La diverticulosis es la presencia de divertículos en el tránsito intestinal, diverticulitis es la inflamación de los divertículos y ocurre en menos del 5% de pacientes con diverticulosis. El tratamiento quirúrgico de la diverticulitis aguda se aplica en los casos complicados. Tradicionalmente la operación de Hartmann es el procedimiento estándar en los casos de Diverticulitis aguda Hinchey III y IV, actualmente se recomienda individualizar el tratamiento quirúrgico en los casos de peritonitis purulenta no fecaloidea siendo el lavado peritoneal laparoscópico una opción factible. Objetivo : Describir los resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico de 4 pacientes con el diagnóstico de diverticulitis aguda Hinchey III sometidos al Lavado peritoneal en un centro privado. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo tipo serie de casos. Se recopiló información de historias clínicas para la descripción de los casos. Resultados: En los 4 pacientes intervenidos mediante el Lavado peritoneal laparoscópico, ninguno tuvo complicaciones postoperatorias ni mortalidad. Conclusiones: A juicio de los autores los beneficios del lavado peritoneal laparoscópico repercuten en una adecuada evolución postquirúrgica y generan calidad de vida en los pacientes intervenidos.

SUMMARY Diverticulosis is defined as the presence of diverticula in the intestine, when these diverticula become inflamed diverticulitis occurs, but this complication happens in less than 5% of these patients. Surgical treatment is indicated in complicated diverticulitis cases. Traditionally, the Hartmann procedure is carried out in patients with Hinchey III and IV acute diverticulitis. Currently, individualized surgical procedures are indicated in patients with non-fecal purulent peritonitis with laparoscopic peritoneal lavage as an optional choice. Objective: To report the results of laparoscopic peritoneal lavage in four patients with Hinchey III acute diverticulitis performed at a private clinic. Methods: Case series for which a review of patient clinical files was done. Results: No post-operative complications or mortality was found. Conclusions: based on authors judge, laparoscopic peritoneal lavage leads to an adequate post-operative evolution resulting in better quality of life.

Manejo anestésico perioperatorio en histerectomía total abdominal por fibroma uterino en paciente con estenosis aórtica severa. Presentación de un caso

Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 35 años, femenina, con antecedentes de presentar un soplo desde la infancia y que debía ser intervenida quirúrgicamente por fibroma uterino. El anestesiólogo, durante la consulta preoperatoria, constató el soplo ya mencionado por lo que se decidió posponer la cirugía e interconsultar con un cardiólogo. El examen ecocardiográfico demostró que la paciente era portadora de una estenosis aórtica severa con fracción de eyección conservada, prueba ergométrica: clase funcional I, sin isquemia. Mediante anestesia general orotraqueal, se realizó histerectomía total abdominal sin complicaciones. Es de vital importancia para el anestesiólogo el manejo perioperatorio de la estenosis aórtica.

The case of a 35-years-old female patient with a history of presenting a murmur since childhood and who had to undergo surgery for uterine fibroid is presented. The anesthesiologist, during the preoperative consultation, verified the aforementioned murmur, so it was decided to postpone surgery and consult with a cardiologist. The echocardiographic examination showed that the patient had severe aortic stenosis with preserved ejection fraction, stress test: functional class I, without ischemia. Using orotracheal general anesthesia, a total abdominal hysterectomy was performed without complications. The perioperative management of aortic stenosis is of vital importance for the anesthesiologist.

Complejidades de la atención anestésica de urgencia en el anciano

El envejecimiento es un largo proceso de carácter universal propio de los seres vivos. Es notorio su crecimiento a nivel de la población mundial y no resulta exclusivo para los países desarrollados. El paciente anciano presenta grandes retos debido a las alteraciones propiciadas por el proceso de envejecimiento, que se acompaña de disminución de la capacidad de respuesta con deterioro en grado desigual de una serie de funciones morfofisiológicas, psicológicas y bioquímicas. Por otra parte, la atención médica a pacientes portadores de afecciones quirúrgicas de urgencia desata desafíos al equipo de trabajo ante la necesidad de brindar al enfermo una asistencia con un mínimo de preparación, lo que conlleva identificar estado de salud en un periodo de tiempo aceptable, lograr una estabilización previa al acto quirúrgico y favorecer una recuperación satisfactoria. Por tales razones, se realizó esta revisión bibliográfica con el propósito de resaltar una serie de factores que acompañan el proceso de envejecimiento y sus implicaciones para el proceder anestésico.

Aging is a universal nature long process, typical of living beings. Its growth at the world population level is notorious and it is not exclusive to developed countries. The elderly patient presents great challenges due to the alterations caused by the aging process, which is accompanied by decreased response capacity with uneven deterioration of a series of morphophysiological, psychological and biochemical functions. On the other hand, medical care for patients with urgent surgical conditions unleashes challenges for the work team due to the need to provide the patient with assistance with a minimum of preparation, which entails identifying a state of health in an acceptable period of time, achieve stabilization prior to the surgical act and favor a satisfactory recovery. For these reasons, this bibliographical review was carried out to highlight a series of factors that take part in the aging process and its implications for the anesthetic procedure.

La comunicación del riesgo en cirugía: Un proceso por mejorar / Communication of risk in surgery: A process to improve

Introducción. La evaluación del riesgo es fundamental en el éxito quirúrgico. Las perspectivas de los actores involucrados en el proceso de atención deben alinearse con el fin de planear, comunicar y ejecutar adecuadamente las intervenciones necesarias. El objetivo de este escrito fue analizar el riesgo quirúrgico, considerando los posibles factores relacionados con su estimación, comunicación y comprensión en la práctica clínica. Métodos. Análisis crítico y reflexivo de la información disponible, contrastado con la práctica usual. Se hace un ejercicio con situaciones clínicas habituales. Resultados. La complejidad de los pacientes, los recursos, el contexto y la naturaleza de las intervenciones, demandan una aproximación del riesgo implícito de una cirugía con instrumentos evaluativos confiables y reproducibles. Las percepciones por los médicos, pacientes y administradores en salud acerca del impacto de una cirugía difieren según sus intereses. La transmisión de los resultados es un reto ante la asimetría en el conocimiento, la complejidad de los procedimientos y la incertidumbre en los resultados. La comunicación efectiva, como una competencia, se hace altamente pertinente en la actividad del médico. Facilitar la comprensión del mensaje exige una práctica continua y un proceso de mejoramiento adaptado al contexto de la atención en salud. Conclusiones. El riesgo quirúrgico exige una metodología clara y fiable en su evaluación, comunicación y comprensión entre los actores del sistema de salud. Su presencia está asociada a la actividad profesional de los médicos y requiere competencias que permitan un abordaje no lineal del tema. Es una actividad profesional con el fin de mejorar los desenlaces en salud y la calidad de las intervenciones

Introduction. Evaluation of surgical risk is fundamental in surgical success. The perspectives of the actors involved in the care process must be aligned to adequately plan, communicate, and execute the necessary interventions. The aim of this article is to analyze surgical risk, considering possible factors related to its estimation, communication and understanding in clinical practice. Methods. Critical and reflective analysis of the available information, contrasted with the usual practice. An exercise is done with usual clinical situations. Discussion. Complexity of the patients, resources, context, and nature of the interventions demand an approximation of the implicit risk of surgery with reliable and reproducible evaluation instruments. Perceptions by physicians, patients, and health administrators about the impact of surgery differ according to their interests. The transmission of results is a challenge in the face of asymmetry in knowledge, complexity of procedures and uncertainty in results. Effective communication as a competence becomes highly relevant in the physician's activity. Facilitating the understanding of the message requires continuous practice and an improvement process adapted to the context of health care. Conclusions. Surgical risk requires a clear and reliable methodology in its evaluation, communication and understanding among the actors of the health system. Their presence is associated with the professional activity of doctors and requires skills that allow a non-linear approach to the subject. It is a professional activity that must be empowered to improve health outcomes and the quality of interventions.