Effects of compatibility ratio and processing method on contents of nine constituents in combination use of Toosendan Fructus and Foeniculi Fructus / 中成药

AIM To investigate the effects of different compatibility ratios and processing method on the content of rutin,isoquercetin,ferulic acid,quercetin,isotoosendanin,kaempferol,toosendanin,α-pinene,trans-anethole in the combination use of Toosendan Fructus and Foeniculi Fructus,and to explore the optimal compatibility ratio for its use.METHODS The analysis of HPLC-DAD was performed on a 30℃thermostatic ZORBAX SB C18 column(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),with the mobile phase comprising of acetonitrile-0.1%phosphoric acid flowing at 1.0 mL/min in a gradient elution manner,and the use of DAD detector.SPSS 24.0 software was used to analyze the data differences.RESULTS Nine constituents showed good linear relationships within their own ranges(r≥0.999 1),whose average recoveries were 96.19%-103.13%with the RSDs of 1.86%-2.67%.Generally higher total content of nine constituents were detected in the combination use groups when Toosendan Fructus-Foeniculi Fructus were at ratios of 1 ∶ 1,1 ∶ 2,and 2 ∶ 1 than those single uses(P<0.05),and among which the 1 ∶ 1 ratio contributed the highest total content.After salt processing,decreased content of toosendanin and isotoosendanin,α-pinene and trans-anethole(P<0.05,P<0.01)),increased isoquercetin content(P<0.01),and no significant content changes of other ingredients were detected.CONCLUSION Through this method of high accuracy and good reproducibility,we learn that the combination use of Toosendan Fructus and Foeniculi Fructus promotes the dissolution of the nine constituents,and the maximum content is achieved at ratio of 1 ∶ 1.

Compositional Analysis of 11 Nucleosides and Bases in Fritillaria taipaiensis P.Y.Li from Different Origins and the Differences in Their Origin / 中药新药与临床药理

Objective The contents of 11 nucleosides and base components in 10 batches of samples from 5 provinces(cities)including Chongqing,Yunnan and Shaanxi were determined,and the differences in nucleosides and base components in Fritillaria taipaiensis were compared by chemometric analysis,and the quality was comprehensively evaluated,so as to provide a reference for the cultivation of excellent varieties and the selection of medicinal materials.Methods Nucleoside and base components were extracted from Fritillaria taipaiensis by ultrasonication in aqueous solutions,and the content of each component was determined by HPLC-DAD method.The origin was classified by principal component analysis(PCA)and hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA).Partial least squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA)was used to determine the differentiated index components in Fritillaria taipaiensis.Then the differences in the contents of the index components among samples from different origins were compared.Results It was found that 11 nucleoside and base components differed significantly among different origins of Fritillaria taipaiensis.Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that all samples could be clustered into 4 categories.Five characteristic components,including uracil,cytosine,uridine,inosine,and adenosine,were identified by PLS-DA.The nucleosides and bases in samples from Chongqing and Hubei were relatively high,and the quality of the samples was comparatively superior.Conclusion This method is simple,reproducible,accurate and reliable.It has screened out the index nucleoside and base components in the identification of Fritillaria taipaiensis of different origins,which can be used to initially elucidate the differences of samples between different origins.Additionally,it can better reflect the quality of Fritillaria taipaiensis,and can provide reference for the selection of procurement origin and the quality control for Fritillaria taipaiensis.

Qualitative and quantitative study of flavonoids in Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and HPLC-DAD / 中国中药杂志

The flavonoids in Panax notoginseng were qualitatively analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS), and the content of three main flavonoids in P. notoginseng of different specifications and grades collected from different habitats was determined by HPLC-DAD. Flavonoids and anthocyanins were analyzed by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS in the positive and negative ion modes, respectively. Twelve flavonoid glycosides and one anthocyanin glycoside in P. notoginseng were identified, but no flavonoid aglycones were detected. Among them, 12 compounds were identified in the underground part of P. notoginseng for the first time and eight compounds were first reported in this plant. Moreover, six and four compounds were identified in the Panax genus and the Araliaceae family for the first time, respectively. A method for simultaneous determination of three flavonoids in P. notoginseng was established by HPLC-DAD. The content of flavonoids in 721 P. notoginseng samples of 124 specifications and grades collected from 20 different habitats was simultaneously determined. Among three flavonoids determined, the content of quercetin-3-O-(2″-β-D-xylosyl)-β-D-galactoside was the highest with the average content in the tested samples of 161.0 μg·g~(-1). The content of compounds quercetin-3-O-hexosyl-hexoside and kaempferol-3-O-pentosyl-hexoside was relatively low, with the average content of 18.5 μg·g~(-1)(calculated as quercetin-3-O-sophoroside) and 49.4 μg·g~(-1)(calculated as kaempferol-3-O-sangbu diglycoside). There were significant differences in flavonoids content of samples from different production area. The content of flavonoids in spring P. notoginseng was significantly lower than that in winter P. notoginseng when the other influencing factors such as production areas, germplasm resources, and cultivation conditions were fixed. As for P. notoginseng of different specifications, the flavonoid content in the part connecting the taproot and the aboveground stem was significantly higher than that in other parts. The results of large-scale data showed that the flavonoid content gradually increased with the increase in the number of heads. There were significant differences between the flavonoid content in most specifications and grades, especially the 20-head P. notoginseng and countless head P. notoginseng, whose content was significantly lower and significantly higher than that of other specifications and grades, respectively. This study provides a scientific basis for the study of the effective components and quality control of P. notoginseng from the perspective of flavonoids.

Quantitative standardization of pharmacologically active components from antiplasmodial plant Solanum nudum Dunal (wild and in vitro) / Estandarización cuantitativa de componentes farmacológicamente activos de la planta antiplasmodial Solanum nudum Dunal (silvestre e in vitro)

Solanum nudum Dunal (Solanaceae) is most commonly known andused by the population of the colombian Pacific coast as an antimalarial treatment. This article study into optimization and quantitative analysis of compounds steroidal over time of development of this species when grown in vitro and wild. A new steroidal compound named SN6 was elucidated by NMR and a new method of quantification of seven steroidal compounds (Diosgenone DONA and six steroids SNs) using HPLC-DAD-MS in extracts of cultures in vitroand wild was investigated. Biology activity of extracts was found to a range of antiplasmodial activity in FCB2 and NF-54 with inhibitory concentration (IC50) between (17.04 -100µg/mL) and cytotoxicity in U-937 of CC50 (7.18 -104.7µg/mL). This method creates the basis for the detection of seven sterols antiplasmodial present in extracts from S. nudum plant as a quality parameter in the control and expression of phytochemicals.

Solanum nudum Dunal (Solanaceae) es el más conocido y utilizado por la población de la costa del Pacífico colombiano como tratamiento antipalúdico. Este artículo estudia la optimización y el análisis cuantitativo de compuestos esteroides a lo largo del tiempo de desarrollo de esta especie cuando se cultiva in vitro y en forma silvestre. Un nuevo compuesto esteroideo llamado SN6 fue dilucidado por RMN y se investigó un nuevo método de cuantificación de siete compuestos esteroides (Diosgenone DONA y seis esteroides SN) usando HPLC-DAD-MS en extractos de cultivos in vitro y silvestres. La actividad biológica de los extractos se encontró en un rango de actividad antiplasmodial en FCB2 y NF-54 con concentración inhibitoria (IC50) entre (17.04 -100 µg/mL) y citotoxicidad en U-937 de CC50 (7.18 -104.7 µg/mL). Este método crea la base para la detección de siete esteroles antiplasmodiales presentes en extractos de planta de S. nudum como parámetro de calidad en el control y expresión de fitoquímicos.

RP-HPLC simultaneous quantification of rutin, avobenzone, and octyl methoxycinnamate in the presence of hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) and sulfobutyl ether β-cyclodextrin (SBEβCD)

Abstract Development and validation of a simple and fast method of high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) for the simultaneously analysis of rutin, avobenzone, and octyl p-methoxycinnamate is presented. These substances were separated using a Kromasil C18 (250×4.6 mm, 5 μm) column, methanol: water (88:12 v/v) as the mobile phase, and a flow rate of 0.8 mL min−1. The experiment was performed at room temperature and elution was under isocratic conditions. Quantification was performed by external calibration at the wavelength of 325 nm. The validated parameters included linearity, selectivity, precision (repeatability), intermediate precision, accuracy, limit of detection, limit of quantification and robustness. The results of validation were statistically treated using the Action Stat version 3.5.152.34. The selectivity was also evaluated in the presence of two cyclodextrins (2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and β-cyclodextrin sulfobutyl ether sodium). The absence of parallelism between the curves of octyl p-methoxycinnamate in the absence and presence of the β-cyclodextrin sulfobutyl ether sodium in the mobile phase revealed interference from this matrix, thereby indicating the necessity of validating the method in the presence of this, and other matrices. The proposed method was selective, linear, precise, accurate, and robust for the simultaneous determination of rutin, avobenzone, and octyl p-methoxycinnamate.

HPLC-DAD analysis, antifungal and antioxidant activity of Solanum dolichosepalum bitter extracts and fractions

Abstract Solanum dolichosepalum is a plant with anti-infective effects. It is a healing agent and has ethnopharmacological uses. In this study, the antifungal activity of extracts and fractions of this species on C. albicans and F. oxysporum was evaluated. The antioxidant activity was measured using the ABTS and DPPH methods, and by determining the total content of phenolic compounds. An HPLC-DAD qualitative analysis was carried out to identify phenolic compounds and alkaloids. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated. Inhibitory effects were found in all the extracts and fractions on the analyzed microorganisms. F. oxysporum was the microorganism most sensitive to the action of S. dolichosepalum extracts. All extracts and fractions showed antioxidant activity, with the acetone extract and the acetone fraction being those that generated the best results. The content of total phenolic compounds showed that acetone has a greater affinity with the phenolic compounds present in S. dolichosepalum. In this plant, p-Hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, ferulic, trans-cinnamic, caffeic, p-coumaric, and rosmarinic acids were found, as well as theobromine, quercetin, and luteolin. The content of total phenolic compounds was determined to be directly proportional to the inhibition of the ABTS and DPPH radicals, and the inhibition of the analyzed microorganisms. It was determined that the extracts and fractions obtained from S. dolichosepalum show antioxidant and antifungal activity.

Content determination of eight phenols in Ilex hainanensis harvested at different time by HPLC-DAD / 中国中药杂志

This study intends to develop a high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection(HPLC-DAD) method for simultaneous determination of chlorogenic acid, 2-hydroxymethyl-3-hydroxyl-1-butene-4-O-β-D-(6″-O-caffeoyl)-glucopyranoside, pubescenoside B, huazhongilexone-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, rutin, isochlorogenic acid B, isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid C in Ilex hainanensis. The HPLC conditions are as follows: Waters XBridge C_(18 )column(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm), mobile phase of 0.5% formic acid in water(A)-acetonitrile(B), gradient elution(0-8 min, 5%-12% B; 8-18 min, 12%-18% B; 18-30 min, 18%-25% B; 30-40 min, 25%-30% B; 40-42 min, 30%-80% B; 42-45 min, 80% B) at the flow rate of 0.8 mL·min~(-1), detection wavelengths of 282, 324, and 360 nm, column temperature of 25 ℃, and injection volume of 5 μL. The content of the 8 phenols in 8 samples was 0.30-6.29, 0.29-3.27, 0.15-10.4, 0.51-5.85, 0.49-9.02, 0.51-4.68, 1.93-13.4, and 0.87-5.95 mg·g~(-1), respectively. Moreover, the content of phenols in the samples collected in October was higher than that of samples harvested in other months. The established method is accurate and sensitive for the determination of phenols in I. hainanensis, which is useful for the quality improvement of this herbal medicine.

Establishment and Analysis of the Fingerprints of Adiantum capillusveneris from Different Producing Areas and Content Determination of Its Differential Components / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To establish the fingerprint of Adiantum capillusveneris from different producing areas ，and to conduct chemometric analysis and content determination of differential components ，so as to provide reference for quality control of A. capillusveneris . METHODS ：HPLC-DAD combined with Similarity Evaluation System of TCM Chromatogramtic Fingerprint （2004 A edition ）were used to establish fingerprint of 19 batches of A. capillusveneris from different producing areas （S1-S19）. Common peaks were confirmed and their similarities were evaluated. Chemometric analysis methods such as cluster analysis ， principle component analysis （PCA），orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA）were used to evaluate the quality of 19 batches of A. capillusveneris from different producing areas ，screen the differential components ，and determine the contents of some differential components. RESULTS ：Among 19 batches of A. capillusveneris from different producing areas ，22 common peaks were confirmed ；peak 9 was chlorogenic acid ，peak 17 was quercetin- 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside，peak 20 was kaempferol-3-O-rutoside；the similarity of 19 batches of sample were 0.677-0.962. Through cluster analysis ，it was found that S 7 and S 10 were clustered into one category ；S15 and S 18 were clustered into one category ；and S 1-S6，S8，S9，S11-S14，S16，S17 and S 19 were clustered into one category. PCA and OPLS-DA found that S 7 and S 10 were clustered into one category ；S15 were clustered into one category ；S18 were clustered into one category ；S1-S6，S8，S9，S11-S14，S16，S17 and S 19 were clustered into one category. Chlorogenic acid ，quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside，kaempferol-3-O-rutoside and chemical composition represented by peak 14 were the differential components of the〔2017〕2841）； medicinal material. Among 19 batches of A. capillusveneris ， average contents of chlorogenic acid and quercetin- 3-O-β-D- glucopyranoside and kaempferol- 3-O-rutoside were 0.10-4.25， 0.31-7.11，0.61-12.00 mg/g，respectively. CONCLUSIONS ： 电话：0851-86614212。 HPLC-DAD fingerprints of A. capillusveneris from different producing areas are establishe d in the study ，and three common peaks are identified. Four differential components affecting the quality of A. capillusveneris are screened ， and the contents of chlorogenic acid ， quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and kaempferol-3-O-rutoside in A. capillusveneris from different producing areas were significantly different.

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of aristolochic acid components in nine Chinese medicinal materials containing toxic aristolochic substances / 药学学报

The objective of this work was to explore the content and composition of aristolochic acid compounds in Chinese medicinal materials containing toxic aristolochic chemicals, so as to ensure the safety of these medicinal materials and their related products. Nine Chinese medicinal materials were selected for study, including the tuber of Aristolochia cinnabarina, the herbs of Asarum forbesii, the stems of Aristolochia manshuriensis., the fruits of Aristolochia debilis, the roots of Aristolochia debilis, the stems and leaf of Aristolochia debilis, the herbs of Aristolochia mollissima, the roots of Aristolochia fangchi, and the roots of Asarum heterotropoides var. mandshuricum. The aristolochic acid components in the nine Chinese medicinal materials were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS) combined with high performance liquid chromatography diode-array detection. The separation was performed on an Agilent ZORBAX SB-Aq column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) with gradient elution using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 0.2% acetic acid. ESI positive ion mode MS was used to investigate the ionization pathways of aristolochic acid Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲa, Ⅳa, Ⅶa, and aristololactam Ⅰ, Ⅱ using seven reference standards, and the structures of the components with UV spectrasimilar to those of the seven reference standards in the selected medicinal materials were qualitatively analyzed by following the investigated ionization pathways. The identified aristolochic acid components were quantified using an external standard method by HPLC-UV with detection at 254 nm. Twenty-two aristolochic acid components including 11 aristolochic acids and 11 aristololactams were identified from the nine selected medicinal materials; 15 aristolochic acids were found in the tuber of Aristolochia cinnabarina and the roots of Aristolochia debilis, followed by 14 aristolochic acids in the fruits of Aristolochia debilis and the stems of Aristolochia manshuriensis. The greatest content of aristolochia components was found in the tuber of Aristolochia cinnabarina and the stems of Aristolochia manshuriensis, ranging from 8.91 mg·g-1 to 13.40 mg·g-1, and the least amount was in the herbs of Asarum forbesii, at less than 0.10 mg·g-1 and containing only two aristolochia components. This study systematically explored the quantity and composition of aristolochic acid components in selected Chinese medicinal materials believed to contain toxic aristolochic compounds, providing a basis for follow-up studies on the toxicity of these substances that can lead to safety standards for their use.

The Influence of Different Extraction Methods/Solvents on Composition, Biological Activities and ADMET Predictions of Phenolics in Tribulus terrestris

Abstract Tribulus terrestris is a plant that has medical importance in treating diseases such as cancer, urinary tract infections, kidney stones, rheumatism, and hypertension. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of extraction methods/solvents on the biological activity and chemical content of the plant and then to determine ADMET predictions of phenolics that were analysed quantitatively using HPLC-DAD in the plant. Maceration methanol (IC50:0.277 mg/mL) and chloroform (0.263 mMFeSO4/mg extract) extracts were found to have the strongest DPPH radical scavenging and iron (III) ion reducing activity, respectively. It was determined that Soxhlet methanol (0.0225 mMTE/mg extract) and Soxhlet chloroform (1.360 mMTE/mg extract) extracts exhibited stronger radical cation (ABTS.+) scavenging and cupric ion reducing activity compared to other extracts, respectively. It was found that ultrasonic bath methanol extracts showed the highest anti-urease (21.47%) and calcium oxalate anti-crystallization (71.54%, 80.52%) activity. It was also found that Soxhlet methanol extract (66.763%) has strong acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition capacity compared to other extracts. Pyrocatechol, vanillic acid, vanillin, rutin and rosmarinic acid were analysed by HPLC-DAD in the plant. Moreover, it was determined that methanol extracts obtained using soxhlet, ultrasonic bath, and maceration contained the highest amount of rutin, pyrocatechol, and rutin, respectively. ADMET predictions of phenolics show that these compounds are easily absorbed and do not have toxic effects, suggesting that this species may be used as a natural medicinal and nutritional source in the future after detailed analysis tests.

Phenolic compounds, biological activities and trace elements of Capparis ovata var. canescens / Compuestos fenólicos, actividades biológicas y elementos traza de Capparis ovata var. canescens

Introduction: Capparis species (Capparaceae), also called caper, grow naturally in various regions of the world. Caper is a plant with medicinal and aromatic properties. Flower buds, root bark, and fruits of the plant areused in folk medicine due to their analgesic, wound healing,cell regeneration, tonic, and diuretic effects. Objective: The aim of this research was to evaluate in vitro (anti-urease, antioxidant, anticholinesterase) and in vivo (anti-inflammatory) biological activities of caper (C. ovatavar.canescens). In addition, we aimed to identify its major phenolic compounds using high performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector (HPLC-DAD) and confirmate them using quadrupole time-of-flight liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (Q-TOF-LC/MS). Also, we quantified the concentrations of several trace and major elements in plant samples using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Methods: The antioxidant, anti-urease and anticholinesterase activities of different plant extracts were evaluated using DPPH, FRAP, ABTS/TEAC, Indophenol and Ellman tests. The identification of phenolic compounds and trace element contents was performed using HPLC and Q-TOF-LC/MS and ICP-MS. Results: Soxhlet methanol extract exhibited the strongest anti-urease, antioxidant (ABTS/TEAC) and anticholinesterase activity. Soxhlet and maceration methanol extracts demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effect in the altered edema size after the second hour of carrageenan injection. The active phenolic compounds in Soxhlet methanol extract were identified as rutin, quercetin-hexoside-hexoside, quercetin-3-O-hexoside and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside. In addition, the average concentrations of vanadium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, copper, nickel, arsenic, selenium, zinc and lead were within the permissible limits defined by WHO for medicinal plants. However, it was found that the concentrations of cadmium and iron were higher than the maximum permissible limits. Conclusion: Our results suggest that although caper has a strong biological activity, it should be consumed carefully due to the excess amount of cadmium and iron elements it contains.

Introducción: Las especies de Capparis (Capparaceae), también llamadas alcaparras, crecen naturalmente en varias regiones del mundo. La alcaparra es una planta con propiedades medicinales y aromáticas. Los botones florales, la corteza de la raíz y los frutos de la planta se usan en la medicina popular debido a sus efectos analgésicos, cicatrizantes, de regeneración celular, tónicos y diuréticos. Objetivo: El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar las actividades biológicas in vitro (anti-ureasa, antioxidante, anticolinesterasa) e in vivo (antiinflamatorio) de la alcaparra (C. ovata var. canescens). Además, nuestro objetivo fue identificar sus principales compuestos fenólicos mediante cromatografía líquida de alto rendimiento con un detector de matriz de fotodiodos (HPLC-DAD) y confirmarlos mediante cromatografía líquida con espectrometría de masas en tándem (Q-TOF-LC/MS). Además, cuantificamos las concentraciones de varios elementos traza y elementos mayores en muestras de la planta utilizando espectrometría de masas con plasma acoplado inductivamente (ICP-MS). Métodos: Se evaluaron las actividades antioxidantes, anti-ureasa y anticolinesterasa de diferentes extractos de la planta usando las pruebas DPPH, FRAP, ABTS/TEAC, Indofenol y Ellman. La identificación de los compuestos fenólicos y el contenido de los elementos traza se realizó mediante HPLC y Q-TOF-LC/MS e ICP-MS. Resultados: El extracto de metanol Soxhlet exhibió la mayor actividad anti-ureasa, antioxidante (ABTS/TEAC) y anticolinesterasa. Los extractos de metanol Soxhlet y por maceración demostraron un efecto antiinflamatorio significativo en el tamaño alterado del edema después de la segunda hora de la inyección de carragenano. Los compuestos fenólicos activos en el extracto de metanol Soxhlet se identificaron como rutina, quercetina-hexósido-hexósido, quercetina-3-O-hexósido y kaempferol-3-O-rutinósido. Además, las concentraciones promedio de vanadio, cromo, manganeso, cobalto, cobre, níquel, arsénico, selenio, zinc y plomo estaban dentro de los límites permisibles definidos por la OMS para las plantas medicinales. Sin embargo, se encontró que las concentraciones de cadmio y hierro fueron más altas que los límites máximos permitidos. Conclusión: Nuestros resultados sugieren que, aunque la alcaparra tiene una fuerte actividad biológica, debe consumirse con cuidado debido al exceso de cadmio y hierro que contiene.

Content Determination of 8 Components in Astragalus membranaceus before and after Bidirectional Solid Fer- mentation with Cordyceps kyushuensis by HPLC-DAD-ELSD / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To establish a method for simultaneous determination of calycosin glucoside ，ononin，calycosin， formononetin，astragaloside Ⅳ，isoastragaloside Ⅱ，cycloastragenol and isoastragaloside Ⅰ in Astragalus membranaceus before and after bidirectional solid fermentation with Cordyceps kyushuensis ，and to investigate the effects of fermentation on the contents of above 8 components in A. membranaceus . METHODS ：HPLC-DAD-ELSD was adopted. The determination was performed on Agilent 5 TC-C18 column with mobile phase consisted of 0.1％ formic acid aqueous solution-acetonitrile （gradient elution ）at the flow rate of 1 mL/min. The column temperature was set at 30 ℃. DAD detection wavelength was set at 260 nm，ELSD evaporation tube temperature was 100 ℃，atomizer temperature was 80 ℃，carrier gas flow rate was 1.6 L/min；injection volume was 15 μL. RESULTS：The eight components had a good linear relationship within their respective ranges of concentration （all R2＞0.999 0）； RSDs of precision ，stability and repeatability tests were all less than 3％（n＝3 or n＝6）；the recoveries was 97.88％-101.32％， and RSDs were 1.22％-2.39％（n＝6）. Setting the content of components in unfermented A. membranaceus as 100％，after bidirectional solid fermentation with C. kyushuensis ，the change rates of 8 components were －98.51％，－96.41％，－94.74％， －96.40％，289.20％，20.25％，－75.05％，562.46％，respectively. CONCLUSIONS ：After fermentation with C. kyushuensis ，the contents of active components as astragaloside Ⅳ，isoastragaloside Ⅰ and isoastragaloside Ⅱ can be increased significantly in A. membranaceus .

Determination of 9 artificial synthetic colorants in the hard capsule shells by HPLC-DAD method / 国际药学研究杂志

Objective: To establish an HPLC-DAD method for the determination of 9 artificial synthetic colorants used in shells of hard capsule, with traditional Chinese materia medica Yigan Jiedu capsule used as a case study. Methods: Nine water-sol uble colorants, tartrazine, sunset yellow, amaranth, ponceau 4R, erythrosine, brilliant blue, quinoline yellow, azorubine and allura red, were determined by the HPLC-DAD method. The column was Agilent Zorbax Extend C 18(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm), the mobile phase was the methanol-20 mmol/L ammonium acetate solution in gradient elution, the flow rate was 1.0 ml/min, the column tempera ture was 35℃, and the injected sample solution volume was 5 μl. Results: The chromatographic peaks of all colorants were well sep arated and showed a good linearity in the range of 8.74-960 ng(r=0.9997~1.0000), and the recovery of nine colorants was 90.42%-104.07%. Total 1-5 kinds of colorants were detected in 26 batches of samples, among which, more than 3 kinds of colorants were de tected in 13 batches of samples and 15 batches of samples contained more than 0.5% of total colorant content. Conclusion: The use of colorant in capsule shells needs to be standardized, and the present method might be used for the quality control of hard capsule shells used in the drugs and health products.

Optimization of infiltration process of Astragali Radix based on HPLC-DAD- ELSD and response surface design / 中草药

Objective: To optimize the infiltration process of Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus) medicinal materials by Box-Behnken response surface method. Methods: Based on the HPLC-DAD-ELSD and response surface design method, the qualified rate of decoction pieces, the content of index components and bending inspection were used as comprehensive inspection indicators, and the three factors of infiltration were selected for response surface experimental design to optimize the infiltration process of Astragalus medicinal materials parameter. Results: The best infiltration process was as following: infiltration temperature was 20 ℃, with water addition of 1:0.988 for 6 h. Under this process, the qualified rate of Astragalus pieces was 95.81%, the content of calycosin-7-glucoside was 0.072%, and the content of astragaloside IV was 0.276 %. Combining fingerprint analysis and heat map analysis, the material basis of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus changed during the infiltration process. The infiltration parameters should be strictly controlled during the infiltration process to ensure uniform quality of the pieces. Conclusion: The optimized Astragalus medicinal material infiltration process is stable and feasible with good reproducibility, which can provide a reference for the mass production process development of Astragalus medicinal slices.

The in vitro and in vivo investigation of biological activities and phenolic analysis of Helichrysum plicatum subsp. plicatum

In Turkey, Helichrysum genus is represented by 26 taxa belonging to 20 species in Turkish flora of which 14 ones are endemic to Turkey. The aerial parts of Helichrysum plicatum subsp. plicatum are used kidney stones, kidney and stomach ailments. The extraction procedures and solvents are important step in processing of bioactive constituents from the plant materials. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-urease, anticholinesterase and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of Helichrysum plicatum subsp. plicatum different extracts. In addition, the phenolic characterization of the Soxhlet and maceration methanol extracts which showed significant antioxidant, anti-urease, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anticholinesterase activities were performed by HPLC-DAD and LC-MS/MS. In the present study, the Soxhlet methanol extract exhibited strong antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticholinesterase activities than other extracts. The maceration methanol extract showed the strongest anti-urease activity. The Soxhlet methanol and maceration methanol extracts showed in vivo anti-inflammatory activities very close to each other. As a result of this study, chlorogenic acid, dicaffeoylquinic acid, luteolin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, naringenin-O-hexoside and isoquercitrin compounds were analysed in plant. Therefore, it is thought that methanol extracts can be used as a natural source in the future for food and pharmaceutical industries.

Quantification of chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid, and caffeic acid contents in selected Thai medicinal plants using RP-HPLC-DAD

The chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid, and caffeic acid contents in 100 selected plants were determined using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography equipped with diode array detector. The optimum condition was 0.2% phosphoric acid in water (solvent A) and methanol (solvent B) as the mobile phase, which was set at 45% B for 20 minutes at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. The column temperature was maintained at 30 ºC and the detection wavelength was 325 nm. Among 100 selected plants, 39.64% contained all 3 compounds, 40.54% contained 2 compounds, 14.41% contained only 1 compound, and 5.41% could not detect any of the 3 compounds. The highest contents of chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid, and caffeic acid were found in Lonicera japonica flowering buds, Melissa officinalis leaves, and Coffea canephora seeds at the concentration of 9.900 ± 0.004, 19.908 ± 0.171, and 1.233 ± 0.003 g/100 g of dried plant, respectively.

Towards the cosmetic application of Passiflora coccinea (Aubl.): antioxidant activity and photo protective capacity of the methanolic and glycolic leaf extracts

The present study aimed at the evaluation of Passiflora coccinea (Aubl.) antioxidant and photo protective in vitro activities, looking forward to their application as antiaging or sunscreen agents in cosmetic formulations. Methanolic and glycolic leaf extracts were prepared by three methods: ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE, 30 min.), maceration at room temperature (72 h) and maceration at 30 ºC (72 h). The antioxidant activities of the extracts were measured by DPPH and ORAC-FL assays and they were incorporated into a cosmetic emulsion to have their sun protection factor (SPF) measured spectrophotometricaly. The antioxidant activity of the emulsions were measured by DPPH and ORAC as well. C-glycosyl-flavones were identified in the extracts by ESI-MS/MS, in comparision with standards. The UAE methanolic extract and the maceration at 30 ºC glycolic extract were submmited to HPLC-DAD analysis and isovitexin was quantifyed in both by a validated method. The methanolic extract antioxidant activity was independent of the extraction method, higher than reported for other species of Passiflora and detectable when incorporated into the emulsion formulation. Maceration at 30oC was the most suitable method for glycolic extraction and its antioxidant activity was lower than the value presented by the methanolic extracts. None of the extracts exhibited a SPF value. Isovitexin in the UAE methanolic extract was 12.67 times higher than the most active glycolic extract, aside of their similar chromatographic profiles. Although a SPF value was not detected, the results indicate that P. coccinea can be a potential new source of antioxidants for topical antiaging formulations.

Estratégias para identificação e quantificação de aminoácidos tipo micosporinas (MAAs) em cianobactérias e outros organismos para aplicação em cosmética e farmacêutica / Identification and quantification methods of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in cyanobacteria and other microorganisms for cosmetic and pharmaceutical application

Os aminoácidos tipo micosporinas (MAAs) são compostos, produzidos por algumas espécies de cianobactérias e outros microorganismos, principalmente quando são expostos a radiação ultravioleta (UVR). Estes compostos, que vêm demonstrando funções fotoprotetoras e antioxidantes, têm sido pesquisados para aplicação em protetores solares e em produtos antienvelhecimento. O presente estudo focou na caracterização de cianobactérias e outros organismos quanto à produção de MAAs com potencial aplicação em cosméticos. Neste estudo foram desenvolvidos diversos métodos para identificação (via HPLC-DAD-MS/HRMS), purificação (via HPLC-DAD) e quantificação de MAAs (via LC-MS/MS). Pelo método de identificação de MAAs verificou-se que, das 75 cianobactérias estudadas, 27 cepas (38%) sintetizam MAAs. A cepa Oscilatoria sp. CMMA 1600 produziu a maior diversidade de MAAs. 10 MAAs diferentes foram identificados incluindo um MAA de massa molecular 316 Da. Através de dados espectroscópicos obtidos via HPLC-DAD-HRMS e RMN 1D e 2D confirmou-se que se tratava da micosporina-glicina-alanina. A biossíntese natural deste composto por cianobactérias foi relatada pela primeira vez neste estudo. Quanto à quantificação de MAAs, o protocolo de extração otimizado possibilitou uma excelente recuperação dos compostos de interesse, além de ser bastante simples e não utilizar solventes poluentes. As análises via LC-MS/MS foram realizadas através de experimentos de MRM em modo positivo usando uma coluna de fase reversa. O método validado permitiu determinar e quantificar com precisão os MAAs porphyra-334, shinorina e micosporina-glicina-alanina em corridas de apenas 6 minutos, com limites de deteção inferiores a 0,005 µg.mg -1. Aplicando o método de LC-MS/MS realizaram experimentos de indução de MAAs através de exposição à UVR tendo-se observado um aumento da concentração de MAAs nas cepas que já sintetizam estes compostos e, outras cepas começaram a produzir pelo menos um MAA. As cepas de S. torques-reginae (ITEP-024 e ITEP-026) produziram a maior concentração de MAAs. A cepa ITEP-024 foi ainda exposta a diferentes radiações tendo-se observado que a UVB é que mais influencia a produção de MAAs. Neste estudo foi demonstrado o potencial das cianobactérias como produtores de MAAs que podem ser utilizados como fotoprotores em protetores solares

Mycosporines and mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are UV-absorbing compounds produced by cyanobacteria and other organisms, especially upon exposer to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR). These compounds are photoprotective and some have additional antioxidant functíons useful to the natural cosmetics market. This study aims to identify MAAs-producing cyanobacteria with potential applicatíons in cosmetics. A HPLC-DAD-MS/HRMS method for the identification of MAAs was developed. Out of the 75 cyanobacteria studied, 27 strains (38%) synthesized MAAs. Oscilatoria sp. CMMA 1600, from homocyte type, produced the greatest diversity of MAAs. 10 different MAAs were identified including a MAA with molecular weight of 316 Da. The chemical structure of mycosporine-glycine-alanine was confirmed by 1D/2D NMR and HRMS analyses. This compound has never been reported from a natural source. In this study, a validated LC-MS/MS quantification method for MAAs is also presented. An easy-to-handle and rapid extraction procedure was developed which uses only water and volatile additives as the extractor solvents. The LC-MS/MS method was performed using multiple reaction monitoring in positive mode with a reverse-phase column. The method enabled the accurate determination and quantification of the MAAs porphyra-334, shinorine and mycosporine-glycine-alanine in a 6 minutes running time, with limits of detection < 0.005 µg.mg-1. MAAs induction experiments were performed through UVR exposure. MAAs are constitutively produced by some cyanobacteria and production was further enhanced following UVirradiance. Other strains start to produce at least one MAA after UV-irradiance. Sphaerospermopsis torques-reginae strain (ITEP-024 and ITEP-026) produced the highest concentration of these photoprotective compounds. S. torques-reginae ITEP 024 strain was further exposed to different radiation compositíons. MAAs were significantly influenced by UVB. In this study, the potential of cyanobacteria as MAA producers, that can be used as photoprotectors in sunscreens, has been demonstrated

Identification and quantification of limonoid aglycones content of Citrus seeds

ABSTRACT Citrus fruits are recognized as an important source of bioactive molecules such as limonin and nomilin. However, these molecules exhibit low bioavailability, therefore, obtaining these molecules using biotechnological techniques may be an alternative to harvesting them directly from fruits. The aim of this study was to quantify and identify limonoids in the dichloromethane extracts of Citrus seeds of Criolla orange, Oneco tangerine, Tangerine-lemon, Sour orange and Valencia orange from department of Antioquia-Colombia by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Although in all the samples total glycosidic free limonoids were present, Oneco tangerine seeds had the highest concentration, followed by Tangerine-lemon seeds, equivalent to 0.75% and 0.53% per total dry weight, respectively. These results suggest Oneco tangerine seeds may be used as an elite material for biotechnological processes looking for increased production of limonoids to support research and drug development.

A newly validated HPLC-DAD-UV method to study the effects of medicinal plants extracts, fractions and isolate compounds on gastric emptying in rodents

Abstract In this study, we developed and validated a chromatographic method by High-performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to Diode-Array Ultraviolet Detector for quantification of acetaminophen in small volumes of plasma. This analytical method is particularly suitable for studies of gastric emptying time and pharmacokinetics in small rodents. Orally administered acetaminophen is promptly and completely absorbed in the intestines, with negligible absorption from the stomach. Owing to these kinetic features, acetaminophen can be used to study gastric emptying. The newly-validated analytical method was employed to investigate whether plants used as anti-dyspeptics in the Brazilian traditional medicine affect the gastric emptying. Lyophilized aqueous extracts from leaves of Baccharis trimera (Less) DC., Asteraceae (carqueja), Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. Ex Reissek, Celastraceae (espinheira-santa) and Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br. ex Britton & P. Wilson, Verbenaceae (erva-cidreira) were administered by gavage to female Wistar rats 30 min before a single oral dose of acetaminophen (50 mg/kg). L. alba extract (50 mg/kg) did not alter acetaminophen plasma concentration versus time curve an indication that it has no effect on gastric emptying. Extracts of B. trimera (50 mg/kg) and M. ilicifolia (30 and 50 mg/kg, but not 10 mg/kg), however, slightly delayed gastric emptying. M. ilicifolia given by intraperitoneal route (30 mg/kg) also retarded gastric emptying. In conclusion, the newly-validated analytical method is adequate for studying the effects of medicinal plants on gastric emptying.