Résumé
Nirmal and Chakreshwar lake are two important water bodies in Vasai-Virar Taluka, are the primary source of water for the nearby villages. The objective of the study was to analysis physicochemical parameters and simultaneously monitor the heavy metal content. During the study the physicochemical parameters like pH, temperature, Total hardness, TS, TDS and TSS were evaluated in pre and post monsoon samples at three different sites from each water body. t test and two way ANOVA test were performed to assess the variation in the pre and post analysis for any significant difference. It was observed that heavy metal content was found more in pond A (Nirmal), comparative to pond B (Chakreshwar) lake.
Résumé
The Siddha system of medicine is one of the six recognized systems in the Indian system of medicine. The medicines comprise herbals, minerals, metals, and animal origins. Thurusu (Copper Sulphate) is a naturally occurring inorganic compound, but it can be prepared synthetically as per the procedures present in the Siddha literature as Vaippu muraigal. It is used in Siddha medicine as a single drug or in combination drugs after the detoxification process, which is termed as “Suthimurai” particularly incorporated for Schedule E drugs, which are listed in the Drugs and Cosmetics Act of 1940. Therapeutically, administered in the form of Parpam, Chenduram and externally applied to cure even chronic wounds. In this study, thurusu prepared as per Vaippu murai to assess the concentration of heavy metals present in the drug. The preparations are based upon the Siddha literature “Bogarsarakkuvaippu-800”. The heavy metals present in the Thurusu vaippu were analysed and the results showed the presence of heavy metals below the detection limit, but copper (350.125mg/l) and sulphur (471.204 mg/l) are present above the limit of the pharmacopoeial laboratory for Indian medicine (PLIM) guideline. Further processing of Suthimuraigal determines the concentration level of Thurusu vaippu for therapeutic purposes. Further research on Thurusu vaippu which paved the way to standardize the Thurusu vaippu muraigal.
Résumé
Siddha is the traditional system of medicine in India which is practiced in southern part. This traditional system has many polyherbal and herbo-mineral formulation which is more effective but they lack standardization procedures. Standardization of a herbo- mineral formulation is essential to assess the quality, efficacy, purity and safety of the drug. The present paper deals with standardization of Padigalinga Chenduram, the Siddha formulation which is used for treating menorrhagia, diarrhoea, dysentry etc. In-house preparation and one marketed sample were subjected to standardization techniques like organoleptic study, physicochemical screening and heavy metal analysis. It was observed that both the samples differ in their organoleptic character, physicochemical analysis and heavy metal analysis like colour variance, percent weight loss on drying or moisture content was found to be less in market sample and total ash value was high as well. And the market sample was found to be better than the in-house sample in water-soluble and alcohol-soluble extractive values. The toxic heavy metals as per AAS is found in both formulations and the values are not matching with each other, and it may be due to the raw material collection time and geographical variation, etc. which can be further investigated for its pharmacological activity. More number of samples from different pharmas has to be studied to arrive at definite standard for manufacturing Padigalinga Chenduram. When a definite standard is arrived from future studies, Padigalinga Chenduram will be a cost effective Siddha formulation for the treatment of various ailments.
Résumé
Due to global recognition of Ayurveda formulations, the herbo mineral formulations of Ayurveda are questioned because of heavy metal contents found in many studies. Kaseesa (green vitriol) chemically known as ferrous sulphate which is a well known mineral used in various formulations as haematinic and emmenagogue was studied for standardization before making one of its formulation. Raw Kaseesa was analyzed for heavy metals using sophisticated method of Inductively Coupled plasma and was found that it contained metals lead and copper outside permissible limit of pharmacopeia norms. For this study various samples were collected and evaluated by the Rasashastra experts and later by Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeial methods. After the confirm identity, the samples were selected for the Heavy Metal Analysis. Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) method used for this study and results found in raw Kaseesa are Copper 7.2153 ppm, Lead 1288.0 ppm and Mercury, Arsenic, Cadmium were not detected. The authors recommend further study of Kaseesa after its Shodhana and other processes to study whether such heavy metal (Cadmium, Lead, Arsenic, Mercury and copper) contents are found in the finished product.