Cetoacidosis diabética normoglucémica en mujeres con diabetes gestacional / Euglycaemic diabetes ketoacidosis in women who suffer from gestational diabetes

RESUMEN Fundamento: la mayoría de los casos de cetoacidosis diabética se presentan con hiperglucemia, en ocasiones puede ser diagnostica con valores normales de la misma, por lo general en la mujer embarazada. Objetivo: presentar el caso de dos gestantes sin diagnóstico previo de diabetes gestacional que desarrollan durante el embarazo una cetoacidosis diabética normoglucémica. Presentación de casos: se trata de dos gestantes sin diagnóstico previo de diabetes gestacional que en el segundo y tercer trimestre del embarazo reciben tratamiento con glucocorticoides endovenosos por diferentes cuestiones (inducción de la madurez pulmonar fetal y crisis materna de asma bronquial) lo cual desencadena cuadros clínicos y bioquímicos compatibles con cetoacidosis diabética normoglucémica. Conclusiones: la cetoacidosis diabética durante el embarazo ocurre con mayor frecuencia en mujeres con diabetes pregestacional sin diagnóstico previo del trastorno, solo en raros casos ocurre en gestantes con diabetes gestacional, las cuales en un pequeño porcentaje se presenta como una cetoacidosis diabética normoglucémica después de la presentación de factores de riesgo gatillantes.

ABSTRACT Background: although the majority cases who suffer from diabetic ketoacidosis show with hyperglycemia, occasionally it can be diagnosed with normal values of glycemia especially on pregnant women. Objective: to show two pregnant women without diagnosis of gestational diabetes previously who developed a normoglyacemic diabetic ketoacidosis during pregnancy. Cases report: two pregnant women without diagnosis of gestational diabetes previously who are treated with glucocorticoids to induce fetal pulmonary develop and to resolve an acute crisis of asthma respectively and they later developed a normoglyacemic diabetic ketoacidosis. Conclusions: diabetic ketoacidosis during pregnancy happen more frequent on pregnant women without previously diagnosis of pre-gestational diabetes, on few cases it happen on pregnant women who suffer from gestational diabetes in which it shows as a normoglyacemic diabetic ketoacidosis in a low percent.

Impact of screening and monitoring of capillary blood glucose in the detection of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia in non-critical inpatients / Impacto do rastreamento e monitoramento de glicemia capilar na detecção de hiperglicemia e hipoglicemia em pacientes não graves internados

Objective: To evaluate the impact of screening hyper and hypoglycemia measured by capillary glycemia and standard monitorization of hyperglycemic patients hospitalized in regular care units of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein. Methods: The capillary glycemia was measured by the Precision PCx (Abbott) glucosimeter, using the PrecisionWeb (Abbott) software. The detection of hyper and hypoglycemia during the months of May/June were compared to those of March/April in 2009 and to the frequency of the diagnosis of diabetes in 2007. Results: There was an increase in the glycemia screening from 27.7 to 77.5% of hospitalized patients (p < 0.001), of hyperglycemia detection (from 9.3 to 12.2%; p < 0.001) and of hypoglycemia (from 1.5 to 3.3%; p < 0.001) during the months of May/June 2009. According to this action 14 patients for each additional case of hyperglycemia and 26 cases for each case of hypoglycemia were identified. The detection of hyperglycemia was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than the frequency of registered diagnosis related do diabetes in the year of 2007. Conclusions: the adoption of an institutional program of glycemia monitorization improves the detection of hyper and hypoglycemia and glycemia control in hospitalized patients in regular care units.

Objetivo: Analisar o impacto do rastreamento de hiper e hipoglicemia mensurada por glicemia capilar e da monitorização padronizada em pacientes hiperglicêmicos internados em unidades não graves do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein. Métodos: A glicemia capilar foi mensurada com glucosímetro Precision PCx (Abbott), rastreada com software PrecisionWeb (Abbott). A detecção de hiper e hipoglicemia no bimestre Maio/Junho foi comparada ao bimestre Março/Abril de 2009 e ainda quanto à frequência de diagnósticos relacionados ao diabetes no ano de 2007. Resultados: Houve um aumento do rastreamento de glicemia de 27,7 para 77,5% dos pacientes internados (p < 0,001), na detecção de hiperglicemia (de 9,3 para 12,2%; p < 0,001) e de hipoglicemia (de 1,5 para 3,3%; p < 0,001) no bimestre Maio-Junho de 2009. Com essa iniciativa, foram rastreados 14 pacientes para cada caso adicional de hiperglicemia e 26 pacientes para cada caso de hipoglicemia. A detecção de hiperglicemia foi significantemente maior (p < 0,001) que a frequência de registros de diagnósticos relacionados ao diabetes no ano de 2007. Conclusões: a adoção de um programa institucional de monitoramento de glicemia melhora a detecção de hiper e hipoglicemia e o controle de glicemia em pacientes internados em unidades não graves.