Current clinical trends in the management of gram positive infections in Indian critical care settings: a survey

Background: In India, gram-positive infections (GPIs) particularly, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) prevalence is reported to increase exponentially. The overall mortality rate among patients with multi drug resistant GPIs in ICU setting are as high as 16%, despite the availability of various therapeutic options. Aim of the study is to determine the burden of GPIs in critical care settings and to understand the practising behaviour among the specialists in the management of MRSA infections.Methods: The survey was conducted among 264 critical care specialists who attended the Annual National Conference of Indian Society of Critical Medicine held in February 2019 at Mumbai. The delegates were administered a validated 10 question survey.Results: In the survey, 72% of the respondents agreed to the rising prevalence of MRSA and associated increased mortality rate of >16%. Empirical gram positive cover is being given to 30-40% of ICU patients, with ABSSSI being listed as a major indication followed by CAP, VAP, CLABSI and DFI. 46% of the doctors listed vancomycin as their preferred anti-MRSA agents followed by teicolplanin and linezolid. However, more than 80% of the doctors feel that nephrotoxicity in vancomycin, thrombocytopenia in linezolid and poor biofilm penetration are major limitations of these anti-MRSA agents.Conclusions: The survey highlighted the increasing trend in the prevalence and associated mortality in GPIs in critical care settings in India. Further, the limitations of existing anti-MRSA agents have invoked the need for a newer agent with a broad spectrum anti-bacterial activity along with improved safety profile and effective biofilm penetration, which can be used as a suitable alternative empiric therapy to manage GPIs.

Study of drug resistance in isolates from ICU infections in a tertiary care hospital.

Background: Nosocomial Infections are an important cause of morbidity, mortality and economic problems especially in intensive care units (ICUs). Aim: This study was conducted to estimate the clinical and bacteriological profile and their antibiotic sensitivity testing in ICU infected patient. Materials and methods: 245 patients clinically diagnosed to have infections in ICU were studied prospectively in the Department of Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Govt. Medical College from Sep. 2009- Dec. 2011. Depending on sites of infections various samples were collected and processed as per the standard guidelines. The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method as per CLSI 2012 guideline. Results: The incidence of pneumonia, blood stream infection and urinary tract infections was 61.6%, 20.1% and 11% respectively. P. aeruginosa (16.3%) was the commonest isolate in ICU infection followed by A. baumannii (13.5%) and K. pneumoniae (11.8%) with maximum sensitivity to imipenem, piperacillin tazobactum and amikacin. All Staphylococcus and Enterococcus species were sensitive to vancomycin and linezolid. Gram-negative pathogens acquired from ICU patients in our settings show high resistance to antibiotics. Conclusion: Regular monitoring of the pattern of resistance of common pathogens in the ICUs is critical in planning the best routines for empirical treatment of infectious patients.

Study of drug resistance in isolates from ICU infections in a tertiary care hospital.

Background: Nosocomial Infections are an important cause of morbidity, mortality and economic problems especially in intensive care units (ICUs). Aim: This study was conducted to estimate the clinical and bacteriological profile and their antibiotic sensitivity testing in ICU infected patient. Materials and methods: 245 patients clinically diagnosed to have infections in ICU were studied prospectively in the Department of Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Govt. Medical College from Sep. 2009- Dec. 2011. Depending on sites of infections various samples were collected and processed as per the standard guidelines. The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method as per CLSI 2012 guideline. Results: The incidence of pneumonia, blood stream infection and urinary tract infections was 61.6%, 20.1% and 11% respectively. P. aeruginosa (16.3%) was the commonest isolate in ICU infection followed by A. baumannii (13.5%) and K. pneumoniae (11.8%) with maximum sensitivity to imipenem, piperacillin tazobactum and amikacin. All Staphylococcus and Enterococcus species were sensitive to vancomycin and linezolid. Gram-negative pathogens acquired from ICU patients in our settings show high resistance to antibiotics. Conclusion: Regular monitoring of the pattern of resistance of common pathogens in the ICUs is critical in planning the best routines for empirical treatment of infectious patients.