Advances in methods and applications of single-cell Hi-C data analysis / 生物医学工程学杂志

Chromatin three-dimensional genome structure plays a key role in cell function and gene regulation. Single-cell Hi-C techniques can capture genomic structure information at the cellular level, which provides an opportunity to study changes in genomic structure between different cell types. Recently, some excellent computational methods have been developed for single-cell Hi-C data analysis. In this paper, the available methods for single-cell Hi-C data analysis were first reviewed, including preprocessing of single-cell Hi-C data, multi-scale structure recognition based on single-cell Hi-C data, bulk-like Hi-C contact matrix generation based on single-cell Hi-C data sets, pseudo-time series analysis, and cell classification. Then the application of single-cell Hi-C data in cell differentiation and structural variation was described. Finally, the future development direction of single-cell Hi-C data analysis was also prospected.

Heart Alert: A heart disease prediction system using machine learning approach and optimization techniques

Background@#Cardiovascular diseases belong to the top three leading causes of mortality in the Philippines with 17.8 % of the total deaths. Lifestyle-related habits such as alcohol consumption, smoking, poor diet and nutrition, high sedentary behavior, overweight, and obesity have been increasingly implicated in the high rates of heart disease among Filipinos leading to a significant burden to the country's healthcare system. The objective of this study was to predict the presence of heart disease using various machine learning algorithms (support vector machine, naïve Bayes, random forest, logistic regression, decision tree, and adaptive boosting) evaluated on an anonymized publicly available cardiovascular disease dataset. @*Methodology@#Various machine learning algorithms were applied on an anonymized publicly available cardiovascular dataset from a machine learning data repository (IEEE Dataport). A web-based application system named Heart Alert was developed based on the best machine learning model that would predict the risk of developing heart disease. An assessment of the effects of different optimization techniques as to the imputation methods (mean, median, mode, and multiple imputation by chained equations) and as to the feature selection method (recursive feature elimination) on the classification performance of the machine learning algorithms was made. All simulation experiments were implemented via Python 3.8 and its machine learning libraries (Scikit-learn, Keras, Tensorflow, Pandas, Matplotlib, Seaborn, NumPy). @*Results@#The support vector machine without imputation and feature selection obtained the highest performance metrics (90.2% accuracy, 87.7% sensitivity, 93.6% specificity, 94.9% precision, 91.2% F1-score and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.902 ) and was used to implement the heart disease prediction system (Heart Alert). Following very closely were random forest with mean or median imputation and logistic regression with mode imputation, all having no feature selection which also performed well. @*Conclusion@#The performance of the best four machine learning models suggests that for this dataset, imputation technique for missing values may or may not be done. Likewise, recursive feature elimination for feature selection may not apply as all variables seem to be important in heart disease prediction. An early accurate diagnosis leading to prompt intervention efforts is very crucial as it improves the patient's quality of life and diminishes the risk of developing cardiac events.

Análisis estático de la Sentencia C-038 de 2020: una revisión a las condiciones básicas del debido proceso en Colombia / Static analysis of Ruling C-038 of 2020: a review of the basic conditions of due process in Colombia / Análise estática da Sentença C-038 de 2020: uma revisão das condições básicas do devido processo na Colômbia

El presente artículo expone los argumentos que edificó la Corte Constitucional a la hora de revisar la acción pública de inconstitucionalidad que se presentó en contra del parágrafo 1 del artículo 8 de la Ley 1843 de 2017. La importancia de identificar la estructura argumentativa de la Corte Constitucional, permite entender de qué manera los presupuestos rectores del derecho fundamental al debido proceso son vinculantes, al momento de impedir que la extensión de la solidaridad en el pago de una sanción pecuniaria derivada del uso de las cámaras de fotodetección, ponga en riesgo la aplicación del principio de responsabilidad individual, la imputación, la tipicidad y la debida defensa.

This article sets out the arguments built by the Constitutional Court when reviewing the public action of unconstitutionality filed against paragraph 1 of Article 8 of Law 1843 of 2017. The importance of identifying the argumentative structure of the Constitutional Court, allows understanding how the guiding assumptions of the fundamental right to due process are binding, when preventing the extension of solidarity in the payment of a pecuniary sanction derived from the use of photodetection cameras, jeopardizing the application of the principle of individual responsibility, imputation, typicality and due defense.

Este artigo apresenta os argumentos construídos pelo Tribunal Constitucional ao rever a ação pública de inconstitucionalidade apresentada contra o parágrafo 1 do artigo 8 da Lei 1843 de 2017. A importância de identificar a estrutura argumentativa do Tribunal Constitucional, nos permite compreender como são vinculativas as premissas norteadoras do direito fundamental ao devido processo, ao impedir a extensão da solidariedade no pagamento de uma penalidade financeira derivada do uso de câmeras fotodetetoras, colocando em risco a aplicação do princípio da responsabilidade individual, imputação, criminalidade e devida defesa.

Teste de Progresso: ausência de alunos de Medicina é sugestiva de mau desempenho acadêmico / Progress Test: medical student absenteeism is suggestive of poor academic performance

Resumo: Introdução: Não se sabe se a ausência de estudantes de Medicina ao Teste de Progresso (TP) se dá de forma aleatória ou por alguma característica sistemática deles, o que poderia influenciar a representatividade dos resultados obtidos pelos participantes. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivos comparar os índices de desempenho acadêmico, no curso de Medicina da UFSC, dos alunos presentes e ausentes ao TP em 2019; propor uma maneira de estimar, a partir desses índices, quais seriam as notas dos faltantes se tivessem participado do TP; e identificar fatores associados à ausência ao TP. Método: Foram comparadas as médias dos índices de desempenho acadêmico, globais e nas diferentes fases (semestres) dos grupos de alunos presentes e ausentes ao TP, utilizando teste t de Student para amostras independentes. Por meio de uma técnica de regressão linear, foram imputadas as prováveis notas no TP ao grupo de alunos ausentes. Resultado: As médias globais dos três indicadores acadêmicos foram significativamente menores nos alunos ausentes ao TP (p variando de < 0,03 a < 0,0001); em dez das 11 fases (semestres) analisadas do curso, os indicadores acadêmicos dos faltosos foram piores do que dos presentes. A imputação de notas no TP aos ausentes permitiu verificar que existe correlação (R = 0,62) entre a porcentagem destes e a diferença de notas entre os grupos que realizaram e os que faltaram ao TP. Entre os alunos do gênero masculino, 25,8% não fizeram o TP, enquanto no gênero feminino foram 16,6% (diferença com p < 0,01). Conclusão: A ausência de alunos ao TP não se dá de forma aleatória. Entre os faltosos, há uma tendência sistemática de existirem alunos com piores índices de desempenho acadêmico. O uso de imputação múltipla de dados evidencia uma correlação entre a porcentagem de faltosos e a diferença na média da nota no TP, desse grupo, comparada à média da nota dos participantes. A proporção de homens que faltaram ao TP foi significativamente maior do que a de mulheres.

Abstract: Introduction: It is not known whether the absence of medical students at the Progress Test (PT) is random event or if it due to some systematic characteristic of the students, which could influence the representativeness of the results obtained by the participants. Objectives: 1) to compare the academic performance indexes, in UFSC Medical School, of students who were present and absent from the PT in 2019; 2) to propose a way to estimate, based on these indexes, what the absentee's grades would be if they had participated in the PT; 3) to identify factors associated with absence from the PT. Method: The averages of academic performance indexes, overall and in the different phases (semesters) in the groups of students who were present and absent from the PT, were compared using Student's t test for independent samples. Using a linear regression technique, the probable PT scores were assigned to the group of absent students. Results: The global averages of the three academic indicators were significantly lower in students absent from the PT (p ranging from < 0.03 to < 0.0001); in 10 of the 11 analyzed course phases (semesters), the academic indicators of absentees were worse than those present at the test. The attribution of PT grades to the absentees allowed us to verify that there is a correlation (R=0.62) between the percentage of these students and the difference in grades between the groups that took and those that did not take the PT. Among male students, 25.8% did not attend the PT, while among female students the number of absentees was 16.6% (difference with p <0.01). Conclusions: The absence of students at the PT does not occur randomly. Among the absentees, there is a systematic tendency to have students with worse academic performance. The use of multiple imputation of data demonstrate a correlation between the percentage of absentees and the difference in the average of grades in the PT of this group, compared to the average of the participants' grades. The proportion of male students who missed the PT was significantly higher than that of female students.

Reparación Directa y Conflicto Armado Interno: la Constitucionalización de la Responsabilidad Extracontractual del Estado / Direct Reparation and Internal Armed Conflict: Constitutionalization of Tort Liability of the State / Reparação Direta e Conflito Armado Interno: a Constitucionalização da Responsabilidade Ilícita do Estado

Resumen Introducción: En materia de responsabilidad extracontractual del Estado, los procesos de reparación directa que se han derivado de hechos con ocasión al Conflicto Armado Interno, en adelante -CAI- han generado cambios en las categorías de protección que se han ido transformando especialmente desde que se reconoce la existencia del CAI. Objetivo: el principal objetivo de esta investigación está articulado a determinar cuáles son las condiciones que se han valorado por parte del Consejo de Estado para establecer la adecuación frente a los títulos de imputación y asimismo, las condiciones de interpretación de las categorías del daño antijurídico y la responsabilidad del Estado. Materiales y Métodos: El estudio fue delimitado a partir de la revisión documental de una elección aleatoria de sentencias del Consejo de Estado tomadas de forma no probabilística a través de las categorías de los títulos de imputación que se presentaron en una reconstrucción cronológica donde el eje referencia se contrastó en una dimensión analítica del reconocimiento del CAI. Resultados: el estudio evidenció cómo entre los diferentes títulos de imputación aplicables a hechos del CAI existen parámetros que evidencian una transición de omisión institucional que permitía un margen de la concepción del daño antijurídico en un sentido amplio, hacia un margen más limitado fundamentado en un desarrollo más riguroso del principio de legalidad. Conclusiones: La declaración del CAI tuvo una gran incidencia en la forma como se desarrolló la responsabilidad extracontractual del Estado, que al disponer de nuevas categorías de protección generó con ello más seguridad jurídica, pero, que a su vez limitó interpretaciones amplias del daño antijurídico.

Abstract Introduction: In matters of extracontractual liability of the State, the processes of direct reparation that have been derived from facts on the occasion of the CAI have generated changes in the categories of protection that have been transforming especially since the existence of the CAI is recognized. Objective: The main objective of this research is to determine which are the conditions that have been assessed by the Council of State to establish the adequacy of the title of imputation and the conditions of interpretation of the categories of antijuridical damage and the responsibility of the State. Materials and Methods: The study was delimited from the documentary review of a random selection of sentences of the Council of State taken in a non-probabilistic way through the categories of the titles of imputation that were presented in a chronological reconstruction where the reference axis was contrasted in an analytical dimension of the recognition of the CAI. Results: the study evidenced how among the different titles of imputation applicable to facts of the internal armed conflict there are parameters that evidence a transition from institutional omission that allowed a margin of the conception of the antijuridical damage wide towards a more limited margin based on a more rigorous development of the principle of legality. Conclusions: The declaration of the internal armed conflict had a great impact on the way tort liability was developed, which by providing new categories of protection generated more legal certainty but limited broad interpretations of tort.

Resumo Introdução: Em matéria de responsabilidade extracontratual do Estado, os processos de reparação direta que foram derivados de fatos por ocasião da CAI geraram mudanças nas categorias de proteção que têm se transformado especialmente desde que a existência da CAI foi reconhecida. Objetivo: O principal objetivo desta pesquisa é determinar as condições que foram avaliadas pelo Conselho de Estado para estabelecer a adequação do título de imputação e as condições de interpretação das categorias de danos antijurídicos e a responsabilidade do Estado. Materiais e Métodos: O estudo foi delimitado a partir da revisão documental de uma seleção aleatória de julgamentos do Conselho de Estado tomados de forma não-probabilística através das categorias dos títulos de imputação que foram apresentados em uma reconstrução cronológica onde o eixo de referência foi contrastado em uma dimensão analítica do reconhecimento do CAI. Resultados: o estudo evidenciou como entre os diferentes títulos de imputação aplicáveis aos fatos do conflito armado interno existem parâmetros que evidenciam uma transição da omissão institucional que permitiu uma margem ampla da concepção de dano anti-jurídico para uma margem mais limitada baseada em um desenvolvimento mais rigoroso do princípio da legalidade. Conclusões: A declaração do conflito armado interno teve um grande impacto na forma como a responsabilidade extracontratual foi desenvolvida, o que ao proporcionar novas categorias de proteção gerou maior segurança jurídica, mas limitou interpretações amplas dos danos não judiciais.

Multiple imputation of missing data in clinical longitudinal studies and its sensitivity analyses / 中国临床药理学与治疗学

AIM: To guide the multiple imputation of missing data in clinical longitudinal studies and its sensitivity analyses, and highlight the importance of sensitivity analyses by taking the clinical trial of Qizhitongluo Capsule in treating ischemic stroke as an example. METHODS: To implement PROC MI process in SAS to perform multiple imputation and its sensitivity analysis. RESULTS: In the example, after multiple imputation, improvements in lower limb motor scores of the Qizhitongluo group were greater than those of the placebo group (all P<0.01), and the results of two sensitivity analyses under "missing not at random" were consistent with those under "missing at random". CONCLUSION: Multiple imputations combined with sensitivity analyses can ensure a robust result. It is recommended that clinical researchers perform sensitivity analyses after filling missing data.

Descripción del perfil clínico, aislamientos microbiológicos y complicaciones en una población de pacientes con amputación de miembros inferiores secundaria a pie diabético infectado. Estudio de Cohorte Longitudinal / Description of clinical profile, microbiological characterization and complications in a lower limb amputation secondary to an infected diabetic foot population. A Cohort Study

Introducción El 85% de las amputaciones en pacientes diabéticos están precedidas por la aparición de una úlcera. Se ha reportado porcentajes de reamputación de hasta 60.7% a 5 años, así como mortalidad de hasta 69.7% a un año para amputaciones mayores. El estudio pretende caracterizar una población de pacientes diabéticos, amputados debido a infecciones asociadas con pie diabético en un hospital universitario. Materiales y métodos A todas las amputaciones relacionadas con infecciones asociadas a pie diabético entre 2014 y 2016 se les aplicaron criterios de inclusión y exclusión y un formato de recolección de datos sociodemográficos, clínicos y microbiológicos. Se utilizaron medias y desviaciones estándar y/o medianas y percentiles. Resultados El promedio de edad fue 61,6 años. Predominó el sexo masculino y el mal control glicémico y alta número de comorbilidades como hipertensión arterial y enfermedad renal crónica. 24.4% de úlceras previas y 18.1% amputaciones previas. Las amputaciones mayores fueron 39%. La infección del muñón fue 23.6% y las reamputaciones 24.5%. La mortalidad fue 4.54% Discusión Se identificó un mal control metabólico, así como alto porcentaje de comorbilidades y complicaciones. Insuficiente seguimiento nutricional y estadificación del estado vascular con subregistro de datos relevantes como neuropatía, deformidades y estado del pie contralateral. El número de úlceras y amputaciones previas fue alto. Hubo buena correlación clínica/laboratorio. Las amputaciones mayores iniciales fueron más frecuentes en mujeres. Hay alto porcentaje de infecciones del sitio operatorio y de reamputaciones.

Background 85% of amputations in diabetic patients are preceded by the appearance of an ulcer. Reamputation rates of up to 60.7% at 5 years has been described, as well as mortality of up to 69.7% at one year for major amputations. Aim of the study is to characterize a population of diabetic patients, amputees due to infections associated with diabetic foot in a university hospital. Material and methods Inclusion and exclusion criteria and a sociodemographic, clinical and microbiological data collection format were applied to all amputations related to infections associated with diabetic foot between 2014 and 2016. Means and standard deviations and / or medians and percentiles were used. Results The average age was 61.6 years. Male sex and poor glycemic control and a high number of comorbidities such as hypertension and chronic kidney disease predominated. 24.4% of previous ulcers and 18.1% previous amputations. Major amputations were 39%. Stump infection was 23.6% and reamputations 24.5%. Mortality was 4.54% Discussion Poor metabolic control was identified, as well as a high percentage of comorbidities and complications. Insufficient nutritional follow-up and staging of vascular status with underreporting of relevant data such as neuropathy, deformities and status of the contralateral foot. The number of ulcers and previous amputations was high. There was good clinical / laboratory correlation. Initial major amputations were more frequent in women. There is a high percentage of surgical site infections and reamputations.

Regression Imputation and Optimized Gaussian Naïve Bayes Algorithm for an Enhanced Diabetes Mellitus Prediction Model

Abstract Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a category of metabolic disorders caused by high blood sugar. The DM affects human metabolism, and this disease causes many complications like Heart disease, Neuropathy, Diabetic retinopathy, kidney problems, skin disorder and slow healing. It is therefore essential to predict the presence of DM using an automated diabetes diagnosis system, which can be implemented using machine learning algorithms. A variety of automated diabetes prediction systems have been proposed in previous studies. Even so, the low prediction accuracy of DM prediction systems is a major issue. This proposed work developed a diabetes mellitus prediction system to improve the diabetes mellitus prediction accuracy using Optimized Gaussian Naive Bayes algorithm. This proposed model using the Pima Indians diabetes dataset as an input to build the DM predictive model. The missing values of an input dataset are imputed using regression imputation method. The sequential backward feature elimination method is used in this proposed model for selecting the relevant risk factors of diabetes disease. The proposed machine learning classifier named Optimized Gaussian Naïve Bayes (OGNB) is applied to the selected risk factors to create an enhanced Diabetes diagnostic system which predicts Diabetes in an individual. The performance analysis of this prediction architecture shows that, over other traditional machine learning classifiers, the Optimized Gaussian Naïve Bayes achieves an 81.85% classifier accuracy. This proposed DM prediction system is effective as compared to other diabetes prediction systems found in the literature. According to our experimental study, the OGNB based diabetes mellitus prediction system is more appropriate for DM disease prediction.

Mortalidade adulta por nível de escolaridade em São Paulo: análise comparativa a partir de diferentes estratégias metodológicas / Mortalidad adulta por nivel de escolaridad en San Pablo: análisis comparativo a partir de diferentes estrategias metodológicas / Adult mortality by education level in São Paulo: comparative analysis based on different methodological strategies

Neste artigo, são estimados os diferenciais educacionais de mortalidade de adultos residentes em São Paulo. É realizada uma análise comparativa de estimativas a partir de dados do Censo 2010 e do Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade (SIM) - Datasus e de três formas distintas de mensuração da escolaridade: registrada no SIM; declarada no Censo para o responsável pelo domicílio; e imputada estatisticamente no Censo para indivíduos que morreram. Para as imputações da escolaridade, utilizou-se o método de Dempester (1977), que propõe o uso do algoritmo esperança-maximização (algoritmo E-M) para lidar com dados faltantes. Foram considerados três níveis de escolaridade (baixo, médio e alto) e estimadas as taxas de mortalidade com base em modelos Poisson. Os resultados indicam que a obtenção de escolaridade pode reduzir em até 77% as taxas de mortalidade entre 25 e 59 anos de idade. Além disso, em um país em que a população tem baixa escolaridade, obter ensino médio representa um ganho significativo do ponto de vista da sobrevivência adulta (cerca de 50%). Encontraram-se padrões de mortalidade por escolaridade semelhantes para as estimativas obtidas com dados registrados no SIM e aqueles imputados no Censo 2010. Além disso, a análise sugere que estimativas assumindo a escolaridade do responsável pelo domicílio resultam em diferenciais de mortalidade atípicos, provavelmente distorcidos pela transição de educação no Brasil. Espera-se que o modelo de imputação proposto aqui possa ser utilizado em futuras análises dos dados de mortalidade a partir do Censo 2010.

En este artículo estimamos los diferenciales educativos de la mortalidad de adultos en San Pablo. Ofrecemos un análisis comparativo de estimaciones con base en datos del censo de 2010 y el Sistema de Información de Mortalidad (SIM) - Datasus, y tres formas diferentes de medir la escolaridad: registrada en el SIM, declarada en el censo por el jefe de hogar e imputado estadísticamente en el censo para las personas fallecidas. Para las imputaciones de escolaridad se utilizó el método de Dempester (1977), que propone el uso del algoritmo de maximización de esperanza (algoritmo E-M) para tratar los datos faltantes. Consideramos tres niveles de educación (bajo, medio y alto) y estimamos las tasas de mortalidad con base en los modelos de Poisson. Los resultados indican que la escolarización puede reducir las tasas de mortalidad entre los 25 y 59 años hasta en un 77 %. Además, en un país donde la población tiene bajo nivel de educación, completar la educación secundaria representa una ganancia significativa desde el punto de vista de la supervivencia de los adultos (alrededor del 50%). Encontramos patrones similares de mortalidad por educación para las estimaciones obtenidas con datos registrados en el SIM y datos imputados en el Censo de 2010. Además, nuestro análisis sugiere que las estimaciones asumiendo la educación del jefe de hogar dan como resultado diferenciales de mortalidad atípicos, probablemente distorsionados por la transición de educación en Brasil. Esperamos que el modelo de imputación propuesto aquí se pueda utilizar en futuros análisis de mortalidad del Censo de 2010.

In this article, we estimate adult mortality by education level in São Paulo. We compare estimates based on deaths from the 2010 Census and the 2013 Mortality Information System (Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade - SIM) - DATASUS, and three different ways of measuring education level: recorded in the SIM, reported in the census for the household heads and imputed statistically in the census for individuals who died. For the statistical imputation, we use the Dempester (1977) method, which proposes using the expectation-maximization algorithm (EM algorithm) to deal with missing data. We consider three education levels (low, medium, and high) and estimate mortality rates based on Poisson models. The results indicate that between ages 25 and 59, more years of schooling are associated with mortality rates up to 77% lower. Secondary (medium) education level provides most of the mortality gains at adult ages (about 50%). The mortality differentials calculated with death records from the SIM and census deaths with education imputed statistically are similar. However, estimates based on the assumption that the deceased's education is equal to the household head's in the census resulted in atypical mortality patterns. We hope that the imputation model we propose in the current study can be used in future mortality analyses by SES using census deaths.

Imputation method to reduce undetected severe acute respiratory infection cases during the coronavirus disease outbreak in Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The coronavirus disease (COVD-19) outbreak has overburdened the surveillance of severe acute respiratory infections (SARIs), including the laboratory network. This study was aimed at correcting the absence of laboratory results of reported SARI deaths. METHODS: The imputation method was applied for SARI deaths without laboratory information using clinico-epidemiological characteristics. RESULTS: Of 84,449 SARI deaths, 51% were confirmed with COVID-19 while 3% with other viral respiratory diseases. After the imputation method, 95% of deaths were reclassified as COVID-19 while 5% as other viral respiratory diseases. CONCLUSIONS: The imputation method was a useful and robust solution (sensitivity and positive predictive value of 98%) for missing values through clinical & epidemiological characteristics.

Valores anômalos e dados faltantes em estudos clínicos e experimentais / Anomalous values and missing data in clinical and experimental studies

Durante a análise dos dados de uma pesquisa científica, é habitual deparar-se com valores anômalos ou dados faltantes. Valores anômalos podem ser resultado de erros de registro, de digitação, de aferição instrumental, ou configurarem verdadeiros outliers. Nesta revisão, são discutidos conceitos, exemplos e formas de identificar e de lidar com tais contingências. No caso de dados faltantes, discutem-se técnicas de imputação dos valores para evitar a exclusão do sujeito da pesquisa, caso não seja possível recuperar a informação das fichas de registro ou reabordar o participante

During analysis of scientific research data, it is customary to encounter anomalous values or missing data. Anomalous values can be the result of errors of recording, typing, measurement by instruments, or may be true outliers. This review discusses concepts, examples and methods for identifying and dealing with such contingencies. In the case of missing data, techniques for imputation of the values are discussed in, order to avoid exclusion of the research subject, if it is not possible to retrieve information from registration forms or to re-address the participant

Estimating Stand Height and Tree Density in Pinus taeda plantations using in-situ data, airborne LiDAR and k-Nearest Neighbor Imputation

ABSTRACT Accurate forest inventory is of great economic importance to optimize the entire supply chain management in pulp and paper companies. The aim of this study was to estimate stand dominate and mean heights (HD and HM) and tree density (TD) of Pinus taeda plantations located in South Brazil using in-situ measurements, airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data and the non- k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) imputation. Forest inventory attributes and LiDAR derived metrics were calculated at 53 regular sample plots and we used imputation models to retrieve the forest attributes at plot and landscape-levels. The best LiDAR-derived metrics to predict HD, HM and TD were H99TH, HSD, SKE and HMIN. The Imputation model using the selected metrics was more effective for retrieving height than tree density. The model coefficients of determination (adj.R2) and a root mean squared difference (RMSD) for HD, HM and TD were 0.90, 0.94, 0.38m and 6.99, 5.70, 12.92%, respectively. Our results show that LiDAR and k-NN imputation can be used to predict stand heights with high accuracy in Pinus taeda. However, furthers studies need to be realized to improve the accuracy prediction of TD and to evaluate and compare the cost of acquisition and processing of LiDAR data against the conventional inventory procedures.

Aproximación analítica a la imputación en el ámbito de la responsabilidad extracontractual chilena / Analytical approach to imputation in the field of Chilean extracontractual liability / Abordagem analítica da imputação no campo da responsabilidade extracontractual chilena

Resumen La imputación es una operación que se utiliza para la atribución de responsabilidad en materia extracontractual. La dogmática civilista generalmente realiza un tratamiento de la misma que, tanto en los manuales de responsabilidad extracontractual, como en sus artículos doctrinarios, desconoce las virtudes del modelo analítico de imputación. La dogmática chilena reconoce el modelo de la teoría de la causa adecuada o de la equivalencia de las condiciones en el campo de la causalidad, pero omite establecer una diferenciación apropiada de estos modelos con la imputación. Por ello, pueden darse supuestos de responsabilidad en que se desconozca dicha diferenciación. En el presente trabajo se sistematiza y analiza el criterio de imputación, dentro del sistema de responsabilidad extracontractual en Chile, así como el régimen jurídico que corresponde a este concepto, centrándose primero en el tratamiento dogmático reconocido en dos fallos recientes de la Corte Suprema, y después, se analiza el modelo de razonamiento utilizado por esta desde los parámetros del modelo kantiano, para finalizar con el examen de este criterio, con especial énfasis en el modelo de imputación analítico.

Abstract The imputation is an operation that is used for the attribution of responsibility in non-contractual matters. Civilian dogmatics generally carry out a treatment of it, which, in the manuals of non-contractual liability, as well as in its doctrinal articles, ignores the virtues of the analytical model of imputation. Chilean dogmatics recognize the model of the theory of the right cause or the equivalence of conditions in the field of causality, but fails to establish an adequate differentiation of these models with imputation. Therefore, there may be assumptions of responsibility in which such differentiation is unknown. In the present work the concept of imputation is systematized and analyzed, within the system of noncontractual liability in Chile, as well as the legal regime that corresponds to this concept, focusing first on the dogmatic treatment recognized in two recent rulings of the Supreme Court, And then analyze the model of reasoning used by Kant from the parameters of the Kantian model and conclude with the examination of this criterion, with special emphasis on the analytical imputation model.

Resumo A imputação é uma operação que é usada para a atribuição de responsabilidade em assuntos extracontractuais. O dogmatismo civilista geralmente faz um tratamento do mesmo que, tanto nos manuais de responsabilidade extracontractual como em seus artigos doutrinários, não conhece as virtudes do modelo analítico de imputação. A dogmática chilena reconhece o modelo da teoria da causa apropriada ou a equivalência de condições no campo da causalidade, mas não consegue estabelecer uma diferenciação apropriada desses modelos com a imputação. Portanto, podem surgir hipóteses de responsabilidade em que tal diferenciação é desconhecida. No presente trabalho, o critério de imputação é sistematizado e analisado dentro do sistema de responsabilidade extracontratual no Chile, bem como o regime jurídico que corresponde a esse conceito, enfocando primeiro o tratamento dogmático reconhecido em duas recentes decisões do Supremo Tribunal, e então, o modelo de raciocínio usado por ele é analisado a partir dos parâmetros do modelo kantiano, para terminar com o exame deste critério, com ênfase especial no modelo de imputação analítica.

Comparison of different methods in dealing with HIV viral load data with diversified missing value mechanism on HIV positive MSM / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To compare results of different methods in organizing HIV viral load (VL) data with missing values mechanism. Methods We used software SPSS 17.0 to simulate complete and missing data with different missing value mechanism from HIV viral loading data collected from MSM in 16 cities in China in 2013. Maximum Likelihood Methods Using the Expectation and Maximization Algorithm (EM), regressive method, mean imputation, delete method, and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) were used to supplement missing data respectively. The results of different methods were compared according to distribution characteristics, accuracy and precision. Results HIV VL data could not be transferred into a normal distribution. All the methods showed good results in iterating data which is Missing Completely at Random Mechanism (MCAR). For the other types of missing data, regressive and MCMC methods were used to keep the main characteristic of the original data. The means of iterating database with different methods were all close to the original one. The EM, regressive method, mean imputation, and delete method under-estimate VL while MCMC overestimates it. Conclusion MCMC can be used as the main imputation method for HIV virus loading missing data. The iterated data can be used as a reference for mean HIV VL estimation among the investigated population.

Comparison of different methods in dealing with HIV viral load data with diversified missing value mechanism on HIV positive MSM / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To compare results of different methods in organizing HIV viral load (VL) data with missing values mechanism. Methods We used software SPSS 17.0 to simulate complete and missing data with different missing value mechanism from HIV viral loading data collected from MSM in 16 cities in China in 2013. Maximum Likelihood Methods Using the Expectation and Maximization Algorithm (EM), regressive method, mean imputation, delete method, and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) were used to supplement missing data respectively. The results of different methods were compared according to distribution characteristics, accuracy and precision. Results HIV VL data could not be transferred into a normal distribution. All the methods showed good results in iterating data which is Missing Completely at Random Mechanism (MCAR). For the other types of missing data, regressive and MCMC methods were used to keep the main characteristic of the original data. The means of iterating database with different methods were all close to the original one. The EM, regressive method, mean imputation, and delete method under-estimate VL while MCMC overestimates it. Conclusion MCMC can be used as the main imputation method for HIV virus loading missing data. The iterated data can be used as a reference for mean HIV VL estimation among the investigated population.

Comparação de métodos para o tratamento das medidas antropométricas da POF 2008-2009 / Comparison of Methods for the Treatment of Anthropometric Measures of HBS 2008-2009 / Comparación de los Métodos para el Tratamiento de las Medidas Antropométricas de la EPF 2008-2009

A Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2008-2009, feita por amostragem em nível nacional, coletou informações antropométricas de peso e estatura dos indivíduos no Brasil. Numa pesquisa desse porte, o processo de coleta produz dados que estão sujeitos a contaminações por erros de medição e de não resposta. Tais erros podem afetar os cálculos de indicadores de prevalência de desnutrição, sobrepeso ou obesidade e impactar de forma distinta em diferentes segmentos populacionais. No presente artigo, comparou-se o desempenho do método CIDAQ, que foi empregado na POF 2008-2009, para tratar os dados antropométricos, ao de outros dois métodos: os algoritmos de detecção de outliers TRC e Bacon, ambos associados ao algoritmo de imputação Poem. Essa comparação é fundamental para assegurar que o melhor método seja utilizado em pesquisas futuras, buscando assegurar a confiabilidade dos dados para os estudos que subsidiam o planejamento de políticas públicas nas áreas de saúde, nutrição, assistência social e outras. Os métodos foram comparados via simulação, considerando o impacto sobre as estimativas de média, desvio padrão e correlação entre peso e estatura. O método CIDAQ apresentou uma pequena vantagem sobre os demais nos resultados da simulação paramétrica, enquanto para simulação não paramétrica destacou-se o método Bacon...

The Household Budget Survey 2008-2009 is a nationwide sample survey, conducted by IBGE, which collects anthropometric data on height and weight that are important to assess the nutritional status of individuals in Brazil. Due to the difficulties in collecting this type of information by a large and nationwide research as the HBS 2008-2009, which use of portable equipment for measuring, the collected data are subject to contamination by non-sampling errors and non-response. These errors may compromise analysis about the nutritional status of the population in order to support the planning and implementation of public policies in the areas of health, nutrition, social assistance and other. Particularly, such errors can affect the malnutrition, overweight and obese prevalence indicators and produce effects differently in different population segments. In this survey (HBS 2008-2009) the methodology employed to tackle these problems and preserve the quality of the data was the CIDAQ. In this study this approach was compared with two other approaches for multivariate quantitative data, namely the TRC algorithm and the BACON algorithm for editing, both coupled with the POEM imputation algorithm. These compare is essential to ensure which one is the best method to be used in future research to repeat the situation experienced in HBS 2008-2009. The three approaches were compared by simulation of the anthropometric variables weight and height of a HBS 2008-2009 data subset...

Resumen La Encuesta de Presupuestos Familiares 2008-2009 es una encuesta por muestreo a nivel nacional, realizada por el IBGE, que contempla los datos antropométricos de peso y talla, importante para la evaluación del estado nutricional de las personas en Brasil. Debido a las dificultades para recoger este tipo de información de una extensa encuesta como el EPF 2008-2009, en particular la necesidad de que el uso de equipo portátil para el proceso de medición, los datos en las encuestas de este tipo están sometidas a la contaminación por los errores ajenos al muestreo y la falta de respuesta. Este tipo de errores pueden poner en peligro el análisis del estado nutricional de la población con la finalidad de subvencionar la planificación e implementación de políticas públicas en los âmbitos de la salud, la nutrición, la asistencia social y otra. En particular, este tipo de errores pueden afectar los indicadores de prevalencia de desnutrición, sobrepeso u obesidad y actuar de manera diferente en diferentes segmentos de la población . En el encuesta, se emplea el método de CIDAQ para tratar los datos antropométricos recolectados. Este estudio comparó el rendimiento de este método a los otros dos métodos aplicados a datos cuantitativos multivariante, el algoritmo TRC y el algoritmo BACON para detectar valores atípicos, ambos asociados con el algoritmo POEM de imputación. Esta comparación es esencial para asegurar que el mejor método puede ser utilizado en futuras investigaciones para repetir la situación que se vive en la EPF 2008-2009. Los métodos fueron comparados a través de la simulación de las variables antropométricas de peso y la altura de un subconjunto de datos de la Encuesta de Presupuestos Familiares 2008-2009...

No le tema a los datos perdidos: enfoques modernos para el manejo de datos perdidos

La mayoría de los datos en ciencias sociales y educación presentan valores perdidos debido al abandono del estudio o la ausencia de respuesta. Los métodos para el manejo de datos perdidos han mejorado dramáticamente en los últimos años, y los programas computacionales ofrecen en la actualidad una variedad de opciones sofisticadas. A pesar de la amplia disponibilidad de métodos considerablemente justificados, muchos investigadores e investigadoras siguen confiando en técnicas viejas de imputación que pueden crear análisis sesgados. Este artículo presenta una introducción conceptual a los patrones de datos perdidos. Seguidamente, se introduce el manejo de datos perdidos y el análisis de los mismos con base en los mecanismos modernos del método de máxima verosimilitud con información completa (FIML, siglas en inglés) y la imputación múltiple (IM). Asimismo, se incluye una introducción a los diseños de datos perdidos así como nuevas herramientas computacionales tales como la función Quark y el paquete semTools. Se espera que este artículo incentive el uso de métodos modernos para el análisis de los datos perdidos.

Most of the social and educational data have missing observations due to either attrition or nonresponse. Missing data methodology has improved dramatically in recent years, and popular computer programs as well as software now offer a variety of sophisticated options. Despite the widespread availability of theoretically justified methods, many researchers still rely on old imputation techniques that can create biased analysis. This article provides conceptual introductions to the patterns of missing data. In line with that, this article introduces how to handle and analyze the missing information based on modern mechanisms of full-information maximum likelihood (FIML) and multiple imputation (MI). An introduction about planned missing designs is also included and new computational tools like Quark function, and semTools package are also mentioned. The authors hope that this paper encourages researchers to implement modern methods for analyzing missing data.

Association of HLA Genotype and Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes in Koreans

Fulminant type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is a distinct subtype of T1DM that is characterized by rapid onset hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, absolute insulin deficiency, and near normal levels of glycated hemoglobin at initial presentation. Although it has been reported that class II human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotype is associated with fulminant T1DM, the genetic predisposition is not fully understood. In this study we investigated the HLA genotype and haplotype in 11 Korean cases of fulminant T1DM using imputation of whole exome sequencing data and compared its frequencies with 413 participants of the Korean Reference Panel. The HLA-DRB1*04:05-HLA-DQB1*04:01 haplotype was significantly associated with increased risk of fulminant T1DM in Fisher's exact test (odds ratio [OR], 4.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.56 to 10.86; p = 0.009). A histidine residue at HLA-DRbeta1 position 13 was marginally associated with increased risk of fulminant T1DM (OR, 2.45; 95% CI ,1.01 to 5.94; p = 0.054). Although we had limited statistical power, we provide evidence that HLA haplotype and amino acid change can be a genetic risk factor of fulminant T1DM in Koreans. Further large-scale research is required to confirm these findings.

A criança como sujeito e como objeto entre duas formas de investigação do abuso sexual / The child as a subject and as an object between two kinds of investigation of the sexual abuse / El niño como sujeto y como objeto entre dos formas de investigación del abuso sexual

Abordamos, neste artigo, o tratamento que vem sendo conferido ao tema do abuso sexual pela sociedade contemporânea e propomos uma contraposição a partir da teoria psicanalítica, especialmente no que nela se refere à sexualidade infantil. Partindo do princípio de que a criança é sujeito desejante, portanto sujeito de suas escolhas, conscientes ou inconscientes, interrogamos a atual tendência à sua objetalização no âmbito jurídico, psicológico e, até mesmo, em alguns textos psicanalíticos, e enfatizamos uma importante diferença entre o discurso jurídico e o psicanalítico. Como é sabido, este último distingue-se por conferir à criança o lugar de sujeito desejante, que pode estar subjetivamente implicado nas experiências de que toma parte, inclusive as sexuais. Baseamo-nos, para isso, fundamentalmente nas obras de Freud e de Lacan, mas também nas observações de alguns psicanalistas que reafirmaram, nos últimos anos, uma posição ética da psicanálise diante do sujeito criança, com seu desejo e suas possibilidades de gozar, na contramão de uma lógica moralizante, normalizadora e higienista, que a objetaliza mais ainda.

This article discusses the treatment which is being given to the topic of sexual abuse by contemporary society and suggests a contrast from the psychoanalytic theory, especially as it refers to infantile sexuality. Assuming that the child is a subject of desire, therefore, subject to its choices, whether conscious or unconscious, we question the current tendency to relieve it's objectalisation in the legal, psychological and, even in some texts, psychoanalytic approaches and we emphasize an important difference between the juridical discourse and the psychoanalytic one. As we know, the latter distinguishes itself by giving the child the place of the desiring subject, which may be subjectively involved in the experiences in which it`s taking part, including sexual ones. We rely for this, primarily, on the works of Freud and Lacan, but also on the observations that some psychoanalysts reaffirmed in recent years, on the ethical position of psychoanalysis facing the child as a subject, with its desire and jouissance possibilities, against a moralizing, normative and hygienist logic, which turns the child still more into an object.

En este artículo se analiza el tratamiento que se le está dando al tema del abuso sexual por parte de la sociedad contemporánea y se propone contraponerle orientaciones que se encuentran en la teoría psicoanalítica, especialmente en lo que se refiere a la sexualidad infantil. Suponiendo que el niño es un sujeto de deseo, en consecuencia, sujeto de sus elecciones, ya sea conscientes o inconscientes, interrogamos la tendencia actual a su objetalización en los contextos jurídico, psicológico, e incluso, en algunos textos psicoanalíticos y hacemos hincapié en una diferencia importante entre el discurso jurídico y psicoanalítico. Como se sabe, este último se distingue por dar al niño el lugar del sujeto deseante, que puede ser subjetivamente involucrado en las experiencias en las que el participa, incluyendo las sexuales. Fundamentamos el desarrollo del texto, sobre todo, en las obras de Freud y de Lacan, pero no solo, también con el ayudo de las observaciones de algunos psicoanalistas que reafirmaron, en los últimos años, una posición ética del psicoanálisis frente al niño como sujeto, con su deseo y sus posibilidades de goce, contra una lógica moralizante, normativa e higienista que lo objectaliza más, aún.

The prevention and handling of the missing data / 대한마취과학회지

Even in a well-designed and controlled study, missing data occurs in almost all research. Missing data can reduce the statistical power of a study and can produce biased estimates, leading to invalid conclusions. This manuscript reviews the problems and types of missing data, along with the techniques for handling missing data. The mechanisms by which missing data occurs are illustrated, and the methods for handling the missing data are discussed. The paper concludes with recommendations for the handling of missing data.