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1.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 50(4)ago. 2023.
Article Dans Espagnol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1515194

Résumé

Con 3 de cada 4 personas viviendo con sobrepeso u obesidad, la prevalencia de IMC elevado en Chile es de las más altas del continente, mostrando un patrón de distribución inequitativo mediado por determinantes estructurales que modelan el comportamiento en salud (seguridad social, nivel socioeconómico, educación, género, entre otros). Las características socioeconómicas del país, nación de ingresos altos con marcada inequidad, son poco comunes y representan un desafío adicional a la hora de diseñar intervenciones en salud. Una alta concentración de riqueza permite ser clasificado como país de ingresos altos aun cuando la mayor parte de la población pertenecería a una clase social vulnerable, cuyos ingresos se ven acompañados de recursos sociales y simbólicos que dificultan doblemente la adopción de un "estilo de vida" saludable. A pesar de las múltiples estrategias nutricionales implementadas, la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad continúa en aumento. Se postula como gran responsable al insistente uso de modelos basados en elección y responsabilidad individual, que buscan modificar factores de riesgo conductuales (sedentarismo y alta ingesta calórica) sin neutralizar los determinantes estructurales que predisponen esa conducta. Favorablemente, la última Política Nacional de Nutrición reconoce la "determinación social de la alimentación", representando un cambio de paradigma que confiere cierto optimismo y cuya eficacia deberá ser evaluada en los próximos años.


With 3 out of 4 people living with overweight or obesity, the national prevalence of high BMI is among the highest on the continent, thus showing an inequitable distribution pattern mediated by structural determinants that shape health behavior (social security, socioeconomic status, education, gender, among others). The socioeconomic features of the country, a high-income nation with marked inequity, are unusual and represent an additional challenge when designing health interventions. A high concentration of wealth allows it to be classified as a high-income country even though most of the population would belong to a vulnerable social class, whose income is accompanied by social and symbolic resources that make it doubly challenging to adopt a healthy "lifestyle". Despite the multiple nutritional strategies implemented, the prevalence of overweight and obesity continues to increase. The insistent use of models based on individual choice and responsibility, which seek to modify behavioral risk factors (sedentary lifestyle and high caloric intake) without neutralizing the structural determinants predisposing this behavior, is postulated as highly responsible. Favorably, the latest National Nutrition Policy recognizes the "social determination of food", representing a paradigm shift that confers some optimism and whose effectiveness has to be evaluated in the coming years.

2.
Rev. adm. pública (Online) ; 53(5): 838-858, set.-dez. 2019. tab, graf
Article Dans Portugais | LILACS | ID: biblio-1041660

Résumé

Resumo Beneficiando cerca de 14 milhões de famílias brasileiras, o Programa Bolsa Família (PBF) é um dos mais importantes programas brasileiros de transferência condicionada de renda dos últimos anos. A investigação dos impactos do PBF, no mercado de trabalho formal dos 5.570 municípios brasileiros, no período de 2004 a 2013, constitui o principal objetivo deste artigo. Usando dados totais de cada um dos municípios da União, obtidos no Cadastro Único do Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social (MDS) e no Cadastro Central de Empresas do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), métodos de estimação dos mínimos quadrados ordinários (MQO), modelos de dados em painel e modelos dinâmicos, testam-se as hipóteses da associação do benefício do PBF com a quantidade de pessoal ocupado assalariado formal e com o total dos salários e de outras remunerações. Nos três modelos utilizados, os resultados indicam associação positiva para as duas hipóteses testadas.


Resumen Al beneficiar a cerca de 14 millones de familias brasileñas, el Programa Bolsa Familia (PBF) es uno de los más importantes programas brasileños de transferencia monetaria condicionada de los últimos años. La investigación de los impactos del PBF, en el mercado de trabajo formal de los 5.570 municipios brasileños, en el período de 2004 a 2013, constituye el principal objetivo de este artículo. Con datos totales de cada uno de los municipios de la República, obtenidos del Registro Único del Ministerio de Desarrollo Social (MDS) y del Registro Central de Empresas del Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística (IBGE), métodos de estimación de los mínimos cuadrados ordinarios (MCO), modelos de datos en panel y modelos dinámicos de Arellano y Bond (1991), se prueban las hipótesis de la asociación del beneficio del PBF con la cantidad de personal ocupado asalariado formal y con el total de los salarios y de otras remuneraciones. En los tres modelos utilizados, los resultados indican una asociación positiva para las dos hipótesis probadas.


Abstract The Bolsa Família Program (PBF) benefits 14 million Brazilian families, and is one of the most important conditional cash transfer programs in Brazil in recent years. This articles investigates the impacts of the PBF in the formal labor market of the 5,570 Brazilian municipalities, from 2004 to 2013. The research used data from all Brazilian municipalities retrieved from the Cadastro Único (database of low-income families) of the Ministry of Social Development (MDS) and the Cadastro Central de Empresas (database of corporations) of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The study adopted methods to estimate the ordinary least squares (OLS), and used panel data models as well as the dynamic models of Arellano and Bond (1991) in order to test hypotheses related to the association among the benefits from PBF, formal employment, and the total of salaries and other remunerations payed. The results indicate a positive association for the two hypotheses tested, in all three models applied.


Sujets)
Famille , Rémunération , Financement du gouvernement , Revenu
3.
Ciênc. Saúde Colet. (Impr.) ; 20(4): 971-986, abr. 2015. tab, graf
Article Dans Anglais, Portugais | LILACS | ID: lil-744878

Résumé

Object: the level and evolution of income inequality among adults in Brazil between 2006 and 2012. Objectives: to calculate the level of inequality, its trend over the years and the share of income growth appropriated by different social groups. Methodology: We combined tax data from the Annual Personal Income Tax Returns (Declaração Anual de Ajuste do Imposto de Renda da Pessoa Física - DIRPF) and the Brazilian National Household Survey (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios - PNAD) to construct a complete distribution of total income among adults in Brazil. We applied Pareto interpolations to income tax tabulations to arrive at the distribution within income groups. We tested the results, comparing the PNAD to the Brazilian Consumption and Expenditure Survey (Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares - POF) and to data from the Census Subsample Survey (Census. Results: We found evidence that income inequality in Brazil is higher than previously thought and that it remained stable between 2006 and 2012; in making these findings, we thus diverged from most studies on the dynamics of inequality in Brazil.. There was income growth, but the top incomes have appropriated most of this growth. .


Objeto: o nível e a evolução da desigualdade de renda entre indivíduos adultos no Brasil entre 2006 e 2012. Objetivos: calcular o nível de desigualdade, seu comportamento ao longo dos anos e a parcela do crescimento da renda apropriada por diferentes grupos sociais. Metodologia: combinamos dados tributários provenientes da Declaração Anual de Ajuste do Imposto de Renda da Pessoa Física (DIRPF) e da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) para construir uma distribuição completa da renda total entre adultos. Partindo de dados tributários tabulados, aplicamos interpolações de Pareto para chegar à distribuição dentro dos estratos. Testamos os resultados comparando-os à PNAD, à Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) e aos dados do Questionário da Amostra do Censo (Censo). Resultados: encontramos evidência de que a desigualdade de renda no Brasil é mais alta do que se imaginava e permaneceu estável entre 2006 e 2012. Houve crescimento da renda, mas os ricos se apropriaram da maior parte desse crescimento. .


Sujets)
Humains , Facteurs socioéconomiques , Revenu/tendances , Revenu/statistiques et données numériques , Facteurs temps , Brésil , Caractéristiques familiales , Enquêtes et questionnaires , Impôt sur revenu
4.
Rev. bras. estud. popul ; 32(1): 165-188, Jan-Apr/2015. tab, graf
Article Dans Portugais | LILACS | ID: lil-754013

Résumé

O objetivo deste trabalho é documentar e explicar as diferenças nas distribuições de renda do Censo Demográfico, da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) e da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF). A principal hipótese é a de que é possível promover grande convergência dos resultados entre as três pesquisas com procedimentos de harmonização ex post, que compatibilizam, na medida do possível, diferenças amostrais, conceituais e de coleta e tratamento dos dados. Os resultados confirmam, em boa medida, esta hipótese: de modo geral, a harmonização aproxima as três pesquisas e reduz significativamente as maiores discrepâncias entre as distribuições de renda, em especial na comparação entre Censo e PNAD. Embora persistam em alguns casos diferenças quanto aos níveis de renda, desigualdade e pobreza, sua evolução ao longo do tempo torna-se muito semelhante nas três pesquisas. Por fim, observa-se também que as discrepâncias remanescentes seguem um padrão, ou seja, mesmo após a harmonização, a distribuição de renda na PNAD tende a ser um pouco mais igualitária do que no Censo e na POF: os rendimentos dos mais pobres são mais altos e os dos mais ricos, mais baixos...


The aim of this paper is to document and explain the differences in income distribution in three Brazilian household surveys: the Demographic Census, the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD - Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios) and the Family Budgets Survey (POF - Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares). The main hypothesis is that it is possible to achieve great convergence of results in the aforementioned surveys with ex post harmonization procedures that minimize, as far as possible, discrepancies in sampling design, in concepts, and in data collection and treatment. The results confirm, to a large extent, this hypothesis: in general, harmonization approximates the three surveys and significantly reduces the major discrepancies between income distributions, in particular concerning Census vs. PNAD comparisons. Although, in some cases, differences persist in the levels of income, inequality and poverty, their tendencies over time become remarkably similar in the three surveys. Finally, it is observed that the remaining discrepancies follow a pattern: even after harmonization, income distribution in PNADs tends to be a little more egalitarian than in Censuses and in POFs, that is, the poorest families have higher incomes and the richest families have lower incomes...


El objetivo de este trabajo es documentar y explicar las diferencias en la distribución del ingreso que surgen del censo demográfico, la Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) y la Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF). La hipótesis principal que se propone es que es posible promover una gran convergencia de los resultados entre las tres encuestas con los procedimientos de armonización ex post, que compatibilizan, en la medida de lo posible, las diferencias muestrales, conceptuales y de recogida y tratamiento de los datos. Los resultados confirman en buena medida esta hipótesis: de modo general, la armonización aproxima las tres encuestas y reduce significativamente las mayores discrepancias entre las distribuciones del ingreso, especialmente cuando se comparan el censo y la PNAD. Aunque en algunos casos persisten las diferencias en los niveles del ingreso, la desigualdad y la pobreza, su evolución en el tiempo llega a ser muy similar en las tres encuestas. Por último, también se observó que las discrepancias remanentes siguen un patrón, es decir, incluso después de la armonización, la distribución del ingreso en la PNAD tiende a ser un poco más igualitaria que en el censo y en la POF: en ese instrumento, los ingresos de los más pobres son más altos y los de los más ricos, más bajos...


Sujets)
Humains , Recensements , Échantillonnage en Grappes , Facteurs socioéconomiques/économie , Pauvreté , Revenu/tendances , Enquête Socioéconomique , Brésil
5.
Saúde Soc ; 16(2): 61-75, maio-ago. 2007. tab
Article Dans Portugais | LILACS | ID: lil-476023

Résumé

Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a implantação do Programa de Garantia de Renda Familiar Mínima (PGRFM) na comunidade Guarani do Morro da Saudade (distrito de Parelheiros), no Município de São Paulo. O universo da pesquisa abrangeu 67 famílias indígenas da aldeia, inseridas no PGRFM, entre 2003 e 2004. A metodologia empregada foi a qualitativa, com a utilização de várias técnicas: observação participante, avaliação de documentos oficiais e correlatos, entrevista aberta realizada a partir de roteiro norteador, que possibilitou o recolhimento de depoimentos de famílias beneficiárias e de atores profissionais de instituições municipais e estaduais. Foi adotado o princípio da triangulação para análise dos resultados. Observou-se que, apesar de estarem inseridas na sociedade de consumo, as comunidades indígenas guardam valores coletivos e sociais que se revelaram incompatíveis com as características de um programa de distribuição de renda, típico da sociedade envolvente. Sugere-se que a política de distribuição de renda, apesar de diminuir o risco de desnutrição na aldeia, pode intensificar o quadro de tensão no qual se inserem as comunidades indígenas assentadas em meio urbano, ocasionando desequilíbrios na saúde de seus membros e alterando sua relação com o meio ambiente. Conclui-se que a Lei da Renda Básica de Cidadania seria mais adequada ao mundo indígena, se adaptada e regulamentada para eles e com a sua participação.


The study aimed to analyze the implementation process of the "Programa de Garantia de Renda Familiar Mínima" (PGRMF) Minimum family income program - among the Guarani, an Indian community living in Morro da Saudade, located in a district in the periphery of the city of São Paulo. The research focused on 67 Guarani-Mbya families living in Morro da Saudade and participating in the Program during 2003 and 2004. The qualitative methodology was adopted. The investigation was based mainly on the principles of action research, as well as on the analysis of different sources, official or not. Non-structured interviews enabled to trace back histories and projects of life of the Guarani-Mbya families. Interviews with different actors contributed to the understanding of the impacts. The study revealed that the implementation of PGRMF in the Guarani community living in Morro da Saudade, despite its beneficial aspect of minimizing malnutrition risks, can exacerbate tensions among the groups located at the fringe of the urban area, causing disruptions in their members' health and changing their relationships to the environment. Indian communities still preserve their values based on collectivity and solidarity, incompatible with the features of an Income Distribution Policy suited to the western society. Finally, the study sustains that the Law "Renda Básica de Cidadania"- Citizenship Basic Income - is better suited for Indian groups, if adapted and regulated for them and by them.


Sujets)
Éducation , Programmes gouvernementaux , Santé environnementale , Indien Amérique Sud , Brésil
6.
Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine ; : 193-199, 2004.
Article Dans Anglais | WPRIM | ID: wpr-332048

Résumé

Social epidemiology is a branch of epidemiology that focuses particularly on the effects of social-structural factors on states of health. Social epidemiology assumes that the distribution of advantages and disadvantages in a society reflects the distribution of health and disease. It proposes to identify societal characteristics that affect the pattern of disease and health distribution in a society and to understand its mechanisms. The central and initial question of social epidemiology to be answered is what effect do social factors have on individual and population health. However, the new focus on this theme using current epidemiological methods is a relatively recent phenomenon. There are several significant concepts in the field of social epidemiology: 1) the bio-psychosocial paradigm, 2) the population perspective, 3) use of new statistical approaches such as multilevel analysis, and 4) significance of theory.The relationship between social class and health has been a major research field since the beginning of public health history. Many studies have identified the disparities in health among social classes and developed several theories, such as social selection theory and socio-biological translation theory. However, despite the long history of this research field, the effect of social class on health is not yet fully understood.Income distribution and health is a relatively new field within social epidemiology. Three possible mechanisms for the consequences of income distribution on health are 1) disinvestment of human capital, 2) disinvestment of social capital, and 3) psychological process. Refining theories of income distribution is a major challenge in research on income distribution.

7.
Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine ; : 193-199, 2004.
Article Dans Japonais | WPRIM | ID: wpr-361462

Résumé

Social epidemiology is a branch of epidemiology that focuses particularly on the effects of social-structural factors on states of health. Social epidemiology assumes that the distribution of advantages and disadvantages in a society reflects the distribution of health and disease. It proposes to identify societal characteristics that affect the pattern of disease and health distribution in a society and to understand its mechanisms. The central and initial question of social epidemiology to be answered is what effect do social factors have on individual and population health. However, the new focus on this theme using current epidemiological methods is a relatively recent phenomenon. There are several significant concepts in the field of social epidemiology: 1) the bio-psychosocial paradigm, 2) the population perspective, 3) use of new statistical approaches such as multilevel analysis, and 4) significance of theory. The relationship between social class and health has been a major research field since the beginning of public health history. Many studies have identified the disparities in health among social classes and developed several theories, such as social selection theory and socio-biological translation theory. However, despite the long history of this research field, the effect of social class on health is not yet fully understood. Income distribution and health is a relatively new field within social epidemiology. Three possible mechanisms for the consequences of income distribution on health are 1) disinvestment of human capital, 2) disinvestment of social capital, and 3) psychological process. Refining theories of income distribution is a major challenge in research on income distribution.


Sujets)
Santé , Recherche , Revenu
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