Knowledge on Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and attitudes toward people living with HIV (PLHIV) among medical students of Cebu Institute of Medicine (CIM)

Background@#In 2018, HIV/AIDS & ART Registry of the Philippines (HARP) reported an increase in the number of new HIV positive, notably the age group with the biggest proportion of new cases has become younger. In the Philippines, people who are HIV positive experienced stigma and discrimination even from health care professionals. @*Objective@#This study was conducted to determine the knowledge on Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and the attitudes on people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLHIV) of medical students of Cebu Institute of Medicine, Cebu City.@*Methods@#There were a total of 400 respondents. A validated questionnaire was adapted from a previous study by Madamba. Results were analyzed using Minitab 16. Hypotheses were tested at a 0.05 level of significance. @*Results@#The mean age of the respondents was 22 years old. Almost all of the medical students have heard about HIV/ AIDS, however more than half do not know of someone nor cared for a person who is HIV positive. More than 80 percent does not have any training on HIV/AIDS and still majority have not advised anyone to undergo HIV testing and counseling. The medical students have a high level of knowledge on HIV/AIDS as well as a positive attitude towards PLHIV, however majority felt the need for further training in handling and managing PLHIV. @*Conclusion@#Having a positive attitude towards people living with HIV can be attributed to the high level of knowledge on HIV/AIDS among the medical students of CIM but further training is needed for these future health care professionals in order to confidently manage and give counselling to PLHIV.

Using analytic hierarchy process to determine the weights of performance evaluation index system of autono-mous regional attached research institute of medicine in Xinjiang / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective To determine the weights of performance appraisal indicators of autonomous regional attached re-search institute of medicine in Xinjiang .Methods The AHP analysis method was used to establish a judgment matrix ,which determined the corresponding weights of the factors ,and calculated the total weight coefficient of the indicators that constitute the performance evaluation system of autonomous regional attached research institutes of medicine .Finally ,consistency check was performed on the judgment matrix .Results The assignment of experts to each indicator was reasonable and effective ,and the comparison with each other of the relative importance of indicators was appropriate .The weight coefficients of the criteria layer respectively were 0 .09246 ,0 .20434 ,0 .17473 ,0 .23681 ,0 .29166 ,and the total weight coefficient of the indicators were calculated .A performance evaluation model of attached research institute of medicine in Xinjiang was constructed .Conclusions The performance appraisal system of autonomous regional attached research institute of medicine in Xinjiang established by the AHP analysis method had a high degree of credibility and operability ,which can be used as a reference for further strengthe-ning the management of the institutes .

Current Situation of Medical Ethics Education in Institute of Medicine and Nursing and Strategies to Improve the Effectiveness of Teaching / 中国医学伦理学

A scientific and appropriate construction of curriculum of medical ethics such as teaching hours,teaching content,teaching methods and examination & evaluation in Institute of Medicine and Nursing is to improve the effectiveness of the teaching of medical ethics,to fulfil its goal of fostering applied skilled medical talents,and to meet the needs for the talents in the development of time so that students can better access and understand medical ethics for the sake of facing and dealing properly with problems related to medical ethics work in their future medical work.

The Big Vitamin D Mistake / 예방의학회지

Since 2006, type 1 diabetes in Finland has plateaued and then decreased after the authorities' decision to fortify dietary milk products with cholecalciferol. The role of vitamin D in innate and adaptive immunity is critical. A statistical error in the estimation of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for vitamin D was recently discovered; in a correct analysis of the data used by the Institute of Medicine, it was found that 8895 IU/d was needed for 97.5% of individuals to achieve values ≥50 nmol/L. Another study confirmed that 6201 IU/d was needed to achieve 75 nmol/L and 9122 IU/d was needed to reach 100 nmol/L. The largest meta-analysis ever conducted of studies published between 1966 and 2013 showed that 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels 1 year of age, and around 8000 IU for young adults and thereafter. Actions are urgently needed to protect the global population from vitamin D deficiency.

Adequação do consumo de macronutrientes na população residente em São Paulo, Brasil / Adequacy prevalence of macronutrient intake among residents of São Paulo, Brazil

Healthy diets with adequate balance of macronutrients are associatedwith lower levels of inflammatory biomarkers; they help control the insulinlevels, prevent the risk of dyslipidemia, and reduce the risk of chronicdiseases. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relative intake ofmacronutrients regarding the percentage of total energy intake amongresidents of São Paulo. It was a cross-sectional study comprising participants from the Health Survey of São Paulo 2008/2009 (ISA Capital).We assessed data from 1660 individuals, both sexes, between 12 and 97years old. Dietary intake, measured by a 24-hour dietary recall (24HR),was converted into energy and nutrient values. We used the intakesrecommended by the Institute of Medicine (2002) to evaluate the relativeparticipation of macronutrients according to energetic intake. Thepercentage of calories from carbohydrates was significantly higher infemales (?=1.99, IC95% [0.82; 3.16]). Fat consumption was higher thanthe recommended daily intake in over 50% of the adults and elderly assessed. Proteins were the macronutrients that showed higher agreement with the recommended values (above 84%) and they were lower in males (?=?0.63, IC95%[?1.23; ?0.03]). We observed that 83% of the individuals who consumed carbohydrates below the recommended intake presented fat intake higher than the reference value. Thus, low-carbohydrate diets were high in caloric intake from fat (?=?8.34, IC95% [?9.29; ?7.39]). This finding introduces an important public health problem because it could be associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases.

Las dietas saludables, con proporciones adecuadas de macronutrientes, están relacionadas con la reducción de los niveles de marcadoresinflamatorios ayudando en el control de los niveles de insulina, en la prevención de ocurrencia de dislipidemias y, consecuentemente, de lasenfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el consumo relativo de estos nutrientes en relación al consumo energético de la población de la ciudad de São Paulo. Se trata de un estudio transversal, con respuestas a la Encuesta de Salud de Base Poblacional 2008/2009 ? ISA Capital. Se estudiaron los datos de 1660 individuos, de ambos sexos, con edades comprendidas entre 12 y 97 años. Los datos de la ingestión alimentar, obtenidos por el Recordatorio de 24 horas, se transformaron en energía y nutrientes. Para evaluar laparticipación relativa de los macronutrientes en el consumo energético, se utilizaron las recomendaciones del Institute of Medicine (2002). El porcentaje de calorías proveniente de carbohidratos fue significativamente mayor en mujeres (?=1,99, IC95% [0,82; 3,16]). En más del 50% de la población adulta y de la tercera edad se encontró un consumo de grasas por encima de lo recomendado. Las proteínas fueron los macronutrientes que presentaron una cantidad conforme a la recomendada, por encima del 84%, siendo significativamente menor en los hombres (?=?0,63, IC95% [?1,23, ?0,03]). Se evidenció que el 83% de los individuos que consumieroncarbohidratos por debajo de las cantidades recomendadas, mostraron un consumo de grasas por encima de lo recomendado. Por lo tanto, la baja ingesta de carbohidratos provocó una compensación de ingesta calórica consistente en el aumento del consumo de lípidos (?=?8,34, IC95% [?9,29, ?7,39]). Este hallazgo muestra un importante problema para la salud pública, pudiendo estar asociado con el aumento del riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles.

Dietas saudáveis, com proporções adequadas de macronutrientes, estão associadas à redução dos níveis de marcadores inflamatórios, auxiliandono controle dos níveis de insulina, na prevenção de ocorrência de dislipidemias e, consequentemente, de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o consumo relativodesses nutrientes quanto à ingestão energética na população paulistana. Trata-se de estudo transversal, com participantes do Inquérito de Saúde de Base Populacional 2008/2009 - ISA Capital. Foram estudados dados de 1.660 indivíduos, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 12 e 97 anos. Os dados do consumo alimentar, aferidos através do Recordatório de 24 horas, foram transformados em energia e nutrientes. Para avaliar a participação relativa dos macronutrientes no consumo energético, utilizaram se as recomendações do Institute of Medicine (2002). O percentual calórico de carboidrato foi significantemente maior para o sexo feminino (?=1,99, IC95% [0,82; 3,16]). O consumo lipídico mostrou-se acima do recomendado em mais de 50% dos adultos e idosos As proteínas foramos macronutrientes que apresentaram maior conformidade à recomendação, acima de 84%, sendo significantemente menor nos homens (?=? 0,63, IC95%[?1,23; ?0,03]). Observou-se que 83% dos indivíduos que consumiram carboidratos abaixo dos valores preconizados revelaram uma ingestão lipídica acima do recomendado. Assim, a baixa ingestão de carboidratos levou a uma compensação da ingestão calórica em função do aumento do consumo de lipídios (?=?8,34, IC95% [?9,29; ?7,39]). Este achado mostrou-se um importante problema para a saúde pública, podendo estar associado ao aumento no risco de desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis.

Comparison of Eating Habits Based on Weight Gain during Pregnancy: Centered on Recommended Standards of the Institute of Medicine

The purpose of this study was to investigate weight gain during pregnancy based on pre-pregnant Body Mass Index, to compare eating habits based on the recommended standards for weight gain presented by the Institute of Medicine, and to identify factors affecting the weight gain of pregnant women. The subjects were grouped into three categories according to the recommended weight gain standards presented by the Institute of Medicine: the inadequate group, the adequate group and the excessive group. The excessive group had a significantly higher pre-pregnant Body Mass Index than that of the two other groups. Based on a comparison of the eating habits and nutrient intake of the women to the recommended standards for weight gain, the excessive gain group had large meals and ate more frequently outside of the home when compared to the pre-pregnancy period. Based on an analysis of correlations between weight gain during pregnancy and diet factors, the adequate gain group had positive correlation between weight gain and a "balanced meal" and had negative correlation with "convenience meals". The excessive gain group had a positive correlation with "convenience meals" and had a negative correlation with "meal skipping." All the pregnant women were more frequent in the "overeating categories" and all ate more "fruit," as their weight gain was higher. In particular, the excessive gain group was frequently evaluated as "overeating". These results indicate that the factors affecting weight gain during pregnancy were the Body Mass Index before pregnancy, eating types, and eating habits. As the Body Mass Index before pregnancy was higher, the ingestion of a 'balanced meal' was less, and overeating and gluttony were more frequent. Therefore weight gain was enhanced.

Suicide prevention strategies from medical perspective

Even though suicide ranks as the fourth cause of death and is causing a significant loss in Korea, it seems that the conventional notion regarding suicide as a feasible way of solving a troublesome life situation hinders early recognition and proper management of suicide. This article reviews suicide prevention strategies recommended based on robust experience and scientific understanding of the characteristics of the suicide problem. In the UK, a suicide prevention strategy was formed at the national level suggesting significant goals to reduce the rate of suicide. In the US, the Institute of Medicine study committee examined the state of the science base, gaps in knowledge, strategies for prevention, and research designs for the study of suicide. This recommendation includes more science-based, coherent and well-coordinated multidisciplinary approaches, and thus suggests important practical recommendations for a suicide prevention strategy of Korea. The author concludes that suicide should be defined as a treatable and even preventable medical condition. Constructing a national network of suicide research, data surveillance, developing tools for suicide prevention including early detection and safety planning, and comprehensive insurance coverage are recommended.