Ineficiência Ventilatória Comparável no Desempenho Máximo e Submáximo em Indivíduos com DPOC e ICC: Uma Abordagem Inovadora / Comparable Ventilatory Inefficiency at Maximal and Submaximal Performance in COPD vs. CHF subjects: An Innovative Approach

Resumo Fundamento: Atualmente, o excesso de ventilação tem sido fundamentado na relação entre ventilação-minuto/produção de dióxido de carbono ( V ˙ E − V ˙ CO 2). Alternativamente, uma nova abordagem para eficiência ventilatória ( η E V ˙) tem sido publicada. Objetivo: Nossa hipótese principal é que níveis comparativamente baixos de η E V ˙ entre insuficiência cardíaca crônica (ICC) e doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) são atingíveis para um nível semelhante de desempenho aeróbico máximo e submáximo, inversamente aos métodos estabelecidos há muito tempo (inclinação V ˙ E − V ˙ CO 2 e intercepto). Métodos: Ambos os grupos realizaram testes de função pulmonar, ecocardiografia e teste de exercício cardiopulmonar. O nível de significância adotada na análise estatística foi 5%. Assim, dezenove indivíduos elegíveis para DPOC e dezenove indivíduos elegíveis para ICC completaram o estudo. Com o objetivo de contrastar valores completos de V ˙ E − V ˙ CO 2 e η E V ˙ para o período de exercício (100%), correlações foram feitas com frações menores, como 90% e 75% dos valores máximos. Resultados: Os dois grupos tiveram características correspondentes para a idade (62±6 vs 59±9 anos, p>.05), sexo (10/9 vs 14/5, p>0,05), IMC (26±4 vs 27±3 Kg m2, p>0,05), e pico V ˙ O 2 (72±19 vs 74±20 % pred, p>0,05), respectivamente. A inclinação V ˙ E − V ˙ CO 2 e intercepto foram significativamente diferentes para DPOC e ICC (207,2±1,4 vs 33,1±5,7 e 5,3±1,9 vs 1,7±3,6, p<0,05 para ambas), mas os valores médios da η E V ˙ foram semelhantes entre os grupos (10,2±3,4 vs 10,9±2,3%, p=0,462). As correlações entre 100% do período do exercício com 90% e 75% dele foram mais fortes para η E V ˙ (r>0,850 para ambos). Conclusão: A η E V ˙ é um método valioso para comparação entre doenças cardiopulmonares, com mecanismos fisiopatológicos até agora distintos, incluindo restrições ventilatórias na DPOC.

Abstract Background: Currently, excess ventilation has been grounded under the relationship between minute-ventilation/carbon dioxide output ( V ˙ E − V ˙ CO 2). Alternatively, a new approach for ventilatory efficiency ( η E V ˙) has been published. Objective: Our main hypothesis is that comparatively low levels of η E V ˙ between chronic heart failure (CHF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are attainable for a similar level of maximum and submaximal aerobic performance, conversely to long-established methods ( V ˙ E − V ˙ CO 2 slope and intercept). Methods: Both groups performed lung function tests, echocardiography, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing. The significance level adopted in the statistical analysis was 5%. Thus, nineteen COPD and nineteen CHF-eligible subjects completed the study. With the aim of contrasting full values of V ˙ E − V ˙ CO 2 and η V ˙ E for the exercise period (100%), correlations were made with smaller fractions, such as 90% and 75% of the maximum values. Results: The two groups attained matched characteristics for age (62±6 vs. 59±9 yrs, p>.05), sex (10/9 vs. 14/5, p>0.05), BMI (26±4 vs. 27±3 Kg m2, p>0.05), and peak V ˙ O 2 (72±19 vs. 74±20 %pred, p>0.05), respectively. The V ˙ E − V ˙ CO 2 slope and intercept were significantly different for COPD and CHF (27.2±1.4 vs. 33.1±5.7 and 5.3±1.9 vs. 1.7±3.6, p<0.05 for both), but η V ˙ E average values were similar between-groups (10.2±3.4 vs. 10.9±2.3%, p=0.462). The correlations between 100% of the exercise period with 90% and 75% of it were stronger for η V ˙ E (r>0.850 for both). Conclusion: The η V ˙ E is a valuable method for comparison between cardiopulmonary diseases, with so far distinct physiopathological mechanisms, including ventilatory constraints in COPD.

Prevalencia, caracterización y pronóstico de pacientes con sospecha de insuficiencia cardíaca en atención primaria de salud en Chile

Introducción: La insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) tiene alta morbilidad y mortalidad. Su diagnóstico temprano en atención primaria de salud (APS) es un reto dada la baja especificidad de sus criterios clínicos y las limitaciones en acceso a técnicas diagnósticas. Objetivo: Analizar la prevalencia de IC, subtipos y pronóstico de pacientes con disnea y/o edema de extremidades inferiores que consultan en APS. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio prospectivo de 340 pacientes en APS, sin diagnóstico previo de IC. Se realizó una evaluación clínica, electrocardiograma, NT-proBNP "point-of-care", ecocardiografía con interpretación telemática por cardiólogos. Utilizando los algoritmos HFA-PEFF y H2FPEF se clasificaron los pacientes como :1) IC con fracción de eyección (FE) reducida (ICFER); 2) IC con FE preservada (ICFEP) y 3) pacientes sin diagnóstico de IC. Se efectuó un análisis de sobrevida de los diferentes grupos. Resultados: La prevalencia de ICFER fue 8%, ICFEP por HFA-PEFF 42% y por H2FPEF 8%. Los algoritmos sugieren efectuar un estudio complementario en el 47% con HFA-PEFF y 76% con H2FPEF (p<0.05). La sobrevida global a 36 meses fue 90±2% y cardiovascular 95±1%. Usando HFA-PEFF, los pacientes con IC tuvieron menor sobrevida que aquellos sin IC (HR 2.3, IC95% 1.14.9; p=0.029). No hubo diferencias de mortalidad con H2FPEF. Conclusiones: En pacientes de APS que consultan por disnea y/o edema de extremidades inferiores sometidos a evaluación con NT-proBNP y ecocardiografía, se observó una prevalencia de IC de hasta 50%, 8% de ICFER y 42% de ICFEP. La caracterización de IC utilizando HFA-PEFF está asociada al pronóstico vital.

Background: Heart failure (HF) is a condition associated with high morbidity and mortality. Its early diagnosis in primary health care (PHC) represents a substantial challenge, considering its non-specific clinical manifestations and the limitations on timely access to diagnostic techniques. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of HF, characterize subtypes and determine the prognosis of patients consulting in PHC for dyspnea Edema of the lower extremities. Methods: Prospective study in 340 patients who consulted in PHC, without previous diagnosis of HF. Clinical evaluation, electrocardiogram, NT-proBNP point-ofcare and echocardiography with telematic interpretation by cardiologists were performed. Using the HFA-PEFF and H2FPEF algorithms patients were classified as: 1) HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFREF); 2) HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) and 3) No HF. Actuarial survival analyses were performed. Results: We observed a prevalence of HFREF of 8%, high probability of HFPEF by HFA-PEFF in 42% and by H2FPEF in 8%. Intermediate probability of HFPEF, requiring complementary study, was observed in 47% of patients with HFA-PEFF and 76% of patients with H2FPEF (p<0.05). Overall survival at 36 months was 90±2% and cardiovascular survival at 36 months was 95±1%. Using HFA-PEFF, patients with HF presented lower overall survival compared to patients with no HF (HR 2.3, 95%CI 1.1-4.9; p=0.029). We did not observe mortality differences with H2FPEF. Conclusions: In patients consulting for dyspnea and/or lower extremity edema at PHC and undergoing evaluation with NT-proBNP and echocardiography, we observed a HF prevalence of 50%. HF classification through HFA-PEFF was associated with lower survival rates.

Vena cava izquierda persistente, inusual anatomía para la resincronización cardíaca: experiencia de implante y posterior cambio de generador

Introducción: La presencia de una vena cava superior izquierda persistente, durante el implante de electrodos endocavitarios para la resincronización cardíaca, representa una anomalía poco habitual de gran relevancia, que puede presentarse de forma inesperada durante el abordaje venoso superior habitual. Planteando desafíos técnicos en su implante y dudas sobre su eficacia o seguridad a corto y largo plazo; existiendo aislados casos publicados. Caso clínico: Presentamos un caso complejo con esta inusual anomalía llevado a implante de este dispositivo de forma exitosa, con funcionamiento normal durante su seguimiento de 7 años, llevado posteriormente a cambio de generador. Conclusiones: La vena cava superior izquierda persistente es la anomalía del retorno venoso cardiaco más frecuente, aunque su prevalencia es baja, presenta una gran relevancia en el implante y posicionamiento de electrodos endocavitarios necesarios para la terapia de resincronización cardiaca. Existe una evidencia creciente sobre su factibilidad y seguridad a corto y largo plazo a pesar de sus dificultades técnicas asociadas.

Introduction: The presence of a persistent left superior vena cava, during the implantation of endocavitary electrodes for cardiac resynchronization, represents an unusual anomaly of great relevance, which can occur unexpectedly during the usual superior venous approach. It constitutes a technical challenge in your implant and doubts about its effectiveness or safety in the short and long term. There are isolated published cases. We present a complex case with this unusual anomaly that led to successful implantation of this device, with a normal functio during its 7-year follow-up It was followed by uneventul generator change. Conclusions: Persistent left superior vena cava is the most common cardiac venous return anomaly. Although its prevalence is low, it is of great relevance in the implantation and positioning of endocavitary electrodes necessary for cardiac resynchronization therapy. There is growing evidence about its feasibility and safety in the short and long term despite.

Principales características clínicas y epidemiológicas de pacientes con miocardiopatía periparto

Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares representan una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad durante la gestación, entre las que se destaca la miocardiopatía, que cursa como un síndrome de insuficiencia cardíaca. Objetivo: Caracterizar a pacientes con miocardiopatía periparto según variables clínicas y epidemiológicas de interés para la investigación. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de las 18 pacientes con diagnóstico de miocardiopatía periparto, asistidas en el Hospital General Docente Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso de Santiago de Cuba en el período comprendido desde octubre de 2015 hasta diciembre de 2022. Resultados: En la serie predominaron las pacientes mayores de 35 años de edad (edad promedio de 32,6 años), además de la descendencia africana (50,0 %), la hipertensión arterial crónica (44,4 %) y la multiparidad (8,9 %) como factores de riesgo y la insuficiencia del ventrículo izquierdo como manifestación clínica. La fracción de eyección de dicho ventrículo estuvo regularmente disminuida y la respuesta al tratamiento farmacológico fue satisfactoria en el total de la muestra. Conclusiones: La miocardiopatía en el periparto es de baja incidencia en este centro; sin embargo, por la gravedad que representa, se impone el diagnóstico temprano y la intervención del personal especializado para evitar complicaciones.

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases represent an important cause of morbidity and mortality during pregnancy, cardiomyopathy is notable as a syndrome of heart failure. Objective: To characterize patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy according to clinical and epidemiological variables of interest for the investigation. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 18 patients with diagnosis of peripartum cardiomyopathy was carried out. They were assisted at Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso Teaching General Hospital in Santiago de Cuba from October, 2015 to December, 2022. Results: In the series there was a prevalence of patients over 35 years (32.6 average age), besides African descendant (50.0 %), chronic hypertension (44.4 %) and multiparity (8.9 %) as risk factors and the left ventricle failure as clinical manifestation. The ejection fraction of this ventricle was regularly diminished and the pharmacological treatment response was satisfactory in all the sample. Conclusions: Peripartum cardiomyopathy is of low incidence in this center; however, due to its seriousness, the early diagnosis and the specialized staff intervention are necessary to avoid complications.

Response predictors to cardiac resynchronization therapy in chronic heart failure: a 10-year-cardiovascular center experience / Predictores de respuesta a la terapia de resincronización cardíaca en insuficiencia cardíaca crónica: 10 años de experiencia en un centro cardiovascular

Abstract Background: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has been established as an effective therapy for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Randomized clinical trials have shown its impact on mortality and HF hospitalizations, as well as improvement of symptoms and quality of life. Objectives: Finding clinical, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic variables that may predict the response to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). Methods: We performed a single-center, observational, analytic, and retrospective study that included 102 patients with heart failure (HF) diagnosis who underwent CRT according to guideline-directed therapy from January 2010 to April 2020 in a third-level center. CRT response was defined as an improvement of New York Heart Association functional class in at least 1 category associated with a recovery of ≥ 5% in the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Results: Our study population was 102 patients of which 61 (59.8%) were men. The mean age at HF diagnosis was 54 ± 18.7 years. Ischemic heart disease was the etiology in 37 (36.3%) cases. Fifty-one (50%) patients were classified as responders. Responders had wider QRS, and lower LVEF and right ventricular fractional area change at baseline. After CRT, responders had a greater reduction of QRS duration, and improvement in LVEF, global longitudinal strain, and echocardiographic dyssynchrony parameters. Multivariate regression analysis showed that left bundle branch block (LBBB), left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), and baseline difference of pre-ejection periods were predictors of a positive response to CRT in this population. Conclusions: LBBB, TAPSE, LVEDV, and pre-ejection time difference are independent variables that can predict adequate response to CRT.

Resumen Antecedentes: La terapia de resincronización cardíaca (TRC) se ha establecido como una terapia efectiva para la insuficiencia cardíaca con fracción de eyección reducida. Ensayos clínicos aleatorizados han demostrado su impacto en la mortalidad y hospitalizaciones por insuficiencia cardíaca, así como la mejora de los síntomas y la calidad de vida. Objetivos: Determinar las variables clínicas, electrocardiográficas y ecocardiográficas que puedan predecir la respuesta a la terapia de resincronización cardíaca (TRC). Método: Estudio unicéntrico, observacional, analítico, retrospectivo, que incluyó 102 pacientes con diagnóstico de IC sometidos a TRC y terapia dirigida por guías, de enero de 2010 a abril de 2020, en un centro de tercer nivel. La respuesta a TRC fue definida como mejoría de la clase funcional de la New York Heart Association en al menos 1 categoría, asociado con una recuperación ≥ 5% en la fracción de expulsión del ventrículo izquierdo (FEVI). Resultados: Incluimos a 102 pacientes, 61 (59.8%) fueron hombres. El promedio de edad al diagnóstico de IC fue 54 ± 18.7 años. La cardiopatía isquémica fue la etiología en 37 (36.3%) pacientes. 51 (50%) pacientes, fueron clasificados como respondedores. Los respondedores presentaron QRS amplio, menor FEVI y menor fracción de acortamiento del ventrículo derecho al inicio del estudio. Después de la TRC, los respondedores tuvieron una mayor reducción en la duración del QRS, mejoría en la FEVI, strain longitudinal global y parámetros de disincronía ecocardiográfica. El análisis de regresión multivariado mostró que el bloqueo de rama izquierdo (BRI), el volumen telediastólico del ventrículo izquierdo (VTDVI) la excursión sistólica del plano anular tricuspídeo (TAPSE) y la diferencia basal del período expulsivo fueron predictores de respuesta positiva a TRC. Conclusiones: BRI, TAPSE, VTDVI y la diferencia basal de períodos preexpulsivos son variables independientes que predicen respuesta adecuada a TRC.

Prevalencia de estenosis aórtica moderada-grave en pacientes con amiloidosis cardiaca en un centro de referencia / Prevalence of moderate-severe aortic stenosis in patients with cardiac amyloidosis in a referral center

Resumen Antecedentes: La estenosis aórtica (EA) es actualmente la enfermedad valvular más frecuente, con una prevalencia estimada de más del 4 % en octogenarios. Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia de estenosis aórtica (EA) moderada-grave en pacientes con amiloidosis por transtiretina wild type (ATTRwt). Además, describir las características clínicas, ecocardiográficas y la evolución en este grupo de pacientes. Método: Estudio de cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes con diagnóstico de ATTRwt, pertenecientes al Registro Institucional de Amiloidosis del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, en el periodo del 30/11/2007 al 31/05/2021. El seguimiento de los pacientes se realizó a través de la historia clínica electrónica de la institución. Se estimó la prevalencia de EA moderada-grave, que se presenta como porcentaje con su intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC 95%). Se compararon las características por grupos según tuvieran o no EA moderada-grave. Resultados: Se incluyeron 104 pacientes con diagnóstico de ATTRwt. La mediana de seguimiento fue de 476 días [rango intercuartílico: 192-749]. La prevalencia de EA moderada-grave al momento del diagnóstico de ATTRwt fue del 10.5% (n = 11; IC95%: 5-18%). La mediana de edad de los pacientes con EA fue de 86 años [78-91] y predominó el sexo masculino (81.8%). La mayoría de los pacientes tenían el antecedente de insuficiencia cardiaca (n = 8) y fibrilación auricular (n = 8). Predominaron los pacientes con EA grave de bajo flujo y bajo gradiente (n = 7). Cuatro pacientes fueron sometidos a alguna intervención en la válvula aórtica. Durante el seguimiento, 5 pacientes (46%) tuvieron internaciones por insuficiencia cardiaca descompensada y 4 (36%) fallecieron. Conclusiones: En nuestra cohorte, la coexistencia de ambas patologías tuvo una prevalencia similar a la reportada en la literatura internacional. Se trató de una población añosa con alto porcentaje de fibrilación auricular y antecedente de insuficiencia cardiaca. La mayoría presentaron EA grave de bajo flujo y bajo gradiente.

Abstract Background: Aortic stenosis (AS) is currently the most common valvular disease, with an estimated prevalence of over 4% in octogenarians. Objective: To describe the prevalence of moderate-severe aortic stenosis (AS) in patients with wild type transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRwt). Also, describe the clinical features, echocardiographic characteristics and clinical evolution. Method: Retrospective cohort of patients with diagnosis of ATTRwt, belonging to Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires Institutional Amyloidosis Registry, from 30/11/2007 to 31/05/2021. Patients follow up was carried out through the institution clinical history. The prevalence of moderate-severe AE was estimated and presented as a percentage with its 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The characteristics were compared by groups according to whether or not they had moderate-severe AS. Results: 104 patients with ATTRwt were included. Median follow up was 476 days [interquartile range: 192-749]. Moderate-severe AS prevalence at the ATTRwt time of diagnosis was 10.5% (n = 11; 95% CI: 5-18%). The median age of patients with AS moderate-severe at the time of diagnosis of ATTRwt was 86 years [78-91] and the male sex predominated (82%). Most of the patients had a history of heart failure (n = 8) and atrial fibrillation (n = 8) prior to the diagnosis of ATTRwt. Most of the patients were subclassified as low flow low gradient severe AS group (n = 7). Four patients underwent some intervention on the aortic valve. During follow-up, 5 patients (46%) were hospitalized for decompensated heart failure and 4 (36%) died. Conclusions: In our cohort, the coexistence of both pathologies had a similar prevalence as reported in the international literature. It was an elderly population with a high percentage of atrial fibrillation and history of heart failure. Most of the patients presented with severe AS with low flow low gradient.

Experiencia con la herramienta ultrasonográfica Kosmos en el abordaje y tratamiento de pacientes de la consulta externa de insuficiencia cardiaca: un estudio transversal unicéntrico / Experience with the Kosmos ultrasonographic tool in the approach and treatment of ambulatory patients of a heart failure clinic: a single-center cross-sectional study

Resumen Antecedentes: En México aún es muy poco conocida la epidemiología de la insuficiencia cardiaca, sin embargo se sabe que la principal causa de ingresos hospitalarios en los pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca es la congestión pulmonar y sistémica. Objetivo: Estimar el estado de congestión y evaluar la función cardiaca mediante el ultrasonido portátil en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca tratados en un centro de tercer nivel en México. Método: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional transversal. Se seleccionaron pacientes que acudieron a la Clínica de Insuficiencia Cardiaca del Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez en la Ciudad de México entre mayo y agosto de 2022. Se les sometió a una evaluación ultrasonográfica mediante un dispositivo portátil para valorar la congestión pulmonar y sistémica, así como la función y estructura cardiaca. Resultados: Se incluyeron de forma prospectiva 100 pacientes diagnosticados con insuficiencia cardiaca en el periodo de estudio. El 76% fueron hombres, con una edad mediana de 59 años (RIQ: 50-68 años). La mediana del FEVI registrada fue del 34% (RIQ: 27.0-43.5%). Al evaluar la congestión pulmonar, el 78% de los pacientes presentaron un patrón A y el 22% un patrón B. Siguiendo el protocolo VExUS, el 92% de los pacientes mostraron un grado 0, el 2% un grado 1 y el 6% un grado 2. Conclusiones: El uso del ultrasonido portátil facilitó la caracterización cuantitativa de las características ecocardiográficas de la población estudiada. Este dispositivo podría ofrecer una mejor caracterización clínica que, a su vez, permita una optimización en la prescripción de medicamentos para la insuficiencia cardiaca y el ajuste de dosis de diuréticos según los hallazgos ecocardiográficos de congestión.

Abstract Background: In Mexico, the epidemiology of heart failure is still not well understood. However, it is known that the primary cause of hospital admissions in patients with heart failure is pulmonary and systemic congestion. Objective: To estimate congestion status and assess cardiac function using portable ultrasound in patients with heart failure. Method: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted. Patients who attended the Heart Failure Clinic at the Ignacio Chávez National Cardiology Institute in Mexico City between May and August 2022 were selected. They underwent ultrasonographic evaluation using a portable device to assess pulmonary and systemic congestion, as well as cardiac function and structure. Results: One-hundred patients diagnosed with heart failure were prospectively included during the study period; 76% were male, with an average age of 59 years (range: 50-68 years). The recorded LVEF median was 34% (IQR: 27-43.5%). When evaluating pulmonary congestion, 78% of the patients showed a pattern A and 22% a pattern B. Following the VExUS protocol, 92% of the patients were at grade 0, 2% at grade 1, and 6% at grade 2. Conclusions: The use of the portable ultrasound facilitated the quantitative characterization of the echocardiographic features of the studied population. This device could provide better clinical characterization which, in turn, might allow for optimized drug prescription for heart failure and dose adjustments of diuretics based on echocardiographic congestion findings.

Evaluación de signos vitales mediante una aplicación móvil en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca: ¿una oportunidad para la titulación remota? / Evaluation of vital signs through a mobile application in patients with heart failure: a opportunity for remote titration?

Resumen Antecedentes: Las consultas virtuales aumentaron exponencialmente, pero presentan como limitación la imposibilidad de valorar los signos vitales (SV), siendo especialmente útiles en los pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca (IC) para titular medicación que modifica pronóstico. Este problema podría potencialmente solucionarse mediante una herramienta que pueda medir la presión arterial (PA) y frecuencia cardiaca (FC) de manera precisa, accesible y remota. Los teléfonos móviles equipados con tecnología de imágenes ópticas transdérmicas podrían cumplir con estos requisitos. Objetivo: Evaluar la precisión de una app basada en imagen óptica transdérmica para estimar SV en relación con la valoración clínica en pacientes con IC. Métodos: Estudio de cohorte prospectivo, se incluyeron pacientes evaluados en una unidad ambulatoria de IC de febrero a abril del 2022. Se valoró simultáneamente la PA y FC mediante la app y el examen clínico (PA con un esfigmomanómetro automatizado y FC por palpación braquial). Se realizaron tres mediciones por app y clínica en cada paciente, por dos médicos independientes, encontrándose ciegos a los resultados. Resultados: Se incluyeron 30 pacientes, con 540 mediciones de TA y de FC. Edad media de 66 (± 13) años, el 53.3% de sexo masculino. La fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo media fue de 37 ± 15, con hospitalizaciones previas por IC el 63.3%, en CF II-III el 63.4%. La diferencia media entre la medición de la app y su medición de referencia clínica fue de 3.6 ± 0.5 mmHg para PA sistólica (PAS), 0.9 ± -0.2 mmHg para PA diastólica (PAD) y 0.2 ± 0.4 lpm para FC. Cuando se promedian las diferencias medias emparejadas para cada paciente, la media entre los 30 pacientes es de 2 ± 6 mmHg para PAS, -0.14 ± 4.6 mmHg para PAD y 0.23 ± 4 lpm para FC. Conclusión: La estimación de PA y FC por una app con tecnología de imagen óptica transdérmica fue comparable a la medición no invasiva en pacientes con IC, y cumple los criterios de precisión de la medición de PA en este estudio preliminar. La utilización de esta nueva tecnología de imagen óptica transdérmica brinda datos prometedores, que deberán ser corroborados en cohortes de mayor tamaño.

Abstract Background: Virtual consultations have increased exponentially, but a limitation is the inability to assess vital signs (VS). This is particularly useful in patients with heart failure (HF) for titrating prognosis-modifying medication. This issue could potentially be addressed by a tool capable of measuring blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) accurately, remotely, and conveniently. Mobile phones equipped with transdermal optical imaging technology could meet these requirements. Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of a transdermal optical imaging-based app for estimating VS compared to clinical assessment in patients with HF. Methods: A prospective cohort study included patients evaluated in an HF outpatient unit between February and April 2022. BP and HR were simultaneously assessed using the app and clinical examination (BP with an automated sphygmomanometer and HR by brachial palpation). Three measurements were taken by both the app and clinic for each patient, by two independent blinded physicians. Results: Thirty patients were included, with 540 measurements of BP and HR. The mean age was 66 (± 13) years, 53.3% were male. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 37 ± 15, with 63.3% having previous hospitalizations for HF, and 63.4% in NYHA class II-III. The mean difference between the app measurement and its clinical reference measurement was 3.6 ± 0.5 mmHg for systolic BP (SBP), 0.9 ± -0.2 mmHg for diastolic BP (DBP), and 0.2 ± 0.4 bpm for HR. When averaging the paired mean differences for each patient, the mean across the 30 patients was 2 ± 6 mmHg for SBP, -0.14 ± 4.6 mmHg for DBP, and 0.23 ± 4 bpm for HR. Conclusion: The estimation of BP and HR by an app with transdermal optical imaging technology was comparable to non-invasive measurement in patients with HF and met the precision criteria for BP measurement in this preliminary study. The use of this new transdermal optical imaging technology provides promising data, which should be corroborated in larger cohorts.

Ablação por Cateter para Fibrilação Atrial em Pacientes com Fração de Ejeção do Ventrículo Esquerdo ≤ 45%: Uma Metanálise de Ensaios Clínicos Randomizados / Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction ≤ 45%: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Resumo Fundamento A fibrilação atrial (FA) e a insuficiência cardíaca (IC) coexistem frequentemente, resultando em desfechos adversos. No entanto, permanecem controvérsias quanto à eficácia da ablação por cateter (AC) em pacientes com FA com disfunção ventricular esquerda grave. Objetivos O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma metanálise de ensaios prospectivos randomizados e controlados para avaliar a eficácia da AC versus terapia médica (TM) em pacientes com FA com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) ≤45%. Métodos Procuramos na literatura estudos que comparassem AC com TM em pacientes com FA com FEVE ≤45%. Foi realizada uma metanálise de 7 ensaios clínicos, incluindo 1.163 pacientes com FA e IC. A análise de subgrupo foi realizada com base na FEVE basal. Todos os testes foram bilaterais; apenas o valor p <0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados Descobrimos que a AC estava associada a menor mortalidade por todas as causas (taxa de risco: 0,52, IC 95%: 0,37 a 0,72; p<0,01) e maiores melhorias na FEVE (diferença média: 4,80%, IC 95%: 2,29% a 7,31%; p<0,01) em comparação com TM. Os pacientes do grupo AC apresentaram menor risco de hospitalização por IC e recorrência de FA e qualidade de vida significativamente melhor do que aqueles do grupo TM. Os resultados da análise de subgrupo indicaram que pacientes com disfunção ventricular esquerda mais leve melhoraram a FEVE após a ablação de FA (diferença média: 6,53%, IC 95%: 6,18% a 6,88%; p<0,01) em comparação com pacientes com doença mais grave (diferença média : 2,02%, IC 95%: 0,87% a 3,16%; p<0,01). Conclusões Nossa metanálise demonstrou que a AC foi associada a melhorias significativas nos resultados de pacientes com FA com FEVE ≤45%. Além disso, pacientes com FA com disfunção ventricular esquerda mais leve poderiam se beneficiar mais com a AC.

Abstract Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure (HF) frequently coexist, resulting in adverse outcomes. However, controversies remain regarding the efficacy of catheter ablation (CA) in AF patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction. Objectives The purpose of this study was to perform a meta-analysis of prospective randomized controlled trials to evaluate the efficacy of CA versus medical therapy (MT) in AF patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤45%. Methods We searched the literature for studies that compared CA to MT in AF patients with LVEF ≤45%. A meta-analysis of 7 clinical trials was performed, including 1163 patients with AF and HF. Subgroup analysis was performed based on baseline LVEF. All tests were 2-sided; only the p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results We found that CA was associated with lower all-cause mortality (risk ratio: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.37 to 0.72; p<0.01) and greater improvements in LVEF (mean difference: 4.80%, 95% CI: 2.29% to 7.31%; p<0.01) compared to MT. Patients in the CA group had a lower risk of HF hospitalization and AF recurrence and a significantly better quality of life than those in the MT group. The results of subgroup analysis indicated that patients with milder left ventricular dysfunction improved LVEF after AF ablation (mean difference: 6.53%, 95% CI: 6.18% to 6.88%; p<0.01) compared to patients with more severe disease (mean difference: 2.02%, 95% CI: 0.87% to 3.16%; p<0.01). Conclusions Our meta-analysis demonstrated that CA was associated with significant improvements in outcomes of AF patients with LVEF ≤45%. Additionally, AF patients with milder left ventricular dysfunction could benefit more from CA.

Goal-directed therapy guided by the FloTrac sensor in major surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis / Terapia guiada por metas utilizando o sensor FloTrac em cirurgia de grande porte: revisão sistemática e metanálise

ABSTRACT Objective To provide insights into the potential benefits of goal-directed therapy guided by FloTrac in reducing postoperative complications and improving outcomes. Methods We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to evaluate goal-directed therapy guided by FloTrac in major surgery, comparing goal-directed therapy with usual care or invasive monitoring in cardiac and noncardiac surgery subgroups. The quality of the articles and evidence were evaluated with a risk of bias tool and GRADE. Results We included 29 randomized controlled trials with 3,468 patients. Goal-directed therapy significantly reduced the duration of hospital stay (mean difference -1.43 days; 95%CI 2.07 to -0.79; I2 81%), intensive care unit stay (mean difference -0.77 days; 95%CI -1.18 to -0.36; I2 93%), and mechanical ventilation (mean difference -2.48 hours, 95%CI -4.10 to -0.86, I2 63%). There was no statistically significant difference in mortality, myocardial infarction, acute kidney injury or hypotension, but goal-directed therapy significantly reduced the risk of heart failure or pulmonary edema (RR 0.46; 95%CI 0.23 - 0.92; I2 0%). Conclusion Goal-directed therapy guided by the FloTrac sensor improved clinical outcomes and shortened the length of stay in the hospital and intensive care unit in patients undergoing major surgery. Further research can validate these results using specific protocols and better understand the potential benefits of FloTrac beyond these outcomes.

RESUMO Objetivo Fornecer informações sobre os possíveis benefícios da terapia guiada por metas utilizando o sensor FloTrac na redução de complicações pós-operatórias e na melhoria dos desfechos. Métodos Realizamos uma revisão sistemática e uma metanálise de estudos controlados e randomizados para avaliar a terapia guiada por metas utilizando o sensor FloTrac em cirurgias de grande porte, comparando a terapia guiada por metas com os cuidados habituais ou o monitoramento invasivo em subgrupos de cirurgias cardíacas e não cardíacas. A qualidade dos artigos e das evidências foi avaliada com uma ferramenta de risco de viés e o GRADE. Resultados Incluímos 29 estudos controlados e randomizados com 3.468 pacientes. A terapia guiada por metas reduziu significativamente a duração da internação hospitalar (diferença média de -1,43 dia; IC95% 2,07 - -0,79; I2 81%), a internação na unidade de terapia intensiva (diferença média de -0,77 dia; IC95% -1,18 - -0,36; I2 93%) e a ventilação mecânica (diferença média de -2,48 horas, IC95% -4,10 - -0,86; I2 63%). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na mortalidade, no infarto do miocárdio, na lesão renal aguda e nem na hipotensão, mas a terapia guiada por metas reduziu significativamente o risco de insuficiência cardíaca ou edema pulmonar (risco relativo de 0,46; IC95% 0,23 - 0,92; I2 0%). Conclusão A terapia guiada por metas utilizando o sensor FloTrac melhorou os desfechos clínicos e reduziu o tempo de internação no hospital e na unidade de terapia intensiva em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias de grande porte. Outras pesquisas podem validar esses resultados usando protocolos específicos e entender melhor os possíveis benefícios do FloTrac além desses desfechos.

Effect of the transition program on self-care of patients with heart failure: a randomized clinical trial / Efecto del programa de transición en el autocuidado de pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca: ensayo clínico aleatorizado / Efeito do programa de transição no autocuidado de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca: ensaio clínico randomizado

ABSTRACT Objective: analyze the effect of transitional care on self-care, quality of life and knowledge of disease of patients admitted with heart failure. Method: this is a blind randomized clinical trial with 74 patients with heart failure in two quaternary hospitals in Rio de Janeiro-RJ between December 2017 and February 2020. The intervention group received transitional care with educational management by a nurse at the bedside from admission until hospital discharge and telephone consultation for 30 days after discharge. The control group received usual follow-up. The primary outcomes included maintenance skills, management and confidence in self-care, and the secondary outcomes included quality of life and knowledge of disease. Both were assessed using questionnaires validated for use in Brazil. Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA. Results: the intervention group had higher scores for maintenance (74.3 vs 44.2; p<0.001) and self-care confidence (79.3 vs 56.4; p<0.001) and knowledge of disease (41.3 vs 27.5; p<0.001) and lower quality of life scores (42.1 vs 64.5; p<0.001) 30 days after discharge. Conclusion: transitional care was effective in improving quality of life, knowledge of disease, maintenance and confidence in self-care. This study was registered in the Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry, under RBR-2dpc6b.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar el efecto de los cuidados transicionales sobre el autocuidado, la calidad de vida e y el conocimiento de la enfermedad de pacientes hospitalizados con insuficiencia cardíaca. Método: ensayo clínico aleatorio ciego con 74 pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca en dos hospitales cuaternarios de Río de Janeiro-RJ entre diciembre de 2017 y febrero de 2020. El grupo de intervención recibió cuidados de transición con manejo educativo por parte de una enfermera al lado de la cama desde el ingreso hasta el alta hospitalaria y Consulta telefónica durante 30 días después del alta. El grupo de control recibió el seguimiento habitual. Los resultados primarios incluyeron habilidades de mantenimiento, gestión y confianza en el autocuidado, y los resultados secundarios incluyeron calidad de vida y conocimiento de la enfermedad. Ambos fueron evaluados mediante cuestionarios validados para su uso en Brasil. Los datos fueron analizados mediante ANOVA de medidas repetidas. Resultados: el grupo de intervención tuvo puntuaciones más altas en mantenimiento (74,3 vs 44,2; p<0,001) y confianza en el autocuidado (79,3 vs 56,4; p<0,001) y conocimiento de la enfermedad (41,3 vs 27,5; p<0,001)y puntuaciones de calidad de vida más bajas (42,1 frente a 64,5; p<0,001) 30 días después del alta. Conclusión: la atención de transición fue eficaz para mejorar la calidad de vida, el conocimiento de la enfermedad, el mantenimiento y la confianza en el autocuidado. Estudio inscrito en el Registro Brasileño de Ensayos Clínicos, con el número RBR-2dpc6b.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o efeito do cuidado de transição no autocuidado, qualidade de vida e conhecimento da doença de pacientes hospitalizados com insuficiência cardíaca. Método: ensaio clínico randomizado cego com 74 pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca em dois hospitais quaternários do Rio de Janeiro-RJ, entre dezembro de 2017 e fevereiro de 2020. O grupo intervenção recebeu cuidados de transição com gerenciamento educativo por enfermeira, à beira do leito, desde a admissão até a alta hospitalar e consulta telefônica por 30 dias após a alta. O grupo controle recebeu acompanhamento usual. Os desfechos primários incluíram habilidades de manutenção, manejo e confiança no autocuidado, e os desfechos secundários, qualidade de vida e conhecimento da doença. Ambos foram avaliados por questionários validados para uso no Brasil. Os dados foram analisados pelo ANOVA de medidas repetidas. Resultados: o grupo intervenção apresentou maiores escores para manutenção (74,3 vs44,2; p<0,001) e confiança do autocuidado (79,3 vs56,4; p<0,001) e conhecimento da doença (41,3 vs27,5; p<0,001) e menores escores de qualidade de vida (42,1 vs64,5; p<0,001) em 30 dias após a alta. Conclusão: o cuidado de transição foi efetivo na melhora da qualidade de vida, conhecimento da doença, manutenção e confiança no autocuidado. Estudo registrado no Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos, sob o número RBR-2dpc6b.

Evolução da Captação Miocárdica de 18F-FDG em Paciente com Diagnóstico de Cardiotoxicidade / Progression of Myocardial 18F-FDG Uptake in a Patient with Cardiotoxicity

Resumo O objetivo deste relato é mostrar a evolução da cardiotoxicidade (CTX) por quimioterápicos em paciente com linfoma por exames de imagens, destacando a importância da captação miocárdica de flúor-18 fluordeoxiglicose (18F-FDG) pela tomografia por emissão de pósitrons, acoplada à tomografia computadorizada (PET/CT). Feminino, 43 anos, com linfoma uterino, submetida a histerectomia, três esquemas de quimioterapia (QT), sucessivamente, e radioterapia. Apresentou episódios de insuficiência cardíaca aguda dois anos após QT. Ecocardiograma mostrou redução da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE). Análise retrospectiva do 18F-FDG PET/CT observou elevação da captação miocárdica em todos os exames durante o seguimento oncológico. Apesar da remissão oncológica, a paciente desenvolveu IC com FEVE reduzida. Durante a QT, ocorreu aumento difuso e significativo da captação miocárdica de 18F-FDG, que precedeu a queda do desempenho cardíaco, e pareceu refletir alterações metabólicas nos cardiomiócitos relacionadas à CTX. A análise da captação miocárdica de 18F-FDG modificaria o desfecho cardiológico da paciente? Esse questionamento é relevante, visto que outros pacientes podem se beneficiar desse método como marcador precoce de CTX. Os exames de imagem são imprescindíveis no acompanhamento de pacientes com risco de CTX. O ecocardiograma permanece como principal auxílio diagnóstico, porém o 18F-FDG PET/CT pode estar surgindo como uma poderosa ferramenta para um diagnóstico mais precoce dessa condição clínica.

Abstract The objective of this case report was to present the progression of chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity in a patient with lymphoma, highlighting the importance of myocardial fluor-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) uptake by positron emission tomography coupled with computed tomography (PET/CT). 43-year-old female patient with uterine lymphoma, who underwent hysterectomy followed by three chemotherapy regimens and radiotherapy. The patient had episodes of acute heart failure two years after chemotherapy. Echocardiogram revealed a reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). A retrospective analysis of 18F-FDG PET/CT showed an increase in myocardial uptake in all tests performed during oncologic treatment. Despite disease remission, the patient developed heart failure with reduced LVEF. During chemotherapy, there was a diffuse, significant increase in myocardial 18F-FDG uptake, which preceded the decrease in myocardial performance and seemed to reflect metabolic changes in cardiomyocytes, related to cardiotoxicity. Would an analysis of myocardial 18F-FDG uptake yield a different cardiac outcome in this patient? This question is relevant, considering that other patients may benefit from the use of PET as an early marker of cardiotoxicity. Imaging tests are essential in the follow-up of patients at risk of cardiotoxicity. Although echocardiography remains the main imaging test in the diagnosis of cardiotoxicity, 18F-FDG PET/CT may be a powerful tool for the early diagnosis of this condition.

Perfil clínico, farmacoterapêutico e laboratorial de pacientes internados com insuficiência cardíaca aguda / Clinical, pharmacotherapeutic and laboratory profile of hospitalized patients with acute heart failure / Perfil clínico, farmacoterapéutico y de laboratorio de los pacientes hospitalizados com insuficiência cardíaca aguda

A insuficiência cardíaca aguda (ICA) é uma das causas mais comuns de internação hospitalar, associada a um alto risco de mortalidade. O tratamento atual é principalmente sintomático, sendo os exames laboratoriais realizados, a fim de complementar a avaliação clínica no diagnóstico e auxiliar no estabelecimento do perfil de risco admissional e prognóstico. Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar o perfil clínico, farmacoterapêutico e laboratorial de pacientes internados com insuficiência cardíaca aguda em hospital referência regional. Trata-se de um estudo transversal retrospectivo, descritivo, de abordagem quantitativa. Os participantes do estudo foram aqueles com alta médica por ICA pela classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID-10), admitidos na sala de emergência. Excluindo-se a participação de pacientes com tempo de internação inferior a 24 horas, menores de 18 anos. Para análise estatística foi usado o programa SPSS versão 21.0. Quanto ao perfil farmacoterapêutico, os medicamentos mais frequentes foram os que atuam no aparelho cardiovascular e aparelho digestivo e metabolismo, sendo a furosemida o fármaco mais frequente. A análise entre as alterações laboratoriais e a escala de ADHERE, revelou diferença estatística significativa entre os pacientes com risco baixo e risco intermediário/alto nos valores de hemoglobina (p=0,005), TGO (p=0,001), creatinina (p=0,000), ureia (p=0,000), potássio (p=0,004), TTPA (p=0,004) e RNI (p=0,021). Concluiu-se que os medicamentos frequentemente corresponderam ao tratamento recomendado no manejo inicial de pacientes com ICA. O risco de mortalidade intra-hospitalar intermediário/alto de acordo com a escala de ADHERE estavam associados com alterações laboratoriais dos pacientes com ICA.

Acute heart failure (AHF) is one of the most common causes of hospitalization, associated with a high risk of mortality. The current treatment is mainly symptomatic, and laboratory tests are carried out in order to complement the clinical evaluation in the diagnosis and help in establishing the admission and prognostic risk profile. This study aimed to characterize the clinical, pharmacotherapeutic and laboratory profile of patients hospitalized with acute heart failure in a regional reference hospital. This is a retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach. Study participants were those discharged due to AHF according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), admitted to the emergency room. Excluding the participation of patients with hospitalization time of less than 24 hours, under 18 years old. For statistical analysis, SPSS version 21.0 was used. As for the pharmacotherapeutic profile, the most frequent drugs were those that act on the cardiovascular and digestive systems and metabolism, with furosemide being the most frequent drug. The analysis between laboratory changes and the ADHERE scale revealed a statistically significant difference between patients at low risk and intermediate/high risk in hemoglobin (p=0.005), TGO (p=0.001), creatinine (p=0.000) values, urea (p=0.000), potassium (p=0.004), APTT (p=0.004) and INR (p=0.021). It was concluded that the medications often corresponded to the recommended treatment in the initial management of patients with AHF. Intermediate/high risk of in-hospital mortality according to the ADHERE scale were associated with laboratory alterations in patients with AHF.

La insuficiencia cardiaca aguda (ICA) es una de las causas más frecuentes de hospitalización, asociada a un alto riesgo de mortalidad. El tratamiento actual es principalmente sintomático y se realizan pruebas de laboratorio para complementar la evaluación clínica en el diagnóstico y ayudar a establecer el perfil de riesgo de ingreso y pronóstico. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar el perfil clínico, farmacoterapéutico y de laboratorio de pacientes hospitalizados con insuficiencia cardíaca aguda en un hospital regional de referencia. Se trata de un estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, transversal con enfoque cuantitativo. Los participantes del estudio fueron los dados de alta por ICA según la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (CIE-10), ingresados en urgencias. Se excluye la participación de pacientes con tiempo de hospitalización menor a 24 horas, menores de 18 años. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó SPSS versión 21.0. En cuanto al perfil farmacoterapéutico, los fármacos más frecuentes fueron los que actúan sobre los sistemas cardiovascular, digestivo y el metabolismo, siendo la furosemida el fármaco más frecuente. El análisis entre los cambios de laboratorio y la escala ADHERE reveló una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los pacientes de riesgo bajo e intermedio/alto en los valores de hemoglobina (p=0,005), TGO (p=0,001), creatinina (p=0,000), urea (p =0,000), potasio (p=0,004), APTT (p=0,004) e INR (p=0,021). Se concluyó que los medicamentos correspondían muchas veces al tratamiento recomendado en el manejo inicial de pacientes con ICA. El riesgo intermedio/alto de mortalidad hospitalaria según la escala ADHERE se asoció con alteraciones de laboratorio en pacientes con ICA.

Síndrome cardiorrenal: diagnóstico y tratamiento / Cardiorenal syndrome: diagnosis and treatment

Introducción: Las enfermedades cardíacas y renales coexisten con frecuencia. El síndrome cardiorrenal es una entidad compleja; en ella, la disfunción primaria cardíaca produce daño renal (tipos 1 y 2) y viceversa (tipos 3 y 4) o efecto de una enfermedad sistémica que afecta a ambos órganos (tipo 5). Objetivo: Actualizar el diagnóstico y tratamiento de los pacientes con síndrome cardiorrenal. Métodos: Se utilizan métodos teóricos y empíricos para realizar análisis del conocimiento actualizado sobre el tema. Se ha definido la existencia de un síndrome cardiorrenal que compromete a ambos órganos, con interacción bidireccional. En su detección, el diagnóstico clínico es insuficiente y requiere marcadores bioquímicos; estas herramientas, junto con la medición del sodio urinario, permite vigilar la efectividad terapéutica. Otro recurso es la ultrafiltración, según complicaciones. Conclusiones: Se debe indicar tratamiento con base en la evidencia para mejorar la calidad de vida, reducir la mortalidad y retrasar el deterioro de la función renal y cardíaca a largo plazo; el trasplante renal se debe considerar en pacientes en diálisis con disfunción ventricular severa. Idealmente, deberían recibir un trasplante combinado: cardíaco y renal, lo cual es difícil; algunos pacientes sometidos exclusivamente a trasplante renal presentan una mejoría notable en su fracción de eyección y en la sobrevida.

Introduction: heart and kidney diseases frequently coexist. Cardiorenal syndrome is a complex entity in which primary cardiac dysfunction causes a kidney damage (types 1 and 2) and vice versa (types 3 and 4) or an effect of a systemic disease that affects both organs (type 5). Objective: to update the diagnosis and treatment of patients with cardiorenal syndrome. Methods: theoretical and empirical methods are used to carry out the analysis of updated knowledge on the subject. The existence of a cardiorenal syndrome that compromises both organs has been defined with bidirectional interaction. In its detection, clinical diagnosis is insufficient and requires biochemical markers; these tools, together with the measurement of urinary sodium, allow us to monitor therapeutic effectiveness. Another resource is ultrafiltration, according to complications. Conclusions: evidence-based treatment should be indicated to improve quality of life, reduce mortality, and delay the deterioration of renal and cardiac function in the long term; kidney transplantation should be considered in dialysis patients with severe ventricular dysfunction. Ideally, they should receive a combined transplant: heart and kidney, which is difficult; some patients undergoing exclusively a renal transplantation show a notable improvement in their ejection fraction and survival.

Trastornos respiratorios del sueño en Insuficiencia Cardíaca con fracción de eyección reducida

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Introduction: Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) are highly prevalent in patients with heart failure (HF). The presence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) determines a worse prognosis in these patients. There are questionnaires aimed at evaluating the probability of OSA, although none have been validated in patients with HF. The primary objective of this study was to establish the prevalence of SDB in a cohort of patients with HF and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) from the Multidisciplinary HF Unit (UMIC). As a secondary objective, to evaluate the usefulness of the Stop-Bang, Berlin, and 2ABN3M questionnaires for TRS screening in these patients. Methodology: Cross-sectional, observational study, including the active cohort of the UMIC, over 18 years with HFrEF, clinically stable and informed consent. Patients with cognitive, neurological or hearing impairment with limitations when conducting the interview were excluded. Patients with other limiting or uncontrolled sleep disorders, continuous home oxygen therapy requirements, did not enter the study. Berlin, Stop-Bang, and 2ABN3M questionnaires were administered, classifying the population into high-risk, intermediate-risk, and low-risk groups of presenting SDB. All patients underwent outpatient respiratory polygraphy (RP). Descriptive statistics were used to characterize demographic variables, measures of central tendency and dispersion. SPSS statistical software was used. Results: 387 patients were included, 248 men (64.1%), mean age was 63.5 ± 0.6 years. The etiology of HF was ischemic in 41.6% of patients. The body mass index was 29.3 ± 0.3 kg/m2. LVEF was 34.2 ± 0.5, pro-BNP 1233.8 ± 137.6 pg/ml. The results of the questionnaires showed that 52.1% (198) presented a high risk of SDB according to the Berlin questionnaire. With Stop-Bang, 35.9% (139) were high risk, 42.1% (163) intermediate risk, and the remaining 22% (85) low risk. With the 2ABN3M score, 62% (240) were high risk. A total of 156 respiratory polygraphs (40.3% of the population) were performed. The cut-off point to define the presence of sleep apnea was considered to be an AHI >15. 58.3% (91) of the patients presented TRS. Of these, 95% presented obstructive apnea and 5% central apnea with periodic Cheyne-Stokes breathing. A high percentage (26%) presented AHI greater than 30. The sensitivity of the Berlin and Stop-Bang questionnaires was 75.8% and 91.2%, respectively, with a specificity of 53.8% and 24.6%. Regarding the 2ABN3M score, a sensitivity of 71.4% and a specificity of 44.6% were observed. Conclusions: The prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in patients with HFrEF was high in our cohort and obstructive apnea predominated. Given the high sensitivity (91.2%) of the Stop-Bang questionnaire found in our study, it could be useful as a screening tool for TRS in this type of patient. The importance of investigating this pathology whose clinical presentation can be non-specific and remain underdiagnosed is highlighted.

Introdução: Os distúrbios respiratórios do sono (DRS) são altamente prevalentes em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC). A presença da síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS) determina pior prognóstico nesses pacientes. Existem questionários destinados a avaliar a probabilidade de AOS, porém nenhum foi validado em pacientes com IC. O objetivo primário deste estudo foi estabelecer a prevalência de DRS em uma coorte de pacientes com IC e fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFEr) da Unidade Multidisciplinar de IC (UMIC). Como objetivo secundário, avaliar a utilidade dos questionários Stop-Bang, Berlin e 2ABN3M para triagem de SRT nesses pacientes. Metodologia: Estudo transversal, observacional, inclui a coorte ativa da UMIC, maiores de 18 anos com ICFEr, clinicamente estável e consentimento informado. Foram excluídos pacientes com deficiência cognitiva, neurológica ou auditiva com limitações na realização da entrevista. Pacientes com outros distúrbios do sono limitantes ou descontrolados, requisitos de oxigenoterapia domiciliar contínua, não entraram no estudo. Os questionários Berlin, Stop-Bang e 2ABN3M foram aplicados, classificando a população em grupos de alto risco, risco intermediário e baixo risco de apresentar DRS. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à poligrafia respiratória (PR) ambulatorial. A estatística descritiva foi utilizada para caracterizar as variáveis ​​demográficas, medidas de tendência central e dispersão. Foi utilizado o software estatístico SPSS. Resultados: foram incluídos 387 pacientes, 248 homens (64,1%), com idade média de 63,5 ± 0,6 anos. A etiologia da IC foi isquêmica em 41,6% dos pacientes. O índice de massa corporal foi de 29,3 ± 0,3 kg/m2. FEVE foi de 34,2 ± 0,5, pro-BNP 1233,8 ± 137,6 pg/ml. Os resultados dos questionários mostraram que 52,1% (198) apresentaram alto risco de DRS de acordo com o questionário de Berlim. Com Stop-Bang, 35,9% (139) eram de alto risco, 42,1% (163) de risco intermediário e os restantes 22% (85) de baixo risco. Com a pontuação 2ABN3M, 62% (240) eram de alto risco. Foram realizados 156 polígrafos respiratórios (40,3% da população). O ponto de corte para definir a presença de apneia do sono foi considerado um IAH >15. 58,3% (91) dos pacientes apresentaram SRT. Destes, 95% apresentavam apnéia obstrutiva e 5% apnéia central com respiração Cheyne-Stokes periódica. Uma alta porcentagem (26%) apresentou IAH maior que 30. A sensibilidade dos questionários Berlin e Stop-Bang foi de 75,8% e 91,2%, respectivamente, com especificidade de 53,8% e 24,6%. Em relação ao escore 2ABN3M, observou-se sensibilidade de 71,4% e especificidade de 44,6%. Conclusões: A prevalência de distúrbios respiratórios do sono em pacientes com ICFEr foi alta em nossa coorte, com predominância de apneias obstrutivas. Dada a alta sensibilidade (91,2%) do questionário Stop-Bang encontrado em nosso estudo, ele pode ser útil como uma ferramenta de triagem para ERT nesse tipo de paciente. Ressalta-se a importância da investigação dessa patologia cuja apresentação clínica pode ser inespecífica e permanecer subdiagnosticada.

El papel de la Ivabradina y la titulación de los betabloqueadores en la insuficiencia cardíaca: una serie de casos y revisión de la literatura

RESUMEN Introducción y objetivos : La insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) es una preocupación creciente de salud pública. Si bien los betabloqueantes (BB) son la base del tratamiento, lograr reducciones objetivo de frecuencia cardíaca puede ser difícil debido a los efectos secundarios y la tolerancia limitada. La ivabradina, un inhibidor único de la corriente If, ofrece un enfoque complementario para controlar la frecuencia cardíaca sin afectar la contractilidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la eficacia de agregar ivabradina a la terapia BB en pacientes con IC. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo en un hospital privado en San José, Costa Rica se analizaron 7 casos de pacientes tratados con BB a los cuales posteriormente se les adicionó ivabradina. Se recopilaron datos demo- gráficos, las características clínicas, la frecuencia cardíaca previa y posterior a la ivabradina, la clase funcional NYHA y los valores de laboratorio seleccionados. Resultados: La ivabradina redujo significativamente la frecuencia cardíaca en reposo en un promedio de 26,87 latidos por minuto. El 42,86% alcanzó la dosis meta de su BB inicial después de agregar ivabradina. La clase funcional NYHA se mantuvo estable o mejoró en todos los casos. Conclusiones: Estos resultados sugieren que agregar ivabradina a la terapia BB puede ser una estrategia eficaz para optimizar el control de la frecuencia cardíaca en pacientes con IC. Este enfoque puede mejorar la tolerabilidad de BB, lo que lleva a un mayor manejo de la dosis meta y posiblemente mejores resultados clínicos.

ABSTRACT Introduction and objectives: Heart failure (HF) is a growing public health concern. While beta-blockers (BBs) are the cornerstone of treatment, achieving target heart rate reductions can be difficult due to side effects and limited tolerance. Ivabradine, a unique inhibitor of the If current, offers a complementary approach to controlling heart rate without affecting contractility. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of adding ivabradine to BB therapy in patients with HF. Methods : A retrospective observational study was conducted at a private hospital in San José, Costa Rica. Seven cases of patients treated with BBs who were subsequently added to ivabradine were analyzed. Demographic data, clinical characteristics, heart rate before and after ivabradine, NYHA functional class, and selected laboratory values were collected. Results : Ivabradine significantly reduced resting heart rate by an average of 26.87 beats per minute. Forty-two-point eight-six percent (42.86%) achieved the target dose of their initial BB after adding ivabradine. NYHA functional class remained stable or improved in all cases. Conclusions: These results suggest that adding ivabradine to BB therapy may be an effective strategy to optimize heart rate control in patients with HF. This approach may improve BB tolerability, leading to greater target dose management and possibly better clinical outcomes.

Evaluación integral de la congestión en insuficiencia cardíaca / Comprehensive assessment of congestion in heart failure

Resumen La interacción compleja, heterogénea y dinámica entre los compartimentos de líquido intersticial e intra vascular es una de las principales razones que explican la amplia variabilidad en la distribución y gravedad de la congestión entre los pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca descompensada. La "congestión hemodinámica" suele pasar desapercibida clínicamente; en oposición a la "congestión clínica", que ocurre más tarde y se evidencia por disnea y ortopnea, estertores pulmonares, edema pe riférico y distensión venosa yugular. Los signos clínicos, la radiografía de tórax, el péptido natriurético cerebral (brain natriuretic peptide o BNP) o la porción terminal N del pro BNP (NT-proBNP), la presión venosa central (PVC), el ecocardiograma, el diámetro de la vena cava inferior (VCI) y la presión de enclavamiento pulmonar son los elementos más utilizados para evaluar la congestión. Otras alternativas son el ultrasonido pulmonar y visceral (VEXUS), el CA 125 y otros marcadores y, recientemente, el sistema CardioMems.

Abstract The complex, heterogeneous, and dynamic interac tion between the interstitial and intravascular fluid compartments is one of the main reasons for the wide variability in the distribution and severity of congestion among patients with acute heart failure. The "hemody namic congestion" often goes undetected clinically; as opposed to "clinical congestion", which occurs later and is evidenced by dyspnea and orthopnea, rales, peripheral edema, and jugular venous distension. Clinical signs, chest X-ray, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) or N-termi nal-proBNP (NT-proBNP), central venous pressure (CVP), echocardiogram, inferior vena cava (IVC) diameter, and pulmonary wedge pressure are the most commonly used elements to assess congestion. Other alternatives are pulmonary and visceral ultrasound (VEXUS), CA 125 and other markers, and recently, the CardioMems system.

Eficiencia diurética inicial como predictor de resistencia a diuréticos y evolución clínica en insuficiencia cardíaca aguda descompensada / Initial Diuretic Efficiency as Predictor of Diuretic Resistance and Clinical Outcome in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure

RESUMEN Introducción: En pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca aguda descompensada (ICAD) la eficiencia diurética (ED) evaluada en forma precoz podría predecir la respuesta a diuréticos y la evolución clínica. Objetivos: Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la asociación de la ED con la resistencia a diuréticos (RD), la mortalidad cardiovascular intrahospitalaria, y la mortalidad cardiovascular y las reinternaciones a 60 días en la ICAD. Material y métodos: Estudio prospectivo y multicéntrico que incluyó pacientes internados por ICAD. Recibieron 40 mg de furosemida dentro de las 2 horas del ingreso y 20 mg cada 8 horas en las primeras 24 horas. El escalamiento diurético posterior quedó a criterio del investigador según un protocolo preestablecido. Se definió la ED como balance hídrico/dosis de furosemida en las primeras 24 horas y la RD como el requerimiento de infusión de furosemida ≥240 mg/día en las primeras 72 horas. Se evaluaron variables clínicas y bioquímicas, y el punto final combinado (PFC) de mortalidad cardiovascular intrahospitalaria, y mortalidad cardiovascular y reinternaciones por ICAD a 60 días. Resultados: Se incluyeron 157 pacientes, mediana de edad de 74 años, 56 % hombres. La ED fue -15 mL/mg (rango intercuartílico, RIC, -20 a -11). Se evidenció la RD en el 13 % de los pacientes, el 8 % requirió bloqueo tubular y el 4 % terapia de reemplazo renal. El 22 % desarrolló empeoramiento de la función renal. La mortalidad cardiovascular intrahospitalaria fue del 5,7 % y en el seguimiento a 60 días, del 6 %. Las reinternaciones por ICAD a 60 días fueron del 12 %. Una peor ED se asoció al desarrollo de RD (p = 0,013) y los pacientes con ED superior a -11 mL/mg tuvieron mayor probabilidad de no desarrollar RD (área bajo la curva, AUC, 0,73; valor predictivo negativo, VPN, 92,5 %). Una peor ED se asoció al PFC (p = 0,025), mayor mortalidad cardiovascular intrahospitalaria (p = 0,003), persistencia de congestión a 48 horas (p = 0,007), mayor dosis de furosemida a 72 horas (p = 0,001) y empeoramiento de la ICAD en la internación (p = 0,004). Conclusión: La ED inicial baja se asoció a la RD, la dificultad en la descongestión y una mayor mortalidad cardiovascular intrahospitalaria en ICAD. Es un parámetro útil para detectar pacientes que podrían beneficiarse de un tratamiento diurético intensivo precoz.

ABSTRACT Background: In patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF), early evaluation of diuretic efficiency (DE) could predict diuretic response and clinical outcome. Objectives: The aim of our study was to evaluate the association of DE with diuretic resistance (DR) in-hospital cardiovascular mortality, and readmission or cardiovascular mortality at 60 days in ADHF. Methods: We conducted a multicenter and prospective study of patients hospitalized for ADHF. All patients received 40 mg of furosemide within two hours of admission and 20 mg every 8 hours in the first 24 hours. Subsequent adjustment of diuretic dose was left to the discretion of the investigator as determined by a pre-established protocol. Diuretic efficiency was defined as the ratio of net fluid balance and cumulative amount of furosemide within the first 24 hours. Diuretic resistance was defined as requirement of furosemide infusion ≥240 mg/day during the first 72 hours. The clinical and biochemical variables were evaluated. The primary outcome was a composite of in-hospital cardiovascular mortality, and cardiovascular mortality or readmissions for ADHF at 60 days. Results: The cohort was made up of 157 patients; median age was 74 years and 56 % were men. Diuretic efficiency was -15 mL/ mg (interquartile range, IQR, -20 to -11). Diuretic resistance was evident in 13 % of patients, 8 % required sequential diuretic blockade, and 4 % required renal replacement therapy. Worsening renal function occurred in 22 % of patients. Cardiovascular mortality during hospitalization and at 60 days was 5.7 % and 6 %, respectively. Readmission rate for ADHF at 60 days was 12 %. Worse DE value was associated DR (p = 0.013), while patients in DE quartiles above -11 mL/mg were highly unlikely to develop DR (AUC 0.73, negative predictive value, NPV, 92.5 %). Worse DE value was associated with the CEP (p = 0.025), higher in-hospital cardiovascular mortality (p = 0.003), persistent congestion at 48 hours (p = 0.007), higher cumulative dose of furosemide at 72 hours (p = 0.001) worsening ADHF during hospitalization (p = 0.004). Conclusion: Low initial DE was associated with DR, persistent congestion, and higher in-hospital cardiovascular mortality in ADHF and constitutes a useful parameter to detect those patients who could benefit from early intensive diuretic treatment.

Insuficiencia cardíaca crónica problema de salud pública y la gestión sanitaria en hospital general, Nicaragua / Chronic heart failure public health problem and health management in general hospital, Nicaragua / Problema de saúde pública de insuficiência cardíaca crônica e gestão de saúde em hospital geral, Nicarágua

El sistema de atención de salud en Nicaragua se basa en el Programa de Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles, demuestra beneficio clínico en personas de alto riesgo, pero en el caso de los pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca severa (ICC) no se llegan a reducir los ingresos, reingresos hospitalarios y mortalidad. Objetivo. Proponer un modelo de gestión de atención integral dirigido a pacientes con ICC de un hospital general en Nicaragua. Materiales y métodos. Fue un estudio observacional prospectivo, la muestra fue de 289 pacientes con ICC, seleccionados de manera probabilística aleatoria simple; aceptaron participar bajo su consentimiento. La propuesta de gestión consistió evaluar durante un año descriptores demográficos y clínicos, indicadores de calidad, predictores primordiales de calidad de vida, eficiencia educativa. Para la recolección de datos se aplicaron las encuestas Escala Europea de Autocuidado (EEAC) y el Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ). Resultados. La suma total de EEAC basal fue de 49.1 y el control 19.1 puntos, representando un bajo autocuidado en los pacientes. El sumario general del KCCQ basal fue de 86.84 y el control 30.84 puntos, representando resultados estadísticamente significativos, al 5% de la prueba de Wilcoxon, para todas las dimensiones del cuestionario asociado a la calidad de vida. Conclusiones. La gestión sanitaria en pacientes con ICC, basado en una atención integral, hospital y atención primaria, con seguimiento a través de visitas en los hogares, educación-autocuidado reducen los ingresos, reingresos y visitas a área de urgencias durante el primer el año de diagnósticos con el seguimiento por consulta externa a las comorbilidades.

The health care system in Nicaragua is based on the Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases Program, which shows clinical benefit in high-risk individuals, but in the case of patients with severe heart failure (CHF), hospital admissions, hospital readmissions and mortality are not reduced. Objective. To propose a comprehensive care management model for CHF patients in a general hospital in Nicaragua. Materials and methods. This was a prospective observational study, the sample consisted of 289 patients with CHF, selected in a simple randomized probabilistic manner; they agreed to participate with their consent. The management proposal consisted of evaluating during one year demographic and clinical descriptors, quality indicators, primary predictors of quality of life, and educational efficiency. The European Self-Care Scale (ESCS) and the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) were used for data collection. Results. The total sum of baseline EEAC was 49.1 and control 19.1 points, representing low self-care in patients. The overall sum of the baseline KCCQ was 86.84 and the control 30.84 points, representing statistically significant results, at 5% Wilcoxon test, for all dimensions of the questionnaire associated with quality of life. Conclusions. Health management in patients with CHF, based on integrated care, hospital and primary care, with follow-up through home visits, education-self-care, reduces admissions, readmissions and visits to the emergency department during the first year of diagnosis with outpatient follow-up for comorbidities.

O sistema de saúde da Nicarágua baseia-se no Programa de Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis, que demonstra benefícios clínicos em indivíduos de alto risco, mas, no caso de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca grave (ICC), não consegue reduzir as internações, readmissões hospitalares e mortalidade. Objetivo. Propor um modelo abrangente de gestão de cuidados para pacientes com ICC em um hospital geral na Nicarágua. Materiais e métodos. Este foi um estudo observacional prospectivo, a amostra consistiu em 289 pacientes com ICC, selecionados de forma probabilística aleatória simples; eles concordaram em participar com seu consentimento. A proposta de gerenciamento consistiu na avaliação de descritores demográficos e clínicos, indicadores de qualidade, preditores primários de qualidade de vida e eficiência educacional durante um ano. A Escala Europeia de Autocuidado (ESCS) e o Questionário de Cardiomiopatia de Kansas City (KCCQ) foram usados para a coleta de dados. Resultados. A soma total da EEAC da linha de base foi de 49,1 e a do controle, 19,1 pontos, representando baixo autocuidado nos pacientes. A soma total do KCCQ basal foi de 86,84 e o controle de 30,84 pontos, representando resultados estatisticamente significativos, a 5% no teste de Wilcoxon, para todas as dimensões do questionário associadas à qualidade de vida. Conclusões. O gerenciamento da saúde em pacientes com ICC, baseado em cuidados integrados, hospitalares e primários, com acompanhamento por meio de visitas domiciliares, educação e autocuidado, reduz as internações, readmissões e visitas ao departamento de emergência durante o primeiro ano de diagnóstico com acompanhamento ambulatorial das comorbidades.