Résumé
The human sensory receptors are morphologically specialized to transduce specific stimuli into the brain. However, when an injury occurs, mainly in the spinal cord, which can be of traumatic or non-traumatic origin, it provokes various degrees of sensory deficits, autonomic, motor and sphincter dysfunction below the level of the injury. Based on this, a new therapeutic modality is being proposed by neuroscientist Miguel Nicolelis, which is based on the brain-machine interface, that is, using other pathways so that the information can reach the cerebral cortex and thus be consciously processed (AU).
Os receptores sensoriais humanos são morfologicamente especializados para realizar a transdução de estímulos específicos para o encéfalo. Entretanto, quando ocorre uma lesão, principalmente, na medula espinal, que pode ser de origem traumática e não traumática, provocam diversos graus de déficits sensoriais, disfunção autônoma, motora e esfincteriana, abaixo do nível da lesão. Com base nisso, uma nova modalidade terapêutica está sendo proposto pelo neurocientista Miguel Nicolelis, que tem como base a interface cérebro máquina, isto é, utilizar-se de outras vias para que as informações possam chegar no córtex cerebral e assim serem processadas conscientemente.Palavras-chave: Interfaces cérebro-computador, Neurociências, Órgãos dos sentidos (AU).
Sujets)
Organes des sens , Neurosciences , Interfaces cerveau-ordinateurRésumé
Most patients with spinal cord injury suffer from limb motor dysfunction. Given drugs, surgery and other conventional treatments are often not effective, the patients can only rely on a wheelchair to move or even lie in bed for a long time, seriously affecting their quality of life. Brain computer interface (BCI) technology provides a non-muscular pathway for the recovery of motor function in patients with spinal cord injury, which allows the patients to recover partial motor function through the normal function of their own non-diseased spinal cord or external mechanical devices. After decades of development of BCI technology, signal collection devices can identify and collect the motor signals of the brain more accurately, transform the signal by characteristic analysis, and implement the brain command by using the output device. A large number of experimental and clinical studies have also proved that the application of BCI technology in patients with spinal cord injury can partially improve the motor function of upper and lower limbs. Therefore, BCI technology has attracted more and more attention. The authors summarized the BCI technology and its influence on motor function rehabilitation in patients with spinal cord injury, so as to provide a reference for the rehabilitation of motor function in patients with spinal cord injury.
Résumé
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have become one of the cutting-edge technologies in the world, and have been mainly applicated in medicine. In this article, we sorted out the development history and important scenarios of BCIs in medical application, analyzed the research progress, technology development, clinical transformation and product market through qualitative and quantitative analysis, and looked forward to the future trends. The results showed that the research hotspots included the processing and interpretation of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, the development and application of machine learning algorithms, and the detection and treatment of neurological diseases. The technological key points included hardware development such as new electrodes, software development such as algorithms for EEG signal processing, and various medical applications such as rehabilitation and training in stroke patients. Currently, several invasive and non-invasive BCIs are in research. The R&D level of BCIs in China and the United State is leading the world, and have approved a number of non-invasive BCIs. In the future, BCIs will be applied to a wider range of medical fields. Related products will develop shift from a single mode to a combined mode. EEG signal acquisition devices will be miniaturized and wireless. The information flow and interaction between brain and machine will give birth to brain-machine fusion intelligence. Last but not least, the safety and ethical issues of BCIs will be taken seriously, and the relevant regulations and standards will be further improved.
Sujets)
Humains , Interfaces cerveau-ordinateur , Médecine , Algorithmes , Intelligence artificielle , EncéphaleRésumé
Recently, the Chilean Senate approved the main ideas of a constitutional reform and a Neuro-rights bill. This bill aims to protect people from the potential abusive use of "neuro-technologies". Unfortunately, a literal interpretation of this law can produce severe negative effects both in the development of neuroscience research and medical practice in Chile, interfering with current treatments in countless patients suffering from neuropsychiatric diseases. This fear stems from the observation of the negative effects that recent Chilean legislations have produced, which share with the Neuro-Rights Law the attempt to protect vulnerable populations from potential abuse from certain medical interventions. In fact, Law 20,584 promulgated in 2012, instead of protecting the most vulnerable patients "incapacitated to consent", produced enormous, and even possibly irreversible, damage to research in Chile in pathologies that require urgent attention, such as many neuropsychiatric diseases. This article details the effects that Law 20.584 had on research in Chile, how it relates to the Neuro-Rights Law, and the potential negative effects that the latter could have on research and medical practice, if it is not formulated correcting its errors.
Sujets)
Humains , Droits des patients , Populations vulnérables , ChiliRésumé
Resumo Este artigo de revisão e análise narrativa de literatura parte da perspectiva transdisciplinar com o objetivo de buscar alternativas epistêmico-metodológicas para que as pesquisas em educação desloquem-se da mera aquisição de conhecimentos à possibilidade de ampliação da consciência. O percurso narrativo do trabalho transita pelas interfaces dialógicas entre os pressupostos da transdisciplinariedade e os da hermenêutica simbólica do círculo de Eranos (HSCE). De forma inédita, alcança o objetivo no uso do conceito de unus mundus (Carl Gustav Jung) como ferramenta simbólica do fazer hermenêutico de transformação da realidade. No processo, via circularidade hermenêutica, múltiplas interfaces emergem a cada instância percorrida nas polaridades de luz e sombra, entre teorias e biografias.
Resumen Este artículo de revisión y análisis narrativo de la literatura parte de una perspectiva transdisciplinar con el objetivo de buscar alternativas epistémico-metodológicas para que la investigación en educación pase de la mera adquisición de conocimientos a la posibilidad de expansión de la conciencia. El texto establece interfaces dialógicas entre los supuestos de la transdisciplinariedad y los de la hermenéutica simbólica del círculo de Eranos (HSCE). Se alcanza la meta de manera inédita con el uso del concepto de unus mundus (Carl Gustav Jung) como herramienta simbólica del hacer hermenéutico de transformación de la realidad. En el proceso, por medio de la circularidad hermenéutica, emergen múltiples interfaces en cada instancia recorrida por las polaridades de luz y sombra, entre teorías y biografías.
Abstract This review and narrative analysis of the literature adopts a multidisciplinary approach to seek epistemological-methodological approaches for research in education to switch from mere knowledge spreading into a potential increase in consciousness. This paper follows the dialogical interface between multidisciplinarity and the symbolic hermeneutics of the Eranos circle (HSCE). It utilizes the concept of unus mundus by Carl Gustav Jung as a symbolic tool of hermeneutic work that transforms reality. By this hermeneutic circularity process, multiple interfaces emerge for every step in analyzing theories and biographies, following a dichotomy of light and dark.
Résumé Cet article de synthèse et analyse narrative littéraire s'appui sur la perspective transdisciplinaire pour trouver des alternatives épistémico-méthodologiques pour que la recherche en éducation passe de la simple acquisition de connaissances à l'extension de la conscience. Notre parcours narratif passe par les interfaces dialogiques entre les postulats de la transdisciplinarité et de l'herméneutique symbolique du Cercle d'Eranos (HSCE). D'une manière sans précèdent, on trouve utiliser le concept d'unus mundus (Carl Gustav Jung) comme un outil symbolique pour la transformation herméneutique de la réalité. Ce faisant, par circularité herméneutique, plusieurs interfaces émergent à chaque sphère parcourue dans la polarité de l'ombre et de la lumière, entre théorie et biographie.
Sujets)
Conscience morale , Éducation , Herméneutique , Théorie jungienne , SavoirRésumé
Abstract Urbanization changes natural environments making them inhospitable to autochthonous fauna. However, studies have shown that certain groups and animal species tolerate urban habitat or even benefit from it as is the case of some bats. This study assesses the diversity of bats in Curitiba, Southern Brazil, providing a basis for the discussion on their conservation, management, ecological services provide, and the critical evaluation of their role in the zoonoses of interest for public health. The data was compiled from a combination of museum, historical and recent literature (1824 to 2020), records to identify which bat species have actually been captured or recorded in Curitiba. The results indicate 29 species (five of them threatened with extinction) from four families: Phyllostomidae, Noctilionidae, Molossidae and Vespertilionidae. Insectivorous bats (Molossidae and Vespertilionidae) represent 62.1% of the species recorded; and the primarily frugivorous (Phyllostomidae) 24.1%, followed by nectarivorous/polinivorous species (6.9%), insectivorous/frugivorous (ca. 3.4%) and piscivorous/insectivorous (ca. 3.4%). Fruit-eating batsseem to prefer urban green areas while insectivores tend to occupy human-made structures. Our results show that this high-growth potential diversity bears both a numerical and ecological relevance. It is worth remembering that Curitiba is in Brazil's subtropical area, where the richness of bat species is lower, and the predominant species are different from those in the tropical region of the country. Finally, studies on the natural history of bats (feeding, reproduction, roosting, etc.) in Curitiba are scarce and urgently necessary given to the current pandemic scenario where these traditionally stigmatized animals have been even more depreciated by public opinion.
Sujets)
Forêts , Biodiversité , Araucaria , Brésil , ChiropteraRésumé
Affective brain-computer interfaces (aBCIs) has important application value in the field of human-computer interaction. Electroencephalogram (EEG) has been widely concerned in the field of emotion recognition due to its advantages in time resolution, reliability and accuracy. However, the non-stationary characteristics and individual differences of EEG limit the generalization of emotion recognition model in different time and different subjects. In this paper, in order to realize the recognition of emotional states across different subjects and sessions, we proposed a new domain adaptation method, the maximum classifier difference for domain adversarial neural networks (MCD_DA). By establishing a neural network emotion recognition model, the shallow feature extractor was used to resist the domain classifier and the emotion classifier, respectively, so that the feature extractor could produce domain invariant expression, and train the decision boundary of classifier learning task specificity while realizing approximate joint distribution adaptation. The experimental results showed that the average classification accuracy of this method was 88.33% compared with 58.23% of the traditional general classifier. It improves the generalization ability of emotion brain-computer interface in practical application, and provides a new method for aBCIs to be used in practice.
Sujets)
Humains , Algorithmes , Interfaces cerveau-ordinateur , Électroencéphalographie , Émotions , Reproductibilité des résultatsRésumé
RESUMEN Fundamento: Las personas con lesiones de la médula espinal pueden presentar parálisis muscular e imposibilidad para realizar movimientos de diferentes partes del cuerpo, en dependencia del nivel de la lesión. En la actualidad, es posible utilizar las corrientes eléctricas generadas en la superficie del cráneo, producto de la actividad cerebral, para mover una silla de ruedas eléctrica, de manera que disminuye la dependencia de esos pacientes. Objetivo: describir el diseño de un sistema para controlar una silla de ruedas, mediante señales eléctricas cerebrales de un paciente con paraplejía. Métodos: estudio de innovación tecnológica, realizado en la Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial del Ecuador. La aplicación software para detectar las ondas cerebrales se desarrolló en la plataforma LabVIEW, mediante bibliotecas de vínculos dinámicos (edk.dll) de Emotiv y librerías de Arduino. Las señales de electroencefalografía generadas por el usuario (emoción, participación/aburrimiento, frustración y meditación) fueron observadas y medidas usando un waveform. La prueba del sistema se realizó con un paciente de 40 años de edad, con paraplejía espástica causada por una fractura en la columna vertebral. Resultados: se obtuvo un índice de efectividad mayor del 85 %. El índice de carga de trabajo obtenido fue de un 60,33 %, con índices de cargas individuales relevantes: demanda mental con 22,67 % y rendimiento con un 30 %. Conclusión: el desempeño del sistema descrito resultó adecuado para la movilidad del prototipo de silla de ruedas.
ABSTRACT Foundation: People with spinal cord injuries may have muscular paralysis and inability to perform movements of different parts of the body, depending on the injury level. At present, it is possible to use the electric currents generated on the skull surface, resulting from brain activity, to move an electric wheelchair, so that their dependence decreases. Objective: to describe a system for controlling a wheelchair, by means of the brain electric signals of a paraplegic patient. Methods: study of technological innovation, conducted at the Equinoctial Technological University of Ecuador. The software application to detect brain waves was developed on the LabVIEW platform, using Dynamic Link Libraries (edk.dll) from Emotiv and Arduino libraries. The electroencephalography signals generated by the user (emotion, participation / boredom, frustration and meditation) were observed and measured using a waveform. The system test was performed with a 40-year-old patient with spastic paraplegia caused by a fracture in the spine. Results: an effectiveness index greater than 85 % was obtained. The workload index obtained was 60.33 %, with relevant individual load indices: mental demand with 22.67 % and yield with 30 %. Conclusion: the described system performance was adequate for the wheelchair prototype mobility.
Résumé
The development of human–computer interfaces in different individuals occurwith different efficiencies, this is due to the individual characteristics of the genotype determined by the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of a person. Here, we checked the connection between the success of the acquisition of the brain-computer, eye-tracking, electromyographic, and respiratory interfaces and SNP of the TOMM40, BDNF, HTR2A and TPH2 genes. Here, we show that the T-allele in rs6313 of the HTR2A gene is associated with an increase in the number of correctly submitted commands of the electromyographic and eye-tracking interfaces. This is probably due to the fact that, the T-allele carriers decrease expression of this serotonin receptor. The decreased expression of HTR2A may be a reason for an increase in the number of accurately submitted commands. It was shown that the TT genotype of rs4290270 polymorphism was associated with an increase in the accuracy of work with the myographic interface. In addition, the association of subjective interfaces work time with polymorphisms rs429358 and rs2030324 was noted. Thus, the genotypic characteristics of individuals can be a predictive sign for the degree of success of mastering human–computer interfaces, which can allow to expand the understanding of training the neural mechanisms when working with this class of devices.
Résumé
Abstract Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are technology in development that attempt to establish interaction between individuals and their surroundings by modulating their neural activity. One of the most common strategies to modulate neural activity is motor imagery (MI). However, research on MI-based BCIs has been mostly carried out on the system-related part, whereas the user-related part has been relatively ignored. Thus far, up to 30% of users cannot gain control of BCI, while the remaining ones reach modest performance. The exclusion of users in the system design has possibly led to this outcome. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to establish a mixed method based on interactive design principles and in line with (1) user-profile, (2) psychological and (3) neurophysiological factors, (4) BCI technical issues and (5) user-experience. Although some of these elements have been previously discussed, their integration and application are seldom considered during investigation.
Resumen Las interfaces cerebro-computadora (ICC) son tecnología en desarrollo que intenta establecer interacción entre un individuo y su entorno a través de la modulación de su actividad neuronal. Una de las estrategias más usadas para modular la actividad neuronal ha sido la imaginación motora. Sin embargo, la investigación en ICC controladas por imaginación motora ha sido desarrollada mayoritariamente en términos del sistema, donde el usuario es generalmente ignorado. A la fecha, hasta el 30% de los usuarios no pueden controlar un sistema ICC basado en imaginación motora, mientras que el resto de los usuarios alcanzan un desempeño moderado. La exclusión de los usuarios en el diseño del sistema, posiblemente ha llevado al bajo índice de adaptación entre el sistema y el usuario. En base a esta evidencia, el objetivo de este artículo es establecer un método mixto sustentado en principios de diseño interactivo y considerando cinco elementos: (1) perfil del usuario, (2) factores psicológicos y (3) neurofisiológicos, (4) factores técnicos y (5) experiencia del usuario. Aunque todos estos elementos han sido discutidos previamente, su integración y aplicación son muy poco frecuentes durante la investigación.
Résumé
Con el objetivo de explorar en nuestro país, la realidad de la aplicación de ventilación no invasiva (VNI), se realizó una encuesta electrónica entre los profesionales de la Asociación Argentina de Medicina Respiratoria y la Sociedad de Medicina Interna de Buenos Aires. Se determinaron las diferencias de utilización de ventilación no invasiva entre las instituciones públicas y privadas y se evaluó el rol de las distintas especialidades y ámbitos de cuidado en su indicación y monitoreo. Respondieron la encuesta 443 profesionales, se concluyó que en distintas instituciones públicas y privadas, la ventilación no invasiva es una terapéutica que se encuentra desarrollada uniformemente en Instituciones Privadas y Públicas. La indicación de ventilación mecánica no invasiva fue principalmente realizada por intensivistas y neumonólogos, y el manejo en Sala Común recayó con mayor frecuencia en los kinesiólogos. Su aplicación fue significativamente mayor cuando en los centros existía un programa de residencias, específicamente en Neumonología y Fisioterapia Respiratoria. Se atribuyeron como principales causas de no aplicación la carencia de equipos, de interfaces, falta de información y de entrenamiento de personal de enfermería, médicos y kinesiólogos. Poder conocer con qué recursos cuentan los profesionales de estas dos sociedades en el ambiente público y privado nos permitirá aplicar conductas para mejorar nuestra realidad y poder usar esta herramienta, tan valiosa, de soporte ventilatorio.
Sujets)
Enquêtes et questionnaires , Ventilation non effractiveRésumé
El propósito de este trabajo fue analizar el cierre marginal de restauraciones semipermanentes de porcelanas para método directo. Para la metodología, se utilizó un diseño experimental verdadero transversal pues se basó en variables con única medición. Los grupos se conformaron al azar. Las unidades de análisis fueron los sistemas adhesivos y el medio de fijación. Las preparaciones de las muestras se basaron en la norma ISO 11405 tanto para la mantención, confección, número de muestras y valoración. La variable utilizada fue la presión ejercida durante la polimerización del medio de fijación. Para la realización de este trabajo se realizó el análisis colorimétrico a través de la penetración de un colorante en las interfases medio de fijación diente o medio de fijación porcelana; y el análisis microscópico de las interfases producidas entre el sistema adhesivo - medio cementante y material de restauración rígida (AU)
The purpose of this work was to analyze the marginal closure of semi-permanent ceramic restorations for direct method. For the methodology, a true cross-section experimental design was used because it was based on variables with only measurement. The groups were formed randomly. The units of analysis were the adhesive systems and the fixing medium. The sample preparations were based on ISO 11405 standard for both maintenance, preparation, number of samples and assessment. The variable used was the pressure exerted during the polymerization of the fixing medium. In order to carry out this work, the colorimetric analysis was carried out through the penetration of a dye in the interfaces between the teeth or the porcelain fixation medium; and the microscopic analysis of the interfaces produced between the adhesive system - cementing medium and rigid restoration material (AU)
Sujets)
Céramiques , Percolation dentaire , Inlays , Microscopie électronique à balayage , Études transversales , Interprétation statistique de données , Collage dentaire , Cimentation , Colorimétrie , Préparation de cavité dentaireRésumé
A brain-computer interface (BCI) can be used to restore some communication as an alternative interface for patients suffering from locked-in syndrome. However, most BCI systems are based on SSVEP, P300, or motor imagery, and a diversity of BCI protocols would be needed for various types of patients. In this paper, we trained the choice saccade (CS) task in 2 non-human primate monkeys and recorded the brain signal using an epidural electrocorticogram (eECoG) to predict eye movement direction. We successfully predicted the direction of the upcoming eye movement using a support vector machine (SVM) with the brain signals after the directional cue onset and before the saccade execution. The mean accuracies were 80% for 2 directions and 43% for 4 directions. We also quantified the spatial-spectro-temporal contribution ratio using SVM recursive feature elimination (RFE). The channels over the frontal eye field (FEF), supplementary eye field (SEF), and superior parietal lobule (SPL) area were dominantly used for classification. The α-band in the spectral domain and the time bins just after the directional cue onset and just before the saccadic execution were mainly useful for prediction. A saccade based BCI paradigm can be projected in the 2D space, and will hopefully provide an intuitive and convenient communication platform for users.
Sujets)
Humains , Encéphale , Interfaces cerveau-ordinateur , Classification , Signaux , Mouvements oculaires , Lobe frontal , Haplorhini , Lobe pariétal , Primates , Tétraplégie , Saccades , Machine à vecteur de supportRésumé
El desarrollo del presente trabajo se fundamenta en la importancia de apoyar los tratamientos de Rehabilitación Motriz por medio de Tecnología Informática para beneficio de los pacientes y especialistas del área. De acuerdo a un análisis realizado de las tecnologías existentes para la Rehabilitación Motriz, se ha identificado una serie de inconvenientes que limitan su uso en algunos tratamientos y por consecuencia los pacientes no continúan o no finalizan sus terapias, en este trabajo se propone emplear una herramienta de bajo costo (sensor Microsoft Kinect) que apoye en la captura de movimientos de los puntos clave de las extremidades superiores (manos, codos y hombros) usando pendientes lineales. Así mismo, se han realizado una serie de pruebas a 21 usuarios, en donde se evaluaron sus movimientos mediante umbrales que determinaron si un ejercicio fue realizado correctamente(AU)
The development of this researckneh is based on supporting Motor Rehabilitation treatments using Information Technology for the benefit of patients and specialists in the area. According to an analysis of current technologies for Motor Rehabilitation, we have identified some disadvantages that limit their use in the treatment and therefore patients do not continue or complete their therapies, this study intends to use a tool low cost (Microsoft Kinect sensor) to support the motion capture of the key points of the upper extremities (hands, elbows and shoulders) using a slopes. Also, the tests were conducted with 21 users, the algorithm evaluated some movements, the thresholds used determined the correct exercises(AU)
Sujets)
Humains , Mâle , Femelle , Réadaptation/méthodes , Applications de l'informatique médicale , Conception de logiciel , Modèles linéaires , Techniques de physiothérapie , Dispositifs électroniques portables/normesRésumé
As tecnologias de Realidade Virtual vêm se desenvolvendo bastante nos últimos anos e com elas a sua utilização em diversas áreas, dentre as quais, a medicina. Testes, treinamentos, e alguns tipos de tratamento que seriam complicados de serem ser feitos com abordagens tradicionais agora podem ser produzidos graças aos elementos disponíveis nas tecnologias de realidade virtual. OBJETIVO: Propor uma ferramenta de visualização volumétrica em realidade virtual que possua interação gestual e ferramentas de segmentação de imagens e que facilite o processo de análise de dados médicos. MÉTODOS: Aquisição das imagens, geração dos dados volumétricos, desenvolvimento das ferramentas de interação e desenvolvimento da interface gestual. RESULTADOS: O sistema obteve êxito na geração e visualização de dados médicos tendo bom desempenho em testes realizados na avaliação de usabilidade de sua interface gestual. CONCLUSÃO: O sistemas e mostra como uma promissora alternativa para a visualização de dados médicos em realidade virtual.
The Virtual Reality technologies have been developing greatly in recent years and with them their use in various fields, among which the medicine. Some testings, trainings, and some types of treatments that would be complicated to be made with traditional approaches can now be produced thanks to the elements available in the virtual reality technologies. OBJECTIVE: To propose a volume visualization tool in virtual reality that has gestural interaction and image segmentation tools and facilitates the process of analysis of medical data. METHODS: Image acquisition volumetric data generation, development of the interaction tools and development of the gestural interface. RESULTS: The system was successful in the generation and visualization of medical data, having good performance in usability tests of its gestural interface. CONCLUSION: The system is a promising alternative for viewing medical data in virtual reality.
Sujets)
Humains , Interface utilisateur , Technologie biomédicale , Congrès comme sujetRésumé
Activity and participation after stroke can be increased by neurorehabilitation of upper extremity. As the technology advances, a robot-assisted restorative therapy with/without a brain-machine interface (BMI) is suggested as a promising therapeutic option. Understanding the therapeutic point of view about robots and BMIs can be linked to the patient-oriented usability of the devices. The therapeutic turning point concept of robot-assisted rehabilitation with BMIs, basics of robotics for stroke and upper extremity weakness and consequent neuroplasticity/motor recovery are reviewed.
Sujets)
Humains , Interfaces cerveau-ordinateur , Plasticité neuronale , Réadaptation , Robotique , Accident vasculaire cérébral , Membre supérieurRésumé
En el artículo damos cuenta de las transformaciones e inflexiones socioeconómicas, sociopolíticas y socioculturales -a escala global- de las sociedades contemporáneas, en correlato con los procesos situados de configuración de sentidos educativos e identidad de las jóvenes y los jóvenes escolares secundarios de Chile. Este estudio lo realizamos en cuatro escuelas secundarias públicas en Santiago de Chile. La metodología es de tipo cualitativa y está basada en 32 entrevistas en profundidad. Los resultados evidencian que en la escuela secundaria se configura una pluralidad de sentidos educativos y emergen nuevas identidades entre las personas jóvenes que la habitan cotidianamente. Concluimos que las actuales transformaciones estructurales y subjetivas en curso, tienen profundas implicancias para el diseño de políticas públicas educativas y de juventud en un contexto de fragmentación social y segregación de las instituciones educativas...
Sujets)
Humains , Chili , Enseignement Primaire et SecondaireRésumé
OBJECTIVE: Brain computer interface (BCI) is one of the most promising technologies for helping people with neurological disorders. Most current BCI systems are relatively expensive and difficult to set up. Therefore, we developed a P300-based BCI system with a cheap bioamplifier and open source software. The purpose of this study was to describe the setup process of the system and preliminary experimental results. METHODS: Ten spinal cord-injured patients were recruited. We used a sixteen-channel EEG(KT88-1016, Contec, China) and BCI2000 software (Wadsworth center, NY, USA). Subjects were asked to spell a 5-character word using the P300-based BCI system with 10 minutes of training. EEG data were acquired during the experiment. After subjects spelled the word for ten trials, the spelling accuracy and information transfer rate (ITR) were obtained in each patients. RESULTS: All subjects performed the experiment without difficulty. The mean accuracy was 59.4+/-22.8%. The spelling accuracy reversely correlated with the age. Younger subjects spelled with higher accuracy than older subjects (p=0.018). However, sex, injury level, time since injury and ASIA scale were not correlated with the accuracy. The mean of ITR was 2.26+/-1.22 bit/min. CONCLUSION: This study showed that a BCI system can be set up inexpensively with a low-price bioamplifier and open-source software. The spelling accuracy was moderately achieved with our system. P300-based BCI is useful in young patients, but modification is necessary in old patients who have low ability of recognition and concentration.
Sujets)
Humains , Asie , Encéphale , Interfaces cerveau-ordinateur , Électroencéphalographie , Potentiels évoqués , Maladies du système nerveux , Traumatismes de la moelle épinière , Moelle spinaleRésumé
Justificado pela complexidade e importância que o processo comunicacional passou a assumir no contexto de trabalho e com os objetivos de analisar e dar maior visibilidade a este fenômeno,o presente estudo foi realizado numa empresa de grande porte do setor madeireiro de Santa Catarina. A pesquisa, que teve design de enquete e caráter qualitativo e quantitativo para analisar os dados, contou com a participação de 30 colaboradores que ocupavam cargos de liderança. Os principais resultados possibilitam perceber que os participantes reconhecem a existência de problemas na comunicação entre as pessoas e os setores que, de modo geral, estão associados à omissão, distorção e insuficiência de informações. A comunicação oral é o canal mais utilizado para a recepção/transmissão de informações. Parece não haver problemas no que diz respeito à atenção dada às pessoas durante o processo de comunicação, ou seja, elas sentem-se ouvidas; também é positiva a avaliação que fazem sobre a comunicação das orientações recebidas/transmitidas quando identificados erros ou falhas na realização das tarefas e atividades. De modo geral, conclui-se que, embora existam pontos positivos a ser ressaltados, a falta de preparo profissional dos gestores está diretamente associada aos problemas identificados. Programas de capacitação na área de mediações e interfaces comunicacionais poderiam minimizar as dificuldades identificadas e suas consequências.
Justified by the complexity and importance that the communication process has assumed in the workplace and aiming to analyze and give greater visibility to this phenomenon, the present study was conducted in a large company in the timber sector of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The study, which had survey design and qualitative and quantitative character to analyze the data, had the participation of 30 employees in leadership position. The main results allow realizing that participants recognize that there are problems in communication between individuals and departments that, in general, are associated with the omission, distortion and information insufficiency. Oral communication is the most used channel for receiving/transmitting information. There seems to be no problems regarding the attention given to people during the communication process, i.e., they feel heard; their assessment on the communication of instructions received/transmitted when errors or failures in tasks and activities are identified is also positive. Overall, it is concluded that although there are positive points to be highlighted, the lack of professional training of managers is directly related to the problems identified. Training programs in mediation and communication interfaces area could minimize the difficulties identified and their consequences.
Sujets)
Humains , Jeune adulte , Barrières de communication , Communication , Industrie/organisation et administration , Troubles du langage , Psychologie socialeRésumé
Neurophysiologic analysis of motor behavior has become one of the prime research areas in the domain of Physiology and hence it has seen tremendous development integrated research in this field over the years. This short review discusses the broad approaches which favors to understand effective neural control of motor behavior. The focus of this review is to recognize the gradual evolution of basic ideas regarding execution of coordinated and effective movements. The integrated roles of the spinal cord, the cerebellum and the motor cortex in context of voluntary movements have been delineated with citation of important research observations made in the field of motor control. Internet database related to human motor behavior studies were extensively searched to map the chronological development of important research methods and newer findings in this field. The span of the text ranges from the development of the idea of Motor Primitives to Brain-Machine Interfaces. It is observed that several ‘basic’ neural modules are preserved through ontogeny and phylogeny. Different combination of hierarchical modular functioning provides a wide range of plasticity required for coordinated and effective skillful movements.