Association of intestinal helminthic infection and nutritional status of primary school children in Gombe State, Nigeria

Background: Intestinal helminthic infections are among the commonest infections worldwide. It often affects the poorest communities and has similar geographic distribution with malnutrition. Intestinal helminthic infection contributes to undernutrition through subtle reduction in digestion and absorption of food, chronic inflammation and loss of nutrients. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of intestinal helminthic infection and its relationship with nutritional status of primary school children in Gombe, Gombe State, Nigeria. Methodology: This was a cross sectional study of 350 pupils selected through multistage random sampling technique from 24 primary schools in Gombe, Gombe State, Nigeria from July 2018 to January 2019. Demographic information including age, gender, height, and weight were collected from each participant with a designed collection form. The data were analysed using SPSS version 24.0, and presented as frequency distribution and mean ± SD. The Chisquare test (with Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval) was used to test for association between prevalence of helminthiasis and factors such as gender, age group and school type. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant at 95% confidence interval. Results: The prevalence of intestinal helminthic infection was 23.7% (83/350). Eighty (96.4%) of the 83 infected pupils were in public schools while only 3 (3.6%) were in private schools (p<0.001). The prevalence of helminthiasis was significantly higher in underweight pupils (34%, OR=2.113, p=0.0065)) and significantly lower (5.4%, OR=0.1637, p=0.0037) in overweight pupils while the prevalence was not significantly associated with normal weight (p=0.5482) or obesity (p=1.000). Conclusions: Intestinal helminthic infection is a public health problem in children with adverse significant relationship with nutritional status. Provision of toilet facilities in schools and periodic de-worming of pupils aimed at reducing loss of nutrients from intestinal helminthiasis are recommended.

Centesimal composition and meat yield of Hoplias malabaricus: association with intestinal parasites / Composição centesimal e rendimento da carne de Hoplias malabaricus: associação com parasitos intestinais

Abstract Hoplias malabaricus is a non-migratory fish commonly found in the Mogi Guaçu River basin, mainly feeding on fish, small crustaceans and insects. It forms part of the diet for humans, birds and some mammals. This fish has great nutritional value, with both good quality and good quantities of essential vitamins and amino acids. Regarding parasitic fauna, this fish can host different species of helminths in its gastrointestinal tract. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible interference of parasitism in the meat yield from H. malabaricus and the centesimal composition. For this purpose, fish specimens were collected from marginal lagoons of the Mogi Guaçu River (Pirassununga, state of São Paulo, Brazil) using hooks and fishing nets. We found that all specimens of H. malabaricus were parasitized by at least one species, including larvae of Contracaecum sp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae). Parasitism did not have any significant influence on centesimal composition, but meat yield was negatively correlated with the abundance of larvae.

Resumo Hoplias malabaricus é um peixe comumente encontrado na bacia do rio Mogi Guaçu. Não realiza migração e alimenta-se de peixes, pequenos crustáceos e insetos. Faz parte da dieta de seres humanos, aves e outros mamíferos piscívoros. Apresenta grande valor nutricional em relação à quantidade e à qualidade de vitaminas e aminoácidos essenciais. Em relação à fauna parasitária, este peixe pode albergar diferentes espécies de helmintos em seu trato gastrointestinal. O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a eventual interferência do parasitismo no rendimento e na composição centesimal da carne do pescado de H. malabaricus. Para isso, foram realizadas coletas por um ano, em lagoas marginais do rio Mogi Guaçu, Pirassununga, estado de São Paulo, Brasil, utilizando-se anzol e rede de espera. Como resultado, todos os exemplares de H. malabaricus estavam parasitados por, pelo menos, uma espécie de parasita, prevalecendo larvas de Contracaecum sp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae). O parasitismo não afetou a composição centesimal da carne do peixe, mas foi encontrada uma correlação negativa forte entre o rendimento da carne e o número de larvas de parasitos.

Prevalence of Human Intestinal Helminthic Infections among School-Age Children in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria

Aims:The study aimed at determining the prevalence and risk factors for intestinal helminth infection among school-age children in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Study Design:Cross-sectional observational study was conducted in two Local Government Areas (Calabar South and Calabar Municipality) in Calabar. Place and Duration of Study:The study was carried out in Calabar, from May to October, 2018. Methodology:Faecal samples were collected from pupils in sterile dry specimen bottles with the use of applicator sticks and analyzed using sedimentation and floatation techniques. Data obtained was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Results:Overall prevalence of intestinal helminth was 18.5%. Parasites recovered were Ascaris lumbricoides(9.3%), Trichuris trichiura(4.0%), Hookworm(2.6%), Taenia solium(0.9), Enterobius vermicularis (0.9), Strongyloides stercoralis (0.4%) and Schistosoma mansoni (0.4%) (P = 0000). Males (22.1%) were more infected than females (14.0%) in the study area (P = 0.031).Prevalence of intestinal helminths was lowest in age group 11-15 years (14.4%) and highest in age group 6-10 years (23.5%)(P = 0.005). After multivariate analysis, source of water [OR=3.355, 95% CI 1.448 –7.770], type of sewage system [OR=7.547, 95% CI 5.011 –8.358], hand washing before meal [OR=4.069, 95% CI 1.719 –9.631] and hand washing after defecation[OR=2.281, 95% CI 1.059 –4.917] were statistically associated with thedetected intestinal helminthic infections in faecal samples (p = .05). Conclusion:The presence of these intestinal parasites in these schools is a public health problem and there is therefore a need to prevent these infections by improving individual personal hygiene through health education, general sanitation and provision of adequate social amenities.

Comparative assessment of intestinal helminths prevalence in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) intervention and non-intervention communities in Abeokuta, Nigeria

Objective: This study compared the prevalence of intestinal helminths in Water, Sani-tation and Hygiene (WASH) intervention and non-intervention communities in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Methods: Stool samples were collected from 225 respondents in a study carried out between July and November, 2014. Stool samples were examined for presence of hel-minths using Formol-Ether concentration method. Data collected from stool samples were analyzed using SPSS for Windows (version 16). Results: Results showed that, at the intervention community, 88 out of 113 respondents were infected with at least one helminth infection while at non-intervention community, 80 out of 112 respondents were infected. This result revealed overall helminth prevalence of 78%at Mawuko and 71%at Isolu. In both intervention (Mawuko) and non-intervention (Isolu) communities, hookworm was the most prevalent helminth observed (21% and 18%, respectively) followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (13%and 13%, respectively), Taenia sp. (4%and 3%, respectively) and Trichostrongylus sp. (1%and 3%, respectively). Cases of single infections of Trichuris trichiura, Strongyloides stercoralis and Hymenolepsis nana were observed only at the non-intervention community. However, S. stercoralis occurred in the multiple infections observed at the intervention community. Significantly more (p<0.05) cases of infections were observed in male (46%) at the intervention community than female (31%) while in non-intervention community females (39%) were significantly (p<0.05) more infected than their male counterparts (32%). Conclusions: This study concludes that the Community Led-Total Sanitation interven-tion programme, which was executed in Mawuko was not effective as expected.

Comparative assessment of intestinal helminths prevalence in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) intervention and non-intervention communities in Abeokuta, Nigeria

Objective This study compared the prevalence of intestinal helminths in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) intervention and non-intervention communities in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Methods Stool samples were collected from 225 respondents in a study carried out between July and November, 2014. Stool samples were examined for presence of helminths using Formol-Ether concentration method. Data collected from stool samples were analyzed using SPSS for Windows (version 16). Results Results showed that, at the intervention community, 88 out of 113 respondents were infected with at least one helminth infection while at non-intervention community, 80 out of 112 respondents were infected. This result revealed overall helminth prevalence of 78% at Mawuko and 71% at Isolu. In both intervention (Mawuko) and non-intervention (Isolu) communities, hookworm was the most prevalent helminth observed (21% and 18%, respectively) followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (13% and 13%, respectively), Taenia sp. (4% and 3%, respectively) and Trichostrongylus sp. (1% and 3%, respectively). Cases of single infections of Trichuris trichiura, Strongyloides stercoralis and Hymenolepsis nana were observed only at the non-intervention community. However, S. stercoralis occurred in the multiple infections observed at the intervention community. Significantly more (p < 0.05) cases of infections were observed in male (46%) at the intervention community than female (31%) while in non-intervention community females (39%) were significantly (p < 0.05) more infected than their male counterparts (32%). Conclusions This study concludes that the Community Led-Total Sanitation intervention programme, which was executed in Mawuko was not effective as expected.

Intestinal Parasitic Infection in the Suruí Indians, Brazilian Amazon / Parasitosis intestinal en los Indios Suruí, Amazonia Brasilera / Infecção por parasitoses intestinais entre os Indios Suruí, Amazônia Brasileira

This study reports the results of a cross-sectional survey carried out in 2005 to investigate the epidemiology of intestinal parasitism among the Suruí Indians, Brazilian Amazon. A total of 519 stool samples were examined by zinc-sulphate-flotation and formol-ether-sedimentation. Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar-positive samples were further tested by ELISA. Thirty-six percent of the subjects were positive for one more helminth species; 70.7% harbored at least one protozoan species. The most frequent helminth was Hymenolepis nana (29.5%). Nematodes were rare (hookworm= 3.3%; Strongyloides stercoralis= 0.2%). Capillaria sp. was identified in 5.2% of the samples and one case of parasitism by Dipylidium caninum was detected. Prevalence of Giardia duodenalis and E. histolytica/E. dispar was 16.2% and 12.3%, respectively. Based on ELISA, the prevalence of E. histolytica infection was 3.2%. The overall prevalence of intestinal nematode infections depicted in this study was surprisingly low compared to what is often reported for other indigenous populations in the Brazilian Amazon. It is argued that the prevalence of helminths in the Suruí are associated with anthelminthic mass treatment schemes undertaken by the Indian health service, in the absence of other measures. The authors propose that a special program aimed at controlling intestinal parasitism in indigenous communities should step beyond the top-down distribution of medication, but rather be designed in collaboration with the target population, encompassing education, better housing, alternative sewage disposal systems and safe water supply to all villagers.

Se reportan los resultados de un estudio transversal llevado a cabo en 2005 sobre la epidemiología del parasitismo intestinal en indios Suruí de la amazonia brasilera. Un total de 519 muestras de heces fueron examinadas por flotación en sulfato de zinc y sedimentación en etil-éter. Muestras positivas para Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar fueron testeadas por ELISA. Una o más especies de helmintos estuvieron presentes en 36% de los sujetos y 70,7% presentaron al menos una especie de protozoario. El helminto más frecuente fue Hymenolepis nana (29,5%). Los nematodos fueron escasos (anquilostomo= 3,3%; Strongyloides stercoralis= 0.2%). Se identificó Capillaria sp. en 5,2% de las muestras y se detectó un caso de parasitismo por Dipylidium caninum. Las prevalencias de Giardia duodenalis y E. histolytica/E. dispar fueron 16,2% y 12,3%, respectivamente. Según ELISA la prevalencia de infección por E. histolytica fue 3,2%. La prevalencia de infección por nematodos fue sorpresivamente baja en comparación con reportes frecuentes en otras poblaciones indígenas de la amazonia brasilera. Se argumenta que los cambios en la prevalencia de helmintiasis en los Suruí se asocian a tratamientos masivos con antihelmínticos llevados a cabo por el servicio de salud de indígenas, en ausencia de otras medidas. Se propone que un programa especial orientado a controlar el parasitismo intestinal en poblaciones indígenas debe desligarse de la distribución de medicación, sino ser diseñado en colaboración con los habitantes locales, abarcando educación, mejores viviendas y sistemas de drenaje y disposición de residuos, y suministro de agua segura a todos los pobladores.

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de um estudo seccional conduzido em 2005 que visou investigar o perfil epidemiológico das parasitoses intestinais entre os índios Suruí, localizados em Rondôna, Amazônia brasileira. Um total de 519 amostras fecais foi examinado pelas técnicas de flutuação com sulfato de zinco e sedimentação com formol-éter. Amostras positivas para Entamoeba histolytica/E. díspar foram posteriormente testadas pelo método ELISA. Trinta e seis por cento dos indivíduos encontravam-se positivos para pelo menos uma espécie de helminto; 70,7% abrigavam pelo menos uma espécie de protozoário. O helminto mais freqüente foi Hymenolepis nana (29,5%). Nematódeos foram raros (ancilostomídeos= 3,3%; Strongyloides stercoralis= 0,2%). Capillaria sp. foi identificado em 5,2% das amostras e um caso de parasitismo por Dipylidium caninum foi observado. As prevalências de Giardia duodenalis e E. histolytica/E. dispar foram de 16,2% e 12,3%, respectivamente. Baseada no teste ELISA, a prevalência de infecção por E. histolytica foi de 3,2%. A prevalência total de infecção intestinal por nematódeos demonstrada neste estudo foi surpreendentemente baixa se comparada ao que tem sido geralmente reportado para outras populações indígenas da Amazônia brasileira. Argumenta-se que a baixa prevalência de helmintos entre os Suruí está em larga medida associada a esquemas de tratamento em massa com anti-helmínticos dispensados pelo serviço de saúde indígena. Os autores propõem que um programa especial destinado ao controle de parasitoses intestinais em comunidades indígenas deve ir além da distribuição de medicamentos. Preferencialmente, deve ser planejado em colaboração com a população alvo, considerando aspectos educacionais e visando a melhoria nas moradias e no sistema de esgoto e de fornecimento de água.

Perfil de parásitos y comensales entéricos de comunidades del cantón de Barva, Heredia, Costa Rica / Profile diners enteric parasites and communities in the canton of Barva, Heredia, Costa Rica

Se analizó la frecuencia de los protozoarios y helmintos observados en las muestras fecales de los pacientes que consultaron el laboratorio del Área de Salud de Barva, Coopesiba R.L., durante enero a noviembre del 2004. La presencia de organismos parásitos y comensales fue evidenciada en las muestras procedentes de todas las comunidades, mostrando una prevalencia global del 41.2 por ciento. Las comunidades de San Roque y Barva Distrito Central fueron las que presentaron, en los análisis efectuados, las prevalencias más alta, 45,4 por ciento, y más baja, 35,0 por ciento, respectivamente. Los organismos más frecuentes fueron Blastocystis hominis, con una prevalencia global del 27,4 por ciento, Endolimaz nana, 16,5 por ciento, y Entamoeba coli, 7,4 por ciento. Los únicos helmintos observados fueron Trichuris trichiura, 0,03 por ciento, e Hymenolepis nana, 0,1 por ciento. La distribución de los parásitos en las localidades del Cantón de Barva no fue homogénea. Los resultados mostraron prevalencias de organismos relativamente bajas pero sugieren la ocurrencia de condiciones permisivas para la transmisión de enteropatógenos que hacen su diseminación por fecalismo, lo cual conlleva la necesidad de insistir en medidas preventivas.

The frequency of protozoa and helminths observed in the fecal samples of the patients who consulted in the laboratory of the Barva Health Area (also known as Coopesiba, R.L.), during the months of January to November of 2004 was analyzed. The presence of parasitic as well as commensal organisms was evidenced in the samples coming from all the differentcommunities, showing a global prevalence of 41.2%. Thecommunities of San Roque as well as the Central District of Barva were the ones which showed, in the analysescarried out, the highest (45.4%) and the lowest (35.0%) prevalences, respectively. The most frequent organisms were Blastocystis hominis with a global prevalence of 27.4%, Endolimax nana (16.5%) and Entamoeba coli (7.4%). The only helminthic organisms observed wereTrichuris trichiura (0.03%) and Hymenolepis nana (0.1%). The parasite distribution in the communities of Barvawas not homogeneous. The results showed relatively low prevalences of the organisms but suggest the existenceof permissive conditions for transmission of enteric pathogens disseminated via the fecal route all of which emphasizes the need to stress preventive measures.