Immunogenicity of the nanovaccine containing intimin recombinant protein in the BALB/c mice

PURPOSE: Escherichia coli O157:H7 is one of the most important pathogens which create hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome in human. It is one of the most prevalent causes of diarrhea leading to death of many people every year. The first diagnosed gene in the locus of enterocyte effacement pathogenicity island is eae gene. The product of this gene is a binding protein called intimin belonging to the group of external membrane proteins regarded as a good stimulants of the immune system. Chitosan with its lipophilic property is an environmentally friendly agent able to return to the environment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Intimin recombinant protein was expressed in pET28a vector with eae gene and purification was performed using Ni-NTA and finally the recombinant protein was approved through western blotting. This protein was encapsulated using chitosan nanoparticles and the size of nanoparticles was measured by Zetasizer. Intimin encapsulated was prescribed for three sessions among three groups of oral, injection, and oral-injection using Chitosan nanoparticles. Challenge was performed for all three groups with 108 E. coli O157:H7 bacteria. RESULTS: Intimin produced by chitosan nanoparticles improves immunological responses through the adjuvant nature of chitosan nanoparticles. Chitosan may be used as a carrier for transportation of the prescribed vaccine. Among the mice, encapsulated intimin could be able to provide suitable titers of IgG and IgA by the aid of chitosan nanoparticles. Results of mice challenge showed that decreased the bacterial shedding significantly. CONCLUSION: Results showed that the chitosan nanovaccine with intimin protein may be used as a suitable candidate vaccine against E. coli O157:H7.

Placental and colostral transfer of antibodies reactive with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli intimins α, ß, or γ / Transferência placentária e colostral de anticorpos reativos a Escherichia coli enteropatogênica com expressão das intiminas α, ß, or γ

Abstract Objective: Intimins are protein adhesins of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and enterohemorrhagic E. coli capable of inducing attachment and effacement lesions in enterocytes. Anti-intimin antibodies are important for the protection from enteropathogenic E. coli and enterohemorrhagic E. coli infections because these antibodies inhibit bacterial adhesion and impair the initial step of the pathogenesis. We studied the transfer of maternal anti-intimin antibodies from healthy Brazilian mothers to their newborns through the placenta and colostrum. Methods: Serum immunoglobulin G and secretory immunoglobulin A antibodies against conserved and variable regions of intimins α, β, and γ were analyzed using an enzyme linked-immunosorbent assay in the blood and colostrum from 45 healthy women as well as cord blood serum samples from their newborns. Results: The concentrations of antibodies reactive with α intimin were significantly lower than those of anti-γ and anti-conserved intimin antibodies in the colostrum samples. IgG serum antibodies reactive with all the subtypes of intimins were transferred to the newborns, but the concentrations of anti-conserved intimin serum antibodies were significantly higher in mothers and newborns than concentrations of antibodies against variable regions. The patterns of IgG transfer from mothers to newborns were similar for all anti-intimin antibodies. These values are similar to the percentage transference of total IgG. Conclusions: Anti-intimin antibodies are transferred from mothers to newborns through the placenta, and reinforce the protection provided by breastfeeding against diarrheagenic E. coli infections.

Resumo Objetivo: As intiminas são adesinas proteicas de Escherichia coli enteropatogênicas (EPEC) e enterro-hemorrágicas (EHEC) capazes de induzir as lesões attaching and effacing nos enterócitos. Anticorpos anti-intiminas são importantes para a proteção contra infecções por EPEC e EHEC porque esses anticorpos inibem a adesão bacteriana e impedem o passo inicial do mecanismo patogênico dessas bactérias. Nós estudamos a transferência de anticorpos maternos anti-intiminas de mães brasileiras saudáveis para os seus recém-nascidos através da placenta e do colostro. Métodos: Anticorpos séricos da classe IgG e secretórios da classe IgA (SIgA) reativos com as porções conservada (cons) e variáveis das intiminas α (vα), β (vβ) e γ (vγ) foram analisados pelo teste de ELISA no sangue e no colostro de 45 parturientes saudáveis e no sangue de cordão umbilical dos seus respectivos recém-nascidos. Resultados: As concentrações de anticorpos reativos com intimina vα foram significativamente mais baixas que as dos anticorpos anti-vγ e anti-cons nas amostras de colostro. Anticorpos IgG séricos reativos com todas as intiminas foram transferidos para os recém-nascidos, mas as concentrações de anti-cons foram significativamente mais altas tanto nas mães como nos recém-nascidos do que os anticorpos reativos com as regiões variáveis das intiminas. O padrão de transferência de IgG das mães para os recém-nascidos foi muito semelhante para todos os anticorpos anti-intiminas. Os valores de porcentagem de transferência foram semelhantes à transferência de IgG total. Conclusões: Anticorpos anti-intimina são transferidos das mães para os recém-nascidos pela placenta e corroboram a proteção contra infecções por Escherichia coli diarreiogênicas (DEC) conferida pelo aleitamento materno.

The combination characteristics of EHEC O157 ∶H7 intimin and it's mutant intiminN916Y with translocated intimin receptor / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To analyze the combination characteristics between Tir-IBD( intimin binding domain) and its ligand intimin or mutant intiminN916Y of EHEC O157 ∶H7.Methods The gene of TirIBD (tir-ibd) from EHEC O157 ∶H7 chromosome was cloned into pMD18-T vector.Thereafter,the amplified gene was cloned into prokaryotic expression plasmid pET-21 a (+).The recombinant pasmid pET-21 a( +)-tir-ibd was transformed into E.coli BL21 (DE3).After inducement,the protein Tir-IBD was successfully expressed and analyzed with SDS-PAGE and Western blot.It was purified by affinity chromatography and ionexchange chromatography and was coupled on the Ni-NTA chip of BIACore 3000.Then the ligand intimin and mutant intiminN916Y were flow through the chip and their combination characteristics were detected.Results In the present study,the gene of Tir-IBD(tir-ibd) was successfully cloned into pET-21a(+).The results of SDS-PAGE and Western blot assay showed that the protein was successfully expressed,which accounts for 15％ of total expression products,and its molecular weight was about 10×103.The purity was above 95％ after purification.After coupled on the Ni-NTA chip of BIACore 3000,their combination characteristics with ligand intimin and mutant intiminN916Y were successfully detected.The equilibrium binding constants Ka was obtained by fitting the data with the BIACore evaluation program ( Version 4.1 ).The result showed that the combination characteristics between Tir-IBD and intimin have some difference compared with that of mutant intiminN916Y and the difference is temperature dependent.Conclusion Tir-IBD of EHEC O157 ∶H7 was successfully constructed and purified.The method to analyze the combination characteristics between Tir-IBD and its ligand intimin or mutant was established.The combination characteristics between Tir-IBD and intimin or mutant intiminN916Y have some temperature dependent difference and the mutated amino acids residue is crucial for their receptor-ligand binding.

Occurrence and molecular characterization of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli serotypes isolated from children with diarrhoea in Najaf, Iraq.

Purpose: Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) are among the most important pathogens infecting children worldwide and are one of the main causes of diarrhoea. The study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of EPEC as a cause of infectious diarrhoea in children younger than 2 years of age and characterize their virulence genes. Materials and Methods: During the study period, a total of 656 faecal specimens from children with diarrhoea and 54 from healthy children were analyzed. E. coli isolates were serotypically identified with EPEC polyvalent and monovalent antisera. The isolated EPEC were examined for the presence of the attaching and effacing (eaeA), bundle-forming pilus (bfpA), Shiga like toxins (stx1 and stx2 ), enterohaemorrhagic E. coli enterohaemolysin (EHEC hlyA) and EPEC adherence factor (EAF) genes by the PCR assay. Results: The study has shown that 22 (3.4%) had diarrhoea due to EPEC, while no EPEC isolates were detected in asymptomatic children. The highest number of the EPEC isolated belonging to polyvalent 2. The primers encoding virulence genes were subjected to all the EPEC isolates. Only 9.1%, 27.3%, and 9.1% isolates gave positive re sults with intimin (eaeA), bfbA and (EAF) genes, respectively. None of the isolates were positive for stx 1, stx 2, and hlyA genes. Typical EPEC (eaeA +, bfpA +) was diagnosed in two isolates, while, atypical EPEC was manifested in four isolates. Conclusions: According to the results, the frequency of EPEC isolates in Najaf was lower than what has been suspected and the investigation including the use of molecular technique and serotyping, are necessary to allow precise identification and epidemiological study of these pathogens.

Expression, purification and effect of different immunization approaches of Tir from EHEC O157:H7 / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To clone and express translocation intimin receptor(Tir)of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli(EHEC)O157:H7,and to analyze the effect of different routes on the induction of immunity to the recombinant protein.Methods The tir eucoding genes were amplified from EHEC O157:H7 strain guangzhou 246 genome,and genes were cloned into the vector pET-30a(+).The pET-30a(+)tir recombinant was transformed into E.coli BL21.and expression was induced bv IPTG.The expressed product was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and purified by Ni-IDA affinity chromatography.The immunized mice sera and fecal against the recombinant protein was detected.Resuits The length of the tir is 1677 bp,with the initiation codon ATG and the termination codon TAA.Double enzyme digestion and DNA sequencing confirmed that the recombinant expression plasmid pET-30a(+)-tir was constructed.The recombinant protein was expressed in Escherichia coli expression system,and was purified by Ni-IDA affinity chromatography.The mice were able to produce a high serum IgG antibody titer after both subeutaneous and intranasal immunizations.Meanwhile,the intranasal immunization induced serum and fecal IgA antibody titer was significantly higher than that of the subcutaneous immunization group.Conclusion Tir molecule is potential vaccine candidate for preventing EHEC disease.

Study on BALB/c mice by immunization with genetic engineering vaccines of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coil O157:117 / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To investigate immunoprophylactic potential of genetic engineering vaccines of enterohaemorrhagie Escherichia coli O157:H7 in BALB/c mice after immunization with these vaccines. Methods Sixty BALB/c mice (3 weeks old) were randomized averagely into 5 groups. Group 1-3 were im-munized respectively with IntiminC300, Stx2B and HIyAN436, group 4 with a combination of these three vaccines, and group 5 with PBS. Each mouse was immunized with vaccine(100 μg)and Al(OH)3 adjuvant (100 μg) for 3 times. After 7 d of the second and third immunization, serum of each mouse was collected and the different antibodies were detected. After 10 d of the last immunization, all mice were given drinking water containing streptomycin for 3 d before and following oral challenge with O157:H7 (109 CFU), and treated with clinical, microbiological and pathological examination. Results The three vaccines elicited high titer antiserum, and some mice were died after infection with O157. The livability of group 1-4 was re-spectively 73%, 64%, 36% and 91%. And these vaccines depressed fecal and colon shedding with O157. Condusion IntiminC300, Stx2B and HIyAN436 have certain protective efficacy for infection of O157, and combined immunization was more effective than single vaccine.

Caracterización geno-fenotípica de aislados de Escherichia coli AEEC de pacientes pediátricos con procesos diarreicos infecciosos en la ciudad de La Paz: implicancias para el diagnóstico y epidemiología de las enfermedades diarreicas agudas / Geno-Phenotypic characterization of aeec Escherichia coli isolated from children with infectious diarrheal diseases in La Paz: relevancy for the diagnosis and epidemiology of acute diarrheal diseases

En el presente estudio se realizó la caracterización de Escherichia coli Enteropatogénica (EPEC) y Escherichia coli Enterohemorrágica (EHEC), dos categorías patogénicas de E. Coli, causantes de la lesión de adherencia y esfacelación (EAEE), en muestras de heces diarreicas de niños menores a 5 años. El perfil patogénico de EAEE se realizo mediante el análisis por PCR, de los genes intimina (eae), bundlina (bfpA) y toxinas siga (stx1 y stx2). Estas pruebas, se complementaron con ensayos fenotípicos de la resistencia a antibióticos, fermentación de sorbitol y producción de b-D-glucoronidasa. La prevalencia de EAEE fue del 7% con preponderancia de las cepas EPEC (95%) sobre EHEC. Se encontró una mayor proporción (83%) de cepas EPEC atípicas que típicas. Un alto porcentaje de los aislados de EPEC es resistente a más de 5 antibióticos analizados. La frecuencia de multiresistencia a bloques de 5 y 2 antibióticos sugiere que la resistencia es transmisible por vía horizontal. La correlación entre la pertenencia a un serogrupo particular de EPEC y las características genotípicas, mostró heterogeneidad en el perfil de patogenicidad tanto entre un mismo como entre diferentes serogrupos, demostrando que el diagnostico de DEC mediante serotipificación no es útil en nuestro medio. Los aislados de EHEC, se caracterizan por presentar una marcada susceptibilidad a los antibióticos. Se reporta la presencia de los serogrupos O157 y O6. Este estudio, constituye el primer reporte en nuestro medio sobre la determinación y caracterización geno-fenotípica de EPEC y EHEC por métodos moleculares. En conjunto, los datos obtenidos tienen relevancia para el diagnostico, tratamiento y estudio de la epidemiología de AEEC en las EDA en Bolivia.

In this study, enteropathogenic (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) E. Coli, two E. Coli categories causing attaching and effacing lesions, were isolated and characterized from children with diarrhea less than 5 years of age. The AEEC pathogenic profile was analyzed by PCR for the presence of the intimin (eae), bundle-forming pilus (bfpA) and Shiga toxin (stx, stx2) genes. Phenotypic analysis for the presence of antibiotic multi-resistance, sorbitol fermentation and B-D glucoronidase were also performed. AEEC prevalence was 7%. EPEC accounted for 95% of the isolates of which 83% were atypical. A high percentage of EPEC isolates is resistant to more than 5 antibiotics. The multi-resistance frequency to 5 and 2 antibiotics suggest antibiotic resistance transmission by lateral transfer. The lack of correlations between EPEC serogroups and genotypic strain profile demonstrates that serological DEC diagnosis is not useful for local isolates. EHEC isolates were remarkably susceptible to most of the antibiotics tested. The isolation of 0157 and 06 serogroups is reported. This is the first report of EPEC and EHEC molecular strain characterization. The results described are relevant for EAEE diagnosis, treatment and epidemiology of diarrheal diseases in Bolivia.

Polyclonal anti-intimin antibody: immunological characterization and its use in EPEC and EHEC diagnosis

Intimins are outer membrane proteins expressed by enteric bacterial pathogens capable of inducing intestinal attachment-and-effacement lesion (A/E). Through immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, flow citometry and immunogold we observed that the obtained polyclonal antibody against conserved intimin region recognizes the different intimin subtypes and suggests that it can be used as a tool for EPEC and EHEC detection. Besides, immuno-dot assay seems to be a possible alternative as a capture method.

EPEC e EHEC constituem um risco significativo para a saúde pública em diferentes partes do mundo. Ambas colonizam a mucosa intestinal e subvertem as funções celulares do epitélio intestinal ao produzirem uma lesão histopatológica característica, conhecida por lesão A/E (attaching-and-effacing), na qual a intimina é uma das proteínas envolvidas. A família das intiminas apresenta também uma região conservada, que compreende os aminoácidos de 388 a 667 (Int 388-667). O objetivo do presente trabalho foi a obtenção de um anticorpo policlonal contra a região conservada de intimina. A caracterização fenotípica das amostras de EPEC e EHEC utilizando este anticorpo permitiu observar-se a maneira variável que ele reconhece os diversos subtipos de intimina e sugere que ele seja uma ferramenta para detecção destes patógenos, sendo o ensaio de immuno-dot o método de captura de escolha.

Polyclonal anti-intimin antibody: immunological characterization and its use in EPEC and EHEC diagnosis

Intimins are outer membrane proteins expressed by enteric bacterial pathogens capable of inducing intestinal attachment-and-effacement lesion (A/E). Through immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, flow citometry and immunogold we observed that the obtained polyclonal antibody against conserved intimin region recognizes the different intimin subtypes and suggests that it can be used as a tool for EPEC and EHEC detection. Besides, immuno-dot assay seems to be a possible alternative as a capture method.

EPEC e EHEC constituem um risco significativo para a saúde pública em diferentes partes do mundo. Ambas colonizam a mucosa intestinal e subvertem as funções celulares do epitélio intestinal ao produzirem uma lesão histopatológica característica, conhecida por lesão A/E (attaching-and-effacing), na qual a intimina é uma das proteínas envolvidas. A família das intiminas apresenta também uma região conservada, que compreende os aminoácidos de 388 a 667 (Int 388-667). O objetivo do presente trabalho foi a obtenção de um anticorpo policlonal contra a região conservada de intimina. A caracterização fenotípica das amostras de EPEC e EHEC utilizando este anticorpo permitiu observar-se a maneira variável que ele reconhece os diversos subtipos de intimina e sugere que ele seja uma ferramenta para detecção destes patógenos, sendo o ensaio de immuno-dot o método de captura de escolha.