Reflecting on activities over the past decade and considering future developments / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

The safety committee has been undertaking activities, such as conducting regular workshops at the annual congresses, managing the "Safety Measures Website for Acupuncture and Moxibustion," researching the literature, conducting multicenter prospective studies on acupuncture and moxibustion-related adverse events, collecting information about medical accidents involving acupuncture and moxibustion in Japan, addressing the media pertaining to false information regarding the safety of acupuncture and moxibustion, and formulating the Safety Guidelines for Japanese Acupuncture and Moxibustion Practice. At the 71st annual Tokyo congress workshop, activities conducted over the past decade were summarized.　Regarding the studies on acupuncture and moxibustion-related adverse events, a literature review of reports concerning acupuncture- and moxibustion-associated adverse events published globally from 2004 to 2019 was introduced. Furthermore, the results of a multicenter prospective study conducted by the safety committee were also introduced. Additionally, the Safety Guidelines for Japanese Acupuncture and Moxibustion Practice were introduced, and the results of a questionnaire survey determining the degree of recognition of these guidelines were simultaneously reported. Moreover, regarding future developments, plans to create and publish a safety manual for acupuncture and moxibustion (provisional name) were reported.　In the second half of the workshop, reports on the past cases of needle breakage and retained needles were introduced under the topic "precautions and preventive measures regarding needle breakage and retained needles." Furthermore, the number of needle breakage claims filed under the liability insurance of acupuncture and moxibustion practitioners was reported. These details demonstrate that despite the common use of single-use acupuncture needles, accidents involving needle breakage still exist. Lastly, measures for reducing the difficulty in needle removal and preventing needle breakage were summarized, and opinions on the same were exchanged with the participants.

Awake P6 stimulation for post-operative nausea and vomiting using Japanese acupuncture needle among children 5-18 years old at Philippine Children's Medical Center

@#<p><strong>OBJECTIVE:</strong> To compare the effectiveness of preoperative Japanese acupuncture for prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in non-sedated children for surgery under general anesthesia.</p><p><strong>METHODS:</strong> This is an RCT studying the effectiveness of press-tack Japanese needles in P6 prior to any sedatives in children age 5-18 years old for surgery under general anesthesia (n=66). Patients were randomized to receive either press-tack needle (n=33) or an identical press-tack without the metal component (n=33). Incidence of PONV was reported using BARF scale. Children, parents, anesthesiologists, and nurses were blinded to group assignment.</p><p><strong>RESULTS:</strong> Eight of 33 (22%) in the intervention group while 17 of 33 (51.52%) in the placebo group experienced PONV (RR = 0.47, 95% CI [0.24-0.94], p-value 0.0224). One case reported an adverse event of worsening of nausea and vomiting.</p><p><strong>CONCLUSIONS:</strong> Japanese acupuncture at P6 prior to sedation using press-tack needle significantly reduced the incidence of PONV in children after general anesthesia. KEYWORDS: PONV, POV, P6, PC6, Japanese acupuncture, Acupuncture, RCT</p>

Briefs of Japanese acupuncture-moxibustion works of Chinese translation version in modern times / 中国针灸

The authors collected 25 Japanese acupuncture-moxibustion works of Chinese translation version in modern times (1912-1960) and investigated them from 3 aspects, named the study on the mechanisms of acupuncture and moxibustion, the explanation of basic theory and clinical treatment with acupuncture and moxibustion. Generally speaking, Japanese acupuncture-moxibustion works of Chinese translation version explained the mechanisms of acupuncture and moxibustion in terms of the theory of western medicine rather than traditional one. It proposed the study on the phenomenon of meridian and collateral, which absorbed the anatomic knowledge of western medicine in the discussion on meridians, collaterals and acupoints; introduced diagnostic methods and techniques of acupuncture and moxibustion and adopted the classification of western medicine system and the diseases in western medicine to discuss the treatment with acupuncture and moxibustion. All of these reflect the academic characteristics of acupuncture and moxibustion in Japan at those times and the position of Chinese scholars, by which the Japanese medical works were introduced for the academic innovation.

Drastic Change Needed Now For Japanese Acupuncture and Moxibustion of Tomorrow / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

At the Tokyo Proclamation Symposium, I was responsible for the study of Characteristics of Japanese Acupuncture and Moxibustion from the clinical viewpoint. The subject was based on an analysis of the discussion of the drafting committee and the results of a survey concerning the acupuncture-moxibustion business conducted by Ido-No-Nihon magazine.<BR>The characteristics of Japanese acupuncture-moxibustion differing from those of general medicine are:<BR>1 st In both diagnosis and treatment "touch"is extremely important<BR>2 nd The development of treatment and diagnostic implements based on Western medical concepts<BR>3rd The development of weak stimulation treatment using insertion tubes and various fine minute needles<BR>4 th Therapy based on a blending of Western medical concepts and classical teachings<BR>5 th The popularity of moxibustion therapy<BR>6 th The importance placed on preventative therapy<BR>7 th Individualized treatment not limited to the main complaint<BR>There is a great diversity of characteristics in Japanese acupuncture-moxibustion but this should not be taken advantage of or lead to complacency.<BR>As individualization is not adaptable to Cartesian science, Western medicine aims for standardization. Also in spite of the fact that the patient's condition is grasped in terms of causes, therapy begins and ends with what is known as allopathic or symptomatic therapy, as analysis of the functions of the whole body systemically and dynamically is impossible. As allopathy applies opposition therapy, when the body temperature is elevated, regardless of the cause, the aim of treatment is to reduce the temperature. Likewise in cases of high blood pressure or glucose count. With Eastern medicine, in order to increase immune power and restrict the activity of bacteria and viruses, treatment is administered to increase the body temperature. Which type of treatment is more substantial is obvious.<BR>With the decreasing birthrate and the aging population one would expect that hereafter the demand for economical acupuncture-moxibustion therapy which safely promotes the natural healing powers of the body and is useful in the prevention of disease should increase. However the reality is, the demand is declining, not only among the general population but also at medical facilities which proves our neglect to analyze the customers'(population and medical facilities) needs and our failure to revolutionize. To rectify this situation, educational reform before and after graduation is a necessity

Series:Conveying Japan acupuncture to the future -in response to the Tokyo Declaration Past, present, and future of Japanese acupuncture / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

As a characteristic of traditional medicine, the direction of development of acupuncture and moxibustion would be headed towards localization. Whereas Western medicine has been developed along the road of globalization, traditional medicine has developed along the path of localization. <BR>So what are the characteristics of Japanese acupuncture and moxibustion, which have been developed locally in Japan?Very delicate procedures for acupuncture and moxibustion, a variety of equipment, diagnosis that emphasizes heart pulse, and combination and compromise of various treatment methods are all such characteristics. These characteristics have been strongly influenced by Japanese culture, spirit, feelings, and mentality.<BR>It has been reported that acupuncture and moxibustion, as traditional medicine, were cultivated in close association with the people of each era. Since they are medical treatments that connote tradition, acupuncture and moxibustion should be able to meet the needs of people in any era. We need to reconfirm this and survey the future of acupuncture and moxibustion.

SL2 Introduction of the Japanese acupuncture and possible role of the polymodal receptor in its action mechanisms / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

  Acupuncture and moxibustion therapy in Japan has a long history, and it has developed differently from the Chinese or Korean procedures. The use of a guide tube for the insertion of a fine acupuncture needle without pain, shallow needling and use of intradermal needle without “de-qi” are known as Japanese acupuncture techniques. Our previous study clearly demonstrated variations of the point selection and methods of procedures among the Japan, Korea and Chinese traditional acupuncture therapy on the same subjects. The results obtained by three kinds of traditional acupuncture therapies were also different.   The majority of basic research and clinical trials of acupuncture have used Chinese acupuncture procedure using thick needles with “de-qi” sensation. Participation of the endogenous opioids in relatively intense electro-acupuncture induced analgesia has been well established, but similar analgesia is also induced by stressful stimuli such as electrical foot shock, so opioid-mediated analgesia is not the specific phenomena induced by acupuncture therapy.   Recent literature survey of the Ma Wang Dui（馬王堆）tomb clearly demonstrated the moxibustion (cauterization) was the primitive therapeutic procedure and the meridian concept was established by moxibustion not by acupuncture therapy. On the peripheral mechanisms, various sensory receptors could be activated by acupuncture but receptors responsive to moxibustion are limited. The polymodal receptors (PMRs), which responsive to mechanical, thermal and chemical stimuli, are activated by both acupuncture and moxibustion. They are also responsive to gentle skin scratching and pressure application with blunt acupuncture needle which used as sham acupuncture in recent clinical trials. Sensitization of the PMRs might be a possible cause of acupuncture point formation. These several lines of evidence suggest the PMRs are the key candidates of the action mechanisms of acupuncture and moxibustion. Figure 1 shows schematic illustration of the polymodal receptor hypothesis of action mechanisms of acupuncture and moxibustion.

SL2Introduction of the Japanese acupuncture and possible role of the polymodal receptor in its action mechanisms / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

  Acupuncture and moxibustion therapy in Japan has a long history, and it has developed differently from the Chinese or Korean procedures. The use of a guide tube for the insertion of a fine acupuncture needle without pain, shallow needling and use of intradermal needle without “de-qi” are known as Japanese acupuncture techniques. Our previous study clearly demonstrated variations of the point selection and methods of procedures among the Japan, Korea and Chinese traditional acupuncture therapy on the same subjects. The results obtained by three kinds of traditional acupuncture therapies were also different.<BR>  The majority of basic research and clinical trials of acupuncture have used Chinese acupuncture procedure using thick needles with “de-qi” sensation. Participation of the endogenous opioids in relatively intense electro-acupuncture induced analgesia has been well established, but similar analgesia is also induced by stressful stimuli such as electrical foot shock, so opioid-mediated analgesia is not the specific phenomena induced by acupuncture therapy. <BR>  Recent literature survey of the Ma Wang Dui（馬王堆）tomb clearly demonstrated the moxibustion (cauterization) was the primitive therapeutic procedure and the meridian concept was established by moxibustion not by acupuncture therapy. On the peripheral mechanisms, various sensory receptors could be activated by acupuncture but receptors responsive to moxibustion are limited. The polymodal receptors (PMRs), which responsive to mechanical, thermal and chemical stimuli, are activated by both acupuncture and moxibustion. They are also responsive to gentle skin scratching and pressure application with blunt acupuncture needle which used as sham acupuncture in recent clinical trials. Sensitization of the PMRs might be a possible cause of acupuncture point formation. These several lines of evidence suggest the PMRs are the key candidates of the action mechanisms of acupuncture and moxibustion. Figure 1 shows schematic illustration of the polymodal receptor hypothesis of action mechanisms of acupuncture and moxibustion.

Patient-Centered Acupuncture and Moxibustion / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

In recent years, due to the rapid changing social structure, thedemands for medical services are also changing. There is a need to explore the future direction of acupuncture and moxibustion. Therefore, using the keyword "patient"as the focus of medicalservices, we discussed the question, "What is meant by 'patient-centered'Acupuncture and Moxibustion?"<BR>Our results indicate that the numerous clinical treatments, education, and research that occurred throughout the long history of acupuncture and moxibustion in Japan were in fact all done "for the patient."However, we note that there is still room for improvement in verification method and cooperation between each field, and we confirmed that there is a need to build Acupuncture and Moxibustion methods that truly represent "patient-centered medicine."

The wisdom of Japanese Acupuncture and Moxibustion gaining insight to body and mind / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

[Introduction]This symposium was organized for the adoption of the Tokyo Declaration for Japanese Acupuncture and Moxibustion at the final meeting of the congress and was composed of three subjects that were supposed to become a framework for the declaration draft.<BR>[Subjects] 1. History of acupuncture in Japan 2. Analysis of the present circumstances 3. Tasks for the future<BR>The first subject was an explanation of important matters in acupuncture development in Japan, based on the key note lecture given prior to this symposium. The second subject was analysis from both aspects of research studies and clinical situations. The third subject was to be suggestions for further development of acupuncture after revealing present problems. <BR>There are more or less many issues in the acupuncture field;clinical practice, education, research and clinical training, but these issues may not have been approached either systematically or generally before. Whereas, in the light of opinions gathered from many others, many future issues came apparent through the three subjects of this symposium. In conclusion, the goal was to find a strategy that would make Japanese acupuncture become a prevailing therapy in the future more than what it is today.

Toward the Tokyo Declaration of Japanese Acupuncture and Moxibustion / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

Japanese acupuncture and moxibustion is characterized by its diversity, a diversity which has been created by accepting the knowledge and techniques of foreign origin and ingeniously applying Japanese mentality to convert those techniques to conform to the culture and climate of Japan. Because of its diversity, Japanese acupuncture and moxibustion are considered to be effective complements to and easily integrated with various kinds of modern medicine in such a way that they are considered to be suitable medicines for the 21st century. <BR>International standardization is progressing in the world in this age of globalization. This trend also affects standardization in the medical field, including acupuncture and moxibustion, as evident by the drafting of acupuncture standards for ISO. <BR>However, to promote sound development of acupuncture and moxibustion, it is more important to promote academic exchange that respects the characteristics of the therapy in each country than to promote standardization. Therefore, I believe that dispatching information on the characteristics of Japanese acupuncture and moxibustion both inside and outside the country will contribute to the overall improvement of medicine and blaze a new trail in the field of acupuncture and moxibustion. The Tokyo Declaration (draft) dispatches these concepts to the outside world as well as within Japan.

History of Japanese Acupuncture and Moxibustion / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

The birth of Oriental Medicine, including Acupuncture and Moxibustion, is attributed to Chinese civilization and is thought to have occurred in the Yellow River valley 2000 years ago. The contributing factors establishing Oriental medicine included the development of city-states designed to unite the country under a single authority. The governors of these city-states wisely designed policies to make the health of the people a top priority.<BR>In the middle of the 6th century Acupuncture and Moxibustion spread into Japan. From the enactment of the "Taiho Code"(701 AD) until the promulgation of the "Modern Medical System"(1878) these modalities were recognized as the National Medicine of Japan. <BR>During the Nara and Heian period (8-12 c), Japanese practitioners mainly accepted and learned the Chinese style of acupuncture and moxibustion. After the Kamakura period (13-14 c), during the Muromachi and Azuchi Momoyama periods (15-16 c), and into the Edo period (17-19 c), the original character of Japanese-style acupuncture and moxibustion began to develop unique characteristics.<BR>Here, I have to specifically mention that a Portuguese ship arrived at Tanegashima Island in 1543, after which the cultures of Spain and the Netherlands influenced Japanese culture. Of course these foreign influences spread to the field of Acupuncture and Moxibustion.<BR>During the Edo period, Japan closed its borders to foreign influences. During this time Japan traded only with China, Korea and the Netherlands. These trade routes, the merchandise, and exchange of information did not directly or immediately influence Japan, but they did play an important role in future cultural trends. Especially in the medical field, through trade with China, and Korea, Japan continued to accept information about Oriental Medicine. Likewise, through trade with the Netherlands, Western medical innovation gradually became popular.<BR>In this way, Japan received the latest medical information from the forerunners of the world's medicine of that period. Naturally, the use of both traditional and modern modalities increases. As a result, Japanese Acupuncture and Moxibustion practitioners deepened their knowledge of classic texts, and made good use of the information from China and Korea. Significant innovations of this period include the concept of inserting acupuncture needles through a guide tube, more thorough abdominal diagnoses according to Chinese theories, and increasing acceptance of Western medicine theories. During the Edo period, developments in Japanese Acupuncture and Moxibustion would sustain the progress of these medical fields up to and into the Meiji era. <BR>These developments included changes in the medical system, education, and research of Japanese acupuncture and moxibustion.

Japanese acupuncture and moxibustion in 16-18th-century Europe / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

Despite China's cultural impact, Japanese physicians used the medical knowledge they adopted from their great neighbor with surprising independence. Being more open to interactions with Westerners, even after the adoption of a semiseclusion policy in 1639, Japan played a significant role in the early knowledge transmission of acupuncture and moxibustion to Europe.<BR>The first reports on traditional Far Eastern medicine by Europeans came from 16th-century Japan, where Jesuit missionaries accumulated considerable knowledge of acupuncture, moxibustion, pulse feeling, and materia medica. However, their observations were dispersed among a variety of letters, 'historias', and dictionaries, and there was no significant impact among European readers.<BR>Medical interactions in Japan changed significantly in 1641 with the relocation of the Dutch trading post from Hirado to Dejima (Nagasaki). Establishing a permanent position for a surgeon/physician laid the foundations for continuous exchange between Japanese physicians and their Western colleagues.<BR>European scholarly interest in moxibustion began with a booklet by Hermann Buschoff, a Dutch clergyman in Batavia, about a remedy against Podagra that he called Moxa (in Japanese, mogusa). Buschoff found it difficult to understand the physiological principles underlying his miracle cure. After serious debate in the German Academy of Natural Science, Andreas Cleyer, a licensed physician and trading post chief in Japan, clarified the botanical background and the production methods of Moxa. However, unable to understand Eastern pathology, Western physicians inevitably looked for similarities with their own tradition and in Egyptian medicine. Although Engelbert Kaempfer demonstrated its broad range of applications in Japan, Moxa was assimilated as a remedy against gout following the old Western principle of 'revulsion'.<BR>After many earlier remarks by Portuguese Jesuits, Willem ten Rhijne's article on acupuncture marks the beginning of scholarly discussions on the art of needling. He and his eminent successor at Dejima, Kaempfer, presented recent Japanese inventions such as the 'tube needle'and the 'hammer needle', which were unknown in China. While the tube needle was a simple technical improvement, the hammer needle was used as part of a new therapeutic concept that ignored the Chinese 'meridians'. Both highly educated physicians were unable to overcome the language barrier and depended on Japanese interpreters with limited knowledge of Dutch. Thus 'meridians'were considered to be blood vessels, ki became 'wind'(flatus), and the accumulation of ki in the abdominal area seemed to be a kind of 'colic'. As Kaempfer described, the use of needles in such cases inevitably led to rejection by Western medical authorities.

On an Encounter of Acupuncture-and-Moxibustion with Natural-healing-energy / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

If we consider the internal and external circumstances surrounding our acupuncture-and-moxibustion (Harikyu) community in Japan, it will become clear that we are required to construct a Japanese Harikyu Study immediately. Thinking one of the traits of Harikyu is to assume the natural healing energy is a basis, searching for the root are the subjects of this announcement. If we examine the natural healing energy that is thought to be used in our clinical scene now, the hypothesis that it is not what was inherited the Chinese traditional medicine, but it is a property of the Dutch studies imported in the middle of the Edo period will emerge. The keyword is "the natural action power"described in the greatest Edo period care of health document "Byoka Suchi (Knowledge that every patient and his/her family should have)"published at the end of the Edo period. Looking back upon the thought of "the natural right ability"used as the basis of the Chinese medicine revival movement of Keijuro Wada in the Meiji period, the author argues that the natural healing energy thought with which Japanese acupuncturists is familiar was derived from Occidental Hippocrates medicine. The author also submits the hypothesis that the Japanese original healing capacity thought "Ja-Sho Ichinyo (Wrong and right are but two faces of the same coin)"served as a backdrop for the Edo period Japanese accepting the natural healing energy thought of Hippocrates medicine.

Studying Acupuncture at Zhejiang Medical University, China / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

Situation of acupuncture is different in different countries. Although acupuncture is originated in China, it has been independently developed in Korea and Japan for more than 1500 years, and recently the effects of acupuncture have been recognized in western countries including Europe, and getting more popular there. Actually, many students from European countries are studying acupuncture in many universities in China. In this report, I would like to introduce briefly how foreign students are studying and practicing acupuncture in our university, and how it is different from the situation in Japan.

Present State of Acupuncture in the West and the Challenge in Japanese Acupuncture / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

In the present paper, the author reviews acupuncture clinical practice and the research scene in Western countries, and discusses problems in Japanese acupuncture.<BR>The use of acupuncture is increasing in the West, but many more people have received this treatment in Japan. Although regulations on acupuncture depend on the country, many EU countries limit acupuncture practice to medical doctors. Regarding the style and theory of acupuncture, Traditional Chinese Medicine is overwhelmingly dominant in the world.<BR>In recent years, the worldwide prevalence of the concept of evidence-based medicine (EBM) has facilitated randomized controlled trials on acupuncture in the West. However, there is a bigproblem in setting a sham acupuncture group. Pragmatic clinical trials should be considered more in the future.<BR>If the researchers of “Japanese acupuncture” pursue only reductionistic research methodology, they might lose something important that traditional medicine has brought for many years. Although we should employ the concept of EBM, we, at the same time, should discuss what Japanese acupuncture is and how we evaluate the aspect of the “art” of acupuncture medicine more intensely.

Proposal for Japanese Acupuncture Study-An Issue of Education, Research and Socio-Medical System- / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

It is indicated in this Symposium that a goal of Japanese Acupuncture Study is to establish culture-based medicine. However, because of insufficient understanding of modern medicine among acupuncturists in Japan, systematic postgraduate training has become one of the most urgent programs. Acupuncturists in Japan should be included in the medical system as co-medical staff such as nurses, PTs, and so on, in the near future. <BR>All speakers emphasized that Japanese acupuncture and moxibustion have developed their identity using various methods in the past, although there a healing was popular in the public apart from the main medical field. It is, therefore, agreeable to standardize the educational system in its present medical field in Japan. <BR>On the other hand, it is interestingly accepted for foreign researchers that Japanese acupuncture and moxibustion are well recognized as characteristic treatment with specifically delicate and fine techniques and tools. Even so, they originated from Traditional Chinese Medicine over twenty centuries. <BR>Since the recent introduction of Oriental Medicine to the regular curriculum of modern medical education in all Japanese Medical Colleges, acupuncture and moxibustion as well as Kampo have born an important role as a holistic medicine with a recognition of an illness perceived by the patient in the 21 st century.

A Study of Classical Techniques of Acupuncture and Moxibustion in Japan: With Emphasis on Abdominal Palpation and Needle Tapping / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

Studying traditional techniques of acupuncture and moxibustion in Japan is indispensable both when tracing the history of acupuncture and moxibustion in Japan as a traditional form of medicine and when using acupuncture and moxibustion to deal with diverse diseases in modern Japanese people. Japanese techniques of acupuncture and moxibustion have been gradually evolving since the Muromachi Era. Techniques were developed, tailored to Japanese cultural and racial characteristics. Among these techniques, abdominal palpation and needle tapping, developed by the Mubun School, are particularly noteworthy and deserve world-wide attention. The author recently investigated the methods and views of various classical schools of acupuncture and moxibustion in Japan, emphasizing study of abdominal palpation and needle tapping and exploring common features of these techniques across different schools. The author found that abdominal palpation is suitable for detecting vertical or horizontal shifts in Qi (vital energy) and Ketsu (nourishing energy) in the human body, and that when applying abdominal acupuncture, it is essential to restore the balance of Qi and Ketsu in each direction around the umbilicus.