Influence of Khat Extract (Catha edulis) on corrosion resistance of Co-Cr dental alloys / Influência do extrato de Khat (Catha edulis) na resistência à corrosão de ligas dentais Co-Cr

Objective: The aim of this experimental study was to assess the effect of khat extract with different concentrations on the corrosion resistance of cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) dental alloys used for removable denture. Material and Methods:The corrosion resistance of three Co-Cr alloys (Neobond II®, Kera 501® and PD Casta H®) was evaluated in artificial saliva in presence of three different concentrations of khat extracts. Fusayama-Meyer artificial saliva was used as a reference solution. The corrosion properties of the alloys were analyzed using potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and surface analysis. The data was presented in means, standard deviations, and related figures. Comparison between the different concentrations was done using 1-way ANOVA test. The surface analysis was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: the results showed that the corrosion resistance of the three alloys tested (Neobond II®, Kera 501® and PD Casta H®) decreased in artificial saliva containing khat extract compared with that of the reference solution. Additionally, the corrosion resistance of the three Co-Cr dental alloys decreased by increasing the concentration of khat extract. Furthermore, the results indicate that Neobond II® alloy showed the least corrosion resistance compared with that of Kera 501® and PD Casta H® alloys. Conclusion: Khat extract with different concentrations had negative impact on the corrosion resistance of Cr-Co alloys. More in-vivo studies are highly recommended to confirm the results of the present study (AU)

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo experimental foi avaliar o efeito do extrato de khat em diferentes concentrações na resistência à corrosão de ligas dentárias de cobalto-cromo (Co-Cr) utilizadas em próteses removíveis. Material e Métodos:A resistência à corrosão de três ligas de Co-Cr (Neobond II®, Kera 501® e PD Casta H®) foi avaliada em saliva artificial na presença de três concentrações diferentes de extratos khat. A saliva artificial de Fusayama-Meyer foi usada como solução de referência. As propriedades de corrosão das ligas foram analisadas usando polarização potenciodinâmica, espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica e análise de superfície. Os dados foram apresentados em médias, desvios-padrão e figuras relacionadas. A comparação entre as diferentes concentrações foi feita usando o teste One-way ANOVA. A análise de superfície foi realizada em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Resultados: os resultados mostraram que a resistência à corrosão das três ligas testadas (Neobond II®, Kera 501® e PD Casta H®) diminuiu na saliva artificial contendo extrato khat em comparação com a solução de referência. Além disso, a resistência à corrosão das três ligas dentais Co-Cr diminuiu com o aumento da concentração de extrato de khat. Além disso, os resultados indicam que a liga Neobond II® apresentou a menor resistência à corrosão em comparação com as ligas Kera 501® e PD Casta H®. Conclusão: O extrato de Khat com diferentes concentrações teve impacto negativo na resistência à corrosão de ligas de Cr-Co. Mais estudos in vivo são altamente recomendados para confirmar os resultados do presente estudo. (AU)

Substance use and associated factors among preparatory school students in Kolfe-Keranyo sub-city of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

BACKGROUND@#Substance abuse is a worldwide problem that primarily affects adolescents, resulting in chronic health complications as well as psychosocial challenges and economic losses. However, the magnitude of the problem and the factors that contribute to it are not well studied in Ethiopia, particularly in the study area. As a result, this study was carried out to determine the prevalence and associated factors of substance use among preparatory school students in the Kolfe-Keraniyo sub-city of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.@*METHODOLOGY@#An institution-based cross-sectional study of 383 randomly selected preparatory school students in the Kolfe-Keraniyo sub-city was conducted. The data were gathered using a pretested self-administered structured questionnaire. Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was employed to identify factors associated with substance use based on the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) with p values less than 0.05.@*RESULT@#This study revealed that the lifetime prevalence of substance use among preparatory students in Kolfe-Keraniyo sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, was 26.5% (95% CI, 22.2, 30.7%). Specifically, 16% drunk alcohol, 9.6% smoked cigarette, and 9.4% chewed khat. The 16.3% were current users, of which 8.3% were drinkers, 6.4% were smokers, and 5.9% were khat chewers. Substance use was significantly associated with being male (AOR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.284, 8.613), having alcohol drinking family member (AOR, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.704, 9.196), having khat chewing family member (AOR, 2.87; 95% CI, 1.161, 7.070), poor school substance use controlling rule (AOR, 6.64; 95% CI, 1.863, 23.687), availability of substance retailing shops in residential areas (AOR, 2.9; CI, 1.303, 6.606), strong relationship with parents (AOR, 0.005; 95% CI, 0.001, 0.026), and being member of school mini-media (AOR, 0.177; 95% CI, 0.048, 0.657).@*CONCLUSION@#According to the findings of this study, one-quarter of the study participants were substance users. Alcohol, khat, and cigarettes were all commonly used substances. Gender, parent-child relationship, family member substance use history, school substance use controlling rules, school mini-media and pro-social involvement, and the availability of substance retailing shops were all strongly associated with substance use. Strengthening school rules on substance use, controlling substance retailing shops near schools and residential areas, and providing students with health education are all strategies for reducing substance use among students.

Prevalence of melanin pigmentation in a yemeni population and its relation to some risk factors / Prevalência de pigmentação da melanina em uma população iemenita e sua relação com fatores de risco

Objective: The present study aimed to explore the prevalence of melanin pigmentation in a sample of Yemeni population and its relation to some possible risk factors. Material and Methods: This crosssectional study was performed on 440 patients attending a private clinic. Printed questionnaires were introduced to the patients and a clinical examination was performed for each patient. The questionnaire included questions regarding demographic data, and questions regarding some common habits such as smoking, khat chewing and consuming of hot drinks. Melanin pigmentation was assessed regarding its presence, most affected areas and the numbers of affected quadrants. The data were managed and analyzed using SPSS software program. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were performed and the associations of melanin with risk factors were evaluated at P value < 0.05. Results: Four hundred and forty patients with mean age 29 ± 8.21 years were included in the study. Of them, 67.5% were fair-skinned, 26.8% were smokers, 48.2% were khat chewers and 33.6% were hot drinks consumers. The prevalence of melanin pigmentation was 62.7%, with class I represented 56.5% of cases. Males showed more prevalence (67.9%) of melanin pigmentation than females (57.7%) with no significant difference. Results also showed more prevalence of melanin pigmentation in patients > 25 years, and darkskinned patients. Regarding habits, smoking, khat chewing and hot drink consumption habits showed significant associations with melanin pigmentation. Whereas the association of khat chewing and hot drinks alone with melanin pigmentation showed no significant relationship with melanin pigmentation while, the merge effects of khat chewing and smoking habits together with melanin pigmentation showed significant relationship with melanin pigmentation. Conclusion: It can be concluded that Yemeni people had high prevalence of melanin pigmentation with more prevalence of CL I type. Males, patients > 25 years and dark-skinned patients showed more prevalence of melanin pigmentation. Smoking, khat chewing and hot drinks consuming habits had significant associations with melanin pigmentation.(AU)

Objetivo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo explorar a prevalência de pigmentação da melanina em uma amostra da população iemenita e sua relação com alguns possíveis fatores de risco. Material e Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal com 440 pacientes atendidos em uma clínica particular. Cada paciente respondeu a um questionário impresso e passou por um exame clínico. O questionário incluía perguntas sobre dados demográficos e questões sobre alguns hábitos comuns, como fumar, mastigar khat e consumir bebidas quentes. A pigmentação da melanina foi avaliada quanto à presença, áreas mais afetadas e número de quadrantes afetados. Os dados foram gerenciados e analisados no programa SPSS. Foi realizada estatística descritiva e inferencial e as associações de melanina com fatores de risco foram avaliadas com valor de p 25 anos e pacientes de pele escura. Quanto aos hábitos, tabagismo, mascar khat e consumo de bebida quente apresentaram associação significativa com a pigmentação da melanina. Enquanto a associação de mascar khat e bebidas quentes isoladamente não mostrou relação significativa com a pigmentação de melanina, enquanto os efeitos da associação dos hábitos de mascar e fumar khat juntamente com pigmentação por melanina mostraram relação significativa com a pigmentação por melanina. Conclusão: Pode-se concluir que o povo iemenita apresentou alta prevalência de pigmentação por melanina, com maior prevalência do tipo CL I. Homens, pacientes> 25 anos e pacientes de pele escura apresentaram maior prevalência de pigmentação da melanina. O hábito de fumar, mascar khat e consumir bebidas quentes teve associações significativas com a pigmentação da melanina. (AU)

Risk factors associated with the recent cholera outbreak in Yemen: a case-control study / 한국역학회지

OBJECTIVES: The cholera outbreak in Yemen has become the largest in the recent history of cholera records, having reached more than 1.4 million cases since it started in late 2016. This study aimed to identify risk factors for cholera in this outbreak. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted in Aden in 2018 to investigate risk factors for cholera in this still-ongoing outbreak. In total, 59 cholera cases and 118 community controls were studied. RESULTS: The following risk factors were associated with being a cholera case in the bivariate analysis: a history of travelling and having had visitors from outside Aden Province; eating outside the house; not washing fruit, vegetables, and khat (a local herbal stimulant) before consumption; using common-source water; and not using chlorine or soap in the household. In the multivariate analysis, not washing khat and the use of common-source water remained significant risk factors for being a cholera case. CONCLUSIONS: Behavioural factors and unsafe water appear to be the major risk factors in the recent cholera outbreak in Yemen. In order to reduce the risk of cholera, hygiene practices for washing khat and vegetables and the use and accessibility of safe drinking water should be promoted at the community level.

Risk factors associated with the recent cholera outbreak in Yemen: a case-control study / 한국역학회지

OBJECTIVES: The cholera outbreak in Yemen has become the largest in the recent history of cholera records, having reached more than 1.4 million cases since it started in late 2016. This study aimed to identify risk factors for cholera in this outbreak.METHODS: A case-control study was conducted in Aden in 2018 to investigate risk factors for cholera in this still-ongoing outbreak. In total, 59 cholera cases and 118 community controls were studied.RESULTS: The following risk factors were associated with being a cholera case in the bivariate analysis: a history of travelling and having had visitors from outside Aden Province; eating outside the house; not washing fruit, vegetables, and khat (a local herbal stimulant) before consumption; using common-source water; and not using chlorine or soap in the household. In the multivariate analysis, not washing khat and the use of common-source water remained significant risk factors for being a cholera case.CONCLUSIONS: Behavioural factors and unsafe water appear to be the major risk factors in the recent cholera outbreak in Yemen. In order to reduce the risk of cholera, hygiene practices for washing khat and vegetables and the use and accessibility of safe drinking water should be promoted at the community level.

Catha edulis forsk mediates embryotoxic effects in rats: an experimental study / Catha edulis forsk modera los efectos embriotóxicos en ratas: un estudio experimental

Catha edulis Forsk leaves (Khat) is a flowering plant. A high proportion of the adult population in the Arabian Peninsula and the Horn of Africa chews it for its mild stimulant effect. The aim of the current study was to investigate the embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of the Khat extract using 60 female pregnant rats. These were divided to a Khat extract-treated group and a control group. Methanolic extract of Khat was orally given to the treated group 4 days before mating and up to day 16 of pregnancy with a dose of 100 mg/kg. Our results showed that significant number of embryos of the Khat-treated mothers were malformed and different in size and shape compared to embryos from the mothers of the control group. At day 8 of pregnancy, malformed embryos had ill developed primitive layers. By day 10 of pregnancy, neural tube and the somite were not formed compared to the control embryos. At later stages of pregnancy, embryos of the Khat-treated mothers appeared severely abnormal with opened neural groove and visceral pouches. Disrupted normal neural tube development, undifferentiated brain vesicles, incomplete closure of the brain flexures were also observed in these embryos. Highly significant increase in the number of the resorbed embryos of the Khat-treated mothers were observed (P < 0.01). The resorbed embryos appeared as a cellular collection in their placenta with some of their decidua had no visible embryonic tissues. In conclusions, Khat induced embryotoxic effects as well as severely affected the early normal embryonic development in rat.

Catha edulis (Khat) es una planta floreciente. Una alta proporción de la población adulta en la Península Arábiga y el Cuerno de África la mastica por su efecto estimulante. El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar los efectos embriotóxicos y teratogénicos del extracto de Khat utilizando 60 ratas hembras preñadas. Estas se dividieron en un grupo tratado con extracto de Khat y un grupo control. El extracto metanólico de Khat se administró por vía oral al grupo tratado 4 días antes del apareamiento y hasta el día 16 de preñez con una dosis de 100 mg / kg. Los resultados mostraron que una cantidad significativa de embriones de las madres tratadas con Khat tenían malformaciones y eran diferentes en tamaño y forma en comparación con los embriones de las madres del grupo control. En el día 8 de preñez, los embriones malformados tenían capas primitivas mal desarrolladas. Para el día 10 de preñez, el tubo neural y el somito no se formaron en comparación con los embriones del grupo control. En etapas posteriores de la preñez, los embriones de las madres tratadas con Khat parecían severamente anormales con surcos neurales abiertos y bolsas viscerales. También se observaron alteraciones en el desarrollo normal del tubo neural, vesículas cerebrales indiferenciadas y el cierre incompleto de las flexiones cerebrales en estos embriones. Se observó un aumento altamente significativo en el número de embriones reabsorbidos de las madres tratadas con Khat (P <0,01). Los embriones reabsorbidos aparecieron como una colección celular en su placenta con algunas de sus deciduas sin tejidos embrionarios visibles. Khat indujo efectos embriotóxicos y afectó severamente el desarrollo embrionario normal temprano en la rata.

Tongue lesions and anomalies in a sample of Yemeni dental patients: a cross-sectional study

Background: Tongue examination helps considerably in diagnosing the underlying health state of the patient, especially in the cases of chronic diseases. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and association of tongue lesions with risk factors among Yemeni dental patients. Materials and methods: An oral medicine specialist examined all 713 patients attending the dental polyclinics at the University of Sciences and Technology (Sana’a, Yemen). The examination sheet was designed to include information related to patient characteristics, medical history, dental history, habits, and tongue lesions. Results: The prevalence of tongue lesions among the examined participants was 76.5 percent. The prevalence rate was 83.4 percent for males and 69.2 percent for females. Fissured tongue was the most common condition. Logistic regression analysis indicated that older age (p<0.001), gender (p=0.007), khat chewing (p<0.001), and smoking (p=0.001) were associated with fissured tongue; gender (p<0.001), khat chewing (p<0.001), and smoking (p<0.001) were associated with hairy tongue; and older age (p<0.001), khat chewing (p=0.001), and smoking (p=.021) were associated with coated tongue. Conclusion: The prevalence of tongue lesions among this sample of Yemeni population was 76.5 percent; fissured tongue and hairy tongue were the most prevalent lesions. Khat chewing, smoking, and older age were the associated risk factors for many of studied lesions and anomalies.

An approach to the new psychoactive drugs phenomenon / Una aproximación al fenómeno de las nuevas drogas psicoactivas

Abstract Background. The new psychoactive drugs (NPD) are those that represent a danger to public health and are not prohibited by conventions on international narcotics. The concept also includes new contexts and new routes of consumption as well as novel ways of distribution, notably Internet. The risks associated with NPD consumption are largely unknown to users and to health care providers. Objective. To integrate the existing evidence regarding the main NPD in terms of description, epidemiology, psychopharmacology, medical complications and psychoactive effects. Method. To review relevant and updated clinical information on NPD obtained from specialized books and indexed scientific journals (PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, Scopus), as well as official documents edited by international organizations dedicated to the epidemiologic analysis of drug abuse and Internet websites and forums managed by psychoactive substance users. Results. Aspects of clinical and pharmacological interest are described comprehensively, together with epidemiological data and risks associated to the consumption of the most relevant NPD: synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinones, NBOMe series, indoleamines, piperazines, hallucinogenic mushrooms (Psilocybe SP.), synthetic opioids, plant products (khat, kratom, Salvia divinorum, ayahuasca) and dissociative anesthetics. Discussion and conclusion. The emergence of the NPD is a phenomenon on the rise with important consequences for public health. Learning about new trends in drug consumption and its potential risks should be essential for the medical professional. New research is needed in order to understand the phenomenon of the NPD and its pharmacological, clinical and legal implications.

Resumen Antecedentes. Las nuevas drogas psicoactivas (NDP) son aquellas que, aun cuando representan un peligro para la salud pública, no están prohibidas por los acuerdos internacionales sobre narcóticos. La noción incluye también nuevos contextos de usos, nuevas formas de administración y nuevas vías de distribución, entre las que destaca Internet. Los riesgos asociados al consumo de NDP son en gran medida desconocidos por los usuarios y el personal de salud. Objetivo. Integrar la información existente sobre las principales NDP en cuanto a su descripción, psicofarmacología, epidemiología, efectos psicoactivos y complicaciones médicas descritas. Método. Revisión de la información actualizada de relevancia clínica sobre las NDP obtenida de libros especializados y revistas científicas indexadas (PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, Scopus); de documentos oficiales de organismos internacionales dedicados a la epidemiología del consumo de drogas, y de portales y foros en Internet gestionados por usuarios de sustancias psicoactivas. Resultados. Se describen de manera detallada aspectos de interés clínico y farmacológico, así como datos epidemiológicos y riesgos asociados al consumo de las NDP más relevantes: cannabinoides sintéticos, catinonas sintéticas, serie de los NBOMe, indolaminas, piperazinas, hongos alucinógenos (Psilocybe sp.), opioides sintéticos, productos vegetales (khat, kratom, Salvia divinorum, ayahuasca) y anestésicos disociativos. Discusión y conclusión. El surgimiento de las NDP es un fenómeno en auge con importantes consecuencias en la salud pública. Se hace imprescindible para el profesional médico conocer las nuevas tendencias en el consumo y los riesgos potenciales del mismo. Son necesarias también nuevas investigaciones para comprender el fenómeno de las NDP y sus implicaciones farmacológicas, clínicas y legales.

Impact Of Khat (Catha Edulis) Chewing/Use On Heart Rate And Blood Pressure: A Critical Review

@#Khat leaves chewing/use, which imparts amphetamine like effects on the user, is widely practiced in parts of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and among the diaspora communities from these regions. Basic clinical and epidemiological studies from different settings have reported associations of acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, and cardiomyopathy, with khat chewing /use. This review aims to analyse the current evidence of the impact that khat, or its active constituent, cathinone, has on the cardiovascular system (CVS), particularly in two parameters, heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP). Subsequently, the possible mechanism of actions of how khat impacts these cardiovascular parameters is discussed, and different studies’ findings are summarised appropriately. The analysis of literature suggests that khat could influence HR and BP by most likely causing tachycardia and hypertension and the impacts might be dose-dependent and time-dependent. However, most of the studies involved different species and study designs, and had different limitations. Additionally, the underlying mechanisms of khat effects on these CVS parameters remain unclear. Therefore, more studies are needed to further support the current evidence of the impacts that khat has on the CVS parameters of HR and BP.

Prevalence of Khat abuse and associated factors among undergraduate students of Jimma University, Ethiopia.

Background: Khat is one of the shrub plants with an amphetamine-like stimulant effect. Khat use occurs in all segments of all societies, which results in decreased work and school performance, and absenteeism. This study therefore is aimed to determine the prevalence of Khat abuse and identifying their associated factors among Jimma University. Method: Sample size is 620 students. The study was done by using a multistage sampling technique. Results: Out of 620 students, 150 (24.2 %) males and 15 (2.4 %) females were ever chewer. Of which 129 (20.8 %) males and 13 (2.1) of females had chewed in the last 12month. From the total of 142 students who chewed in the last 12 month, low risk chewer and dependent were 24 (3.9 %) and 7 (1.1 %) respectively. Out of 111 Khat abusers 21(50 %), 25 (59.5 %), 7 (16.7 %) and 2 (4.8 %) of them had used cigarette, Alcohol, Shisha and Hashish respectively. Among Khat abusers, 51 (45.9 %) were chewing on daily base, 40 (36.1 %) weekly, 10 (9 %) monthly, 7 (6.3 %) occasionally and 3 (2.7 %) others. The amount of Khat chewed at a time was estimated per cost in birr, and 87 (78.4 %) of the abusers chewed Khat that costs more than 20 birr per ceremony. Different reasons for chewing Khat were mentioned by Khat abusers. The major reason mentioned was to get concentration 50 (50.5 %) followed by relaxation 32 (29.9%). Discussion: Khat abuse is prevalent among undergraduate students of Jimma University. Khat abuse is significantly associated with male gender, pocket money, faculty Khat use habit among family members. Most students use Khat to get concentration.

Oral symptoms significantly higher among long-term khat (Catha edulis) users in Ethiopia / 한국역학회지

OBJECTIVES: Associations between khat (Catha edulis) chewing and different adverse oral-dental health conditions have been reported, yet evidence is still lacking. This study was designed to investigate the association between long-term regular khat chewing and self-reported oral symptoms. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 1,255 university students in southern Ethiopia. Data on khat chewing status, a range of oral symptoms and other pertinent variables were collected using self-administered questionnaires. The association between long-term regular khat chewing and oral symptom count was investigated using negative binomial regression. RESULTS: The mean oral symptom count among long-term regular khat chewers was 1.75 (standard deviation [SD], 2.18; standard error [SE], 0.31), whereas that among those who were not long-term regular khat chewers was 1.18 (SD, 1.68; SE, 0.10). After adjustment for other variables, long-term regular khat chewers had approximately 50% more oral symptoms than those who were not long-term chewers did (adjusted count ratio, 1.53; 95% confidence interval, 1.12 to 2.10). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term khat chewing negatively affects the oral health of young university students.

In vitro hepatotoxcity of Catha edulis Forsk. (khat) phenolic-rich extract on human hepatocytes.

In our previous research, Khat has been shown to be associated with hepatic hypertrophy and hepatotoxicity in male and female SD-rats. However, no in vitro studies have been previously done to test on hepatotoxicity of khat on human experimental models. In vitro toxicological evaluation system plays an important role in the early phase of pharmaceutical development and drug safety. Therefore, the current study was designed to examine the in vitro hepatotoxic effect of phenolic-rich extract of khat (Catha edulis Forsk.). Khat was randomly collected from different places in Yemen [Dhamar (DMR), Ibb (IB), Taiz (TZ) cities] and Ethiopia (HAR). Phenolic-rich extraction was performed using 60% methanol. The effects of khat on HepG2 human hepatocyte cell line were measured using the MTT assay. HepG2 cells are a suitable in vitro model system for the study of human hepatocytes. The potency of cell growth inhibition for khat was expressed as an IC50 value. Cellular proliferation following 24h of exposure to khat samples showed considerable inhibition in khat-treated cells compared to nontreated cells (controls). The IC50 values of DMR, IB, TZ and HAR were 5.1±0.03, 15.3±0.12, 10.2±0.20 and 8.7±0.47 μg/mL, following 24 h of treatment, respectively. The proliferation of khat-treated cells decreased as the khat concentration increased. The method used appears to be a useful and reproducible technique for the in vitro assessment of the khat-induced cytotoxicity in a human liver cell line. Further studies are recommended to understand the molecular mechanism of Khat induced HepG2 cytotoxicity.

Expressed sequence tag analysis of khat (Catha edulis) provides a putative molecular biochemical basis for the biosynthesis of phenylpropylamino alkaloids

Khat (Catha edulis Forsk.) is a flowering perennial shrub cultivated for its neurostimulant properties resulting mainly from the occurrence of (S)-cathinone in young leaves. The biosynthesis of (S)-cathinone and the related phenylpropylamino alkaloids (1S,2S)-cathine and (1R,2S)-norephedrine is not well characterized in plants. We prepared a cDNA library from young khat leaves and sequenced 4,896 random clones, generating an expressed sequence tag (EST) library of 3,293 unigenes. Putative functions were assigned to > 98 percent of the ESTs, providing a key resource for gene discovery. Candidates potentially involved at various stages of phenylpropylamino alkaloid biosynthesis from L-phenylalanine to (1S,2S)-cathine were identified.