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Background: Median nerve is formed in axilla by medial & lateral roots from medial & lateral cords of brachialplexus respectively. Variations of median nerve are not uncommon. Incidences of variations in lateral root aremore common than that of medial root. This study was undertaken to find out the different ways by which lateralroot contributes in formation of median nerve. These finding will provide anatomical basis for clinical correlationin case of neuropathies & surgeries of upper limb.Materials and Methods: 80 upper limbs were dissected to find out the variations of the lateral root in theformation of median nerve.Result and findings: Median nerve was formed in the axilla: - by one medial root & two lateral roots in 16.25%cases, one lateral root was thin & and the other was thick in 2.5% cases, 2nd lateral root joined the median nervein middle third of arm in 2.5 % cases. In 11.25 % cases median nerve was formed in the middle 1/3rd of arm bymedial & lateral root, 2nd lateral root joined it at lower 1/3rd of arm. In 2.5 % cases two small lateral roots joinedthe medial cord before it branched into ulnar nerve and medial root of median nerve ,a 3rd lateral root joined themedial root to form the median nerve. In 8.75 % median nerve was formed in axilla by one medial & two lateralroots; a 3rd lateral root joined it at lower part of axillaConclusion: Though, formation of median nerve by several lateral roots is considered to be a rare variation, inour study we observed 41.25% variations of different types.
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Many formative variations of median nerve are known but this variant formation and course of median nerve israre. A variant formation of median nerve was noted in the axilla and arm of a male cadaver, in the form offormation of median nerve behind the third part of axillary artery and brachial artery wind around mediannerve. There may be compression of the nerve passing around the artery. This variation may be clinicallyimportant because symptoms of median nerve compression arising from similar variations are often confusedwith more common causes such as radiculopathy and carpal tunnel syndrome.During routine dissection, one of the cadaver showed bilateral abnormal course of brachial artery in the arm. Inthe right arm: In the axilla, median nerve present posterior to the artery. In the left arm: brachial artery twistingaround the median nerve. At the level of the neck of radius brachial artery dividing into radial and ulnar arteriesin both side of upper limb.
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Objective To identificate the development process and impact factors of lateral root in Bupleurum chinense. Methods The dynamic growth of lateral root primordia was observed by applying paraffin sectioning, and by light microscopy. In addition, the influence of growth regulators treatment on lateral root growth was also investigated. Results The lateral root primordium formation of B. chinense started near the pericycle cells, part of the endodermis cells also participated in this formation; 10 μmol/L IAA and Ca2+ greatly promoted the development of lateral root, but its high concentration inhibited lateral root emergence; 0.1 μmol/L TIBA and 10 μmol/L EDTA promoted the development of lateral root, but its high concentration inhibited lateral root emergence. Conclusion This research method can also be applied in other pharmaceutical plants, such as Angelica sinensis and Panax ginseng. So the study is very important to medicinal plant cultivation and breeding.
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Anomalies of the brachial plexus and its terminal branches are common. During routine dissection in an adult male cadaver in the right upper limb a rare variation in the formation of median nerve was observed. Median nerve was formed by three roots, one from medial cord and two from lateral cord of brachial plexus. The additional root originated from lateral cord 3 cm below the lateral root and had an oblique course in front of axillary artery and joined with the median nerve in the upper third of arm. However, the distribution of the anomalous median nerve was normal in arm, forearm and palm and arterial pattern was also normal. Presence of additional lateral root of median nerve though rare is of great academic and clinical significance in Orthopedics, Anaesthesiology, Sports medicine and Physiotherapy.
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Background: The brachial plexus has a complex anatomical structure since its origin in the neck throughout its course in the axillary region. It also has close relationship to important anatomic structures what makes it an easy target of a sort of variations and provides its clinical and surgical importance. The presence of communicating branches between the terminal branches of the brachial plexus are relatively common & reported by many of the authors but very few studies are there in literature about communicating branch from the lateral root of the median nerve to the ulnar nerve. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 60 upper limbs belonging to 30 cadavers ( Male:Female = 28:02 ), ( Right:Left = 30:30 ) obtained from Department of Anatomy. Observations: Communicating branch from the lateral root of the median nerve to the ulnar nerve was seen in 2 limbs (3.33%). These limbs also depicted fusion of musculocutaneous & median nerves. Discussion & Conclusion: Whether this is a conjunction or just a co-incidence, remains to be verified on a larger database. However the existence of communicating branches may be of importance in the evaluation of unexplained sensory loss after trauma or surgical intervention in a particular area. Further ontogeny & phylogeny of the variant patterns are discussed.
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Objective To explore the differences of blood biochemical indicators between normal and kidney Yang deficient rats administered orally different doses of white prepared lateral root of aconite.Method Eighty Sprague-Dawley(SD) male rats were divided randomly into normal group and kidney Yang deficient model group,forty rats in each group.After producing kidney Yang deficient model by injecting hydrocortisoni natrii succinas in intramuscular,normal and model rats were respectively and randomly divided into little,low,medium,great dose group and blank group,eight rats in each group.Those rats were administered orally with different concentrations of white prepared lateral root of aconite every day for two weeks.Twenty-four hours after the last oral administration,the blood were obtained and used for testing adrenocorticotrophic hormone(ACTH),cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP),cyclic guanosine monophosphate(cGMP),glucose(GLU),cholesterol(CHO),alanine aminotransferase(ALT),urea nitrogen(BUN).Results Before taking medicine,model rats' cAMP/cGMP and ACTH were lower than normal rats',and they showed a trend of rise with adding dose.Before taking medicine,model rats' GLU was lower than normal rats'.With adding dose,model rats' GLU increased,however,normal rats' GLU reduced.When taken medium dose white prepared lateral root of aconite,model rats' CHO was higher than normal rats'.Taking medicine made both groups ALT rise,but normal rats' went up more quickly than model rats'.Model rats' BUN was higher than normal rats',and taking low dose or little dose medicine could lead to incline of reduction.Conclusion White prepared lateral root of aconite caused different blood biochemical effects on normal and kidney Yang deficient rats,and more remarkable toxicity effect on normal rats.
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Objective To study the biosynthesis of the second metabolites in Aquilaria sinensis.Methods Chromones of agarwood were elicited by tissue culture and the inducer contents were determined by HPLC.Results 2-(2-Phenylethyl) chromones could be elicited in excised lateral roots suspension culture of A.sinensis.Conclusion Fungal extracts of Menanotus flavolives could induce the production of characteristic components of agarwood in A.sinensis.