Bypass de instrumento endodôntico fraturado: relato de caso / Bypass of a fractured endodontic instrument: case report

Introdução: Mesmo com toda evolução tecnológica desses instrumentos, com o desenvolvimento das limas de liga de níquel-titanio (NiTi) e sistemas mecanizados, as fraturas podem ocorrer durante o preparo químico/mecânico. Existem três abordagens mais regulamente aplicadas para solucionar essa intercorrencia: tentativa de remoção do instrumento com ultrassom, tentativa de ultrapassálo (bypass) ou a obturação do segmento. Objetivo: Relatar um caso da técnica de bypass em instrumento fraturado no canal radicular. Descrição do caso: Paciente, sexo feminino, 47 anos, brasileira, sem condições sistêmicas associadas, foi encaminhada à clínica do Curso de Odontologia da UNIFENAS, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brasil, para resolução de fratura de instrumento no canal mésio- vestibular do primeiro molar superior direito (16). Optou-se pelo tratamento pela técnica de bypass, que envolveu as seguintes etapas: anestesia, abertura, utilização de lima C-Pilot #08 para ultrapassar o instrumento fraturado, odontometria, escalonamento regressivo a partir da lima k#20, desinfecção com hipoclorito de sódio 5%, medicação com hidróxido de cálcio por 21 dias, agitação da substância irrigadora e obturação dos canais radiculares. Conclusão: O bypass ao instrumento é uma técnica conservadora, eficaz e uma solução adequada em casos de fratura de limas endodônticas dentro dos canais radiculares. Essa técnica visa preservar o máximo possível da estrutura dental original, evitando procedimentos mais invasivos.(AU)

Introduction: Even with all technological evolution of these instruments, with the development of nickel-titanium alloy (NiTi) files and mechanized systems, fractures can occur during chemical/mechanical preparation. There are three most commonly applie to resolve this complication: attempting to remove the instrument with ultrasound, attempting to bypass it, or obturating the segment. Objective: To report a case of bypass technique in fractured instrument in the root canal. Case description: A 47-year-old female patient from Brazil, with no associated systemic conditions, was referred to the clinic of the Dentistry Course at UNIFENAS, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil, for resolution of an instrument fracture in the mesio-vestibular canal of the right upper first molar (16). Treatment was performed using the bypass technique, which involved the following steps: anesthesia, opening, use of a C-Pilot #08 file to bypass the fractured instrument, odontometry, regressive scaling from the k#20 file, disinfection with 5% sodium hypochlorite, medication with calcium hydroxide for 21 days, agitation of the irrigating substance and root canal filling. Conclusion: Instrument bypass is a conservative, effective technique and an adequate solution in cases of endodontic file fracture within root canals. This technique aims to preserve as much of the original tooth structure as possible, avoiding more invasive procedures.(AU)

Embracing the cordillera: Luis Carranza Ayarza and the development of environmental imaginaries in late-nineteenth-century Peru / Abrazando la cordillera: Luis Carranza Ayarza y el desarrollo de los imaginarios ambientales en el Perú de fines del siglo XIX

Abstract This article examines the relationship between local scientific ideas about the natural world and the economic potential to transform the modern nation-state in Peru during the late nineteenth century. Writings by the Peruvian scientist Luis Carranza indicate how support for a distinctive environmental imaginary of the country's geography made it possible to conceptualize nature as an essential component of Peruvian identity. As a result, local scientists had to "imaginatively" reshape the nature of the Andes for modernization purposes. The social and political ramifications of these ideas in Carranza's work were key to the foundation of scientific institutions such as the Geographical Society of Lima.

Resumen Este artículo examina la relación entre las ideas científicas locales sobre el mundo natural y el potencial económico para transformar el Estado-nación moderno en el Perú a fines del siglo XIX. Los escritos del científico peruano Luis Carranza señalan cómo el apoyo a un imaginario ambiental distintivo de la geografía del país permitió conceptualizar la naturaleza como componente esencial de la identidad peruana. Como resultado, los científicos locales tuvieron que remodelar "imaginativamente" la naturaleza de los Andes con fines de modernización. Las ramificaciones sociales y políticas de estas ideas en la obra de Carranza fueron clave para la fundación de instituciones científicas como la Sociedad Geográfica de Lima.

Presencia de ansiedad y depresión en pacientes de consulta externa de gastroenterología en Lima Metropolitana

Los objetivos fueron identificar la presencia de ansiedad y depresión en pacientes que acuden a consultorio externo de gastroenterología en la ciudad de Lima y describir los antecedentes gastroenterológicos y síntomas más relacionados a estos trastornos. La muestra estuvo conformada por 200 pacientes adultos pertenecientes a 32 distritos de Lima Metropolitana, atendidos por la especialidad de Gastroenterología en la modalidad de consultorio externo durante marzo a octubre del 2021, a quienes se les aplicó la Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión Hospitalaria (HADS) adaptada por Vilela. El estudio fue descriptivo-correlacional y la muestra prospectiva. Alrededor de 1 de cada 2 pacientes (49%, n=98) presentó ansiedad, 1 de cada 5 (19%, n=38) depresión y 16,5% (n=33) concomitantemente ambos trastornos. Los antecedentes gastroenterológicos de Dispepsia (v=0,216) y Síndrome de Intestino Irritable (v=0,188) mostraron asociación estadística para ambas variables. Diarrea (v=0,214) y dolor torácico (v=0,215) fueron síntomas asociados a ansiedad, así como dolor torácico, con depresión. Los trastornos de ansiedad y depresión tienen alta prevalencia en la población que acude a consulta externa, sugerimos explorar dichas variables y ofrecer un abordaje multidisciplinario a los pacientes atendidos por esta modalidad.

The objectives were to identify anxiety and depression in patients attending a gastroenterology outpatient clinic in the city of Lima, and to describe the gastroenterological history and symptoms most related to these disorders. 200 adult patients belonging to 32 districts of Metropolitan Lima attended from March to October 2021 were enrolled; the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) adapted by Vilela was applied. The study was descriptive-correlational and prospective sample. 49% (n=98) reported anxiety, 19% (n=38) depression and 16.5% (n=33) both disorders concomitantly. Dyspepsia (v=0.216) and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (v=0.188) showed a statistical association for both variables. Diarrhea (v=0.214) and chest pain (v=0.215) were symptoms associated with anxiety, as well as chest pain with depression. Anxiety and depression are highly prevalent among patients that come to outpatient office visits, we suggest exploring these variables and offering a multidisciplinary approach to patients treated by this modality.

Intra and Extra-granular Disintegrant Properties of Modified Underutilised Red Lima Bean Starch in Paracetamol Tablet Formulation

Abstract Red lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus Linn) Family Fabaceae, has been modified by succinylation and annealing, and used as intra- and extra-granular disintegrants at concentrations of 5 and 10 %w/w in paracetamol tablet formulation in comparison with corn starch BP. The starches were characterised using FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM, proximate analysis, physicochemical and functional properties. FT-IR spectrometry revealed characteristic peaks at 1575.53 and 1713.99 cm-1 for the succinylated starch while the annealed showed no significant difference from the native starch. Modifications did not alter the ovoid shape of the native starch but reduced the particle size. Succinylation improved water absorption capacity, solubility and swelling of lima bean starch but annealing reduced the parameters. Tablets with disintegrants of lima bean starches generally had higher crushing strengths and lower friability than tablets with corn starch. Modifications reduced the disintegration time of the tablets when the starches were incorporated intra-granularly, which suggested particle-particle bond interruption and destruction of hydrogen bonds as mechanism of disintegration. Tablets containing 10 %w/w succinylated red lima bean starch incorporated intra-granularly had the highest disintegration efficiency ratio, DER, indicating a great balance between mechanical and disintegration properties. Modified red lima bean starches incorporated intra-granularly into paracetamol tablets led to faster disintegration and could efficiently substitute corn starch as disintegrant.

Una nueva subespecie de Passiflora lobbii (Passifloraceae) para la vertiente occidental de los Andes peruanos

Se describe Passiflora lobbii subsp. limensis Chávez-Corcuera que se distingue del resto de subespecies de Passiflora lobbii por presentar dos ocelos en la cara abaxial de la lámina, pecíolos con glándulas situadas en su zona media y láminas foliares de mayores dimensiones que el resto. Adicionalmente, se presenta una clave para la determinación de las subespecies de P. lobbii y otros taxones afines, acompañada de una tabla comparativa con los caracteres morfológicos foliares de las subespecies de Passiflora lobbii.

Passiflora lobbii subsp. limensis Chávez-Corcuera is described. It differs from the other subspecies of Passiflora lobbii by presenting two ocelli on the abaxial side of the lamina, petioles with two glands located in its middle zone and larger leaf blades. Additionally, a key for determination of the related taxa and a table with morphological characters of the leaves of subspecies of Passiflora lobbii are presented.

Gestación en tiempos de pandemia COVID-19. Hospital Nacional Docente Madre Niño San Bartolomé, Lima, Perú / Gestation in times of COVID-19 pandemic. Hospital Nacional Docente Madre Niño San Bartolomé, Lima, Peru / Gestation in times of COVID-19 pandemic. Hospital Nacional Docente Madre Niño San Bartolomé, Lima, Peru

RESUMEN Introducción . El COVID-19 y la gestación es una nueva intercurrencia en la valoración de riesgos para la atención de la gestante. Desde el inicio de la pandemia en el país, los casos han ido en aumento. El primer caso atendido en el Hospital San Bartolomé fue el 12 de abril. Desde los primeros reportes de gestantes COVID+ en China, a la fecha, se tiene cada vez mayor información, siendo importante para fines del manejo de la gestante COVID+ que se conozca su epidemiología y los resultados perinatales. Objetivo . Determinar la epidemiología y resultados materno perinatales de COVID-19 en las gestantes del Hospital Nacional Docente Madre Niño San Bartolomé, Lima, Perú. Método . Estudio observacional de corte transversal, en los meses de abril a julio 2020. Se incluyó a todas las gestantes que llegaron a la emergencia obstétrica del Hospital San Bartolomé, a las cuales se les realizó una prueba de inmunocromatografía para IgM/IgG, para determinar la seroprevalencia de COVID-19. Las variables obstétricas y perinatales fueron recolectadas en una ficha de datos al ingreso a la emergencia. Resultados . Se realizó prueba rápida para SARS-CoV-19 a 345 gestantes que se hospitalizaron para atención de parto. La edad promedio fue 27 años, con 10% de adolescentes y 16% de mayores de 35 años; 60% tenía 2 a 4 embarazos, 38% de los partos fue vaginal, 15% de ellos pretérmino; 1,2% de las gestantes fue sintomática y 0,2% ingresó a la unidad de cuidados intensivos. El 61% de los recién nacidos pesó entre 2 500 y 3 500 g, 53% fue sexo masculino, 94% tuvo Apgar mayor de 7 al minuto, 3,3% con hisopado positivo dentro de las primeras 24 horas. Se presentaron 3% de óbitos. El 48% de las gestantes provino del Cono Norte de la ciudad de Lima. Conclusiones . Casi 100% de las gestantes fue asintomática y solo 0,2% tuvo complicaciones respiratorias. La culminación del parto por vía cesárea fue baja en relación a otras publicaciones; el motivo de cesárea fue por indicación obstétrica. Escaso número de neonatos tuvo hisopado positivo. Hubo mayor incidencia de óbitos en julio 2020. El mayor porcentaje de pacientes provino del Cono Norte de Lima. Palabras clave. Embarazo, Infecciones por coronavirus, SARS-CoV-19, COVID-19, óbito fetal, Lima, Perú.

ABSTRACT Introduction: COVID-19 and pregnancy is a new intercurrence in risk assessment for the care of the pregnant woman. Since the beginning of the pandemic in the country, cases have been increasing. The first case attended at the San Bartolomé Hospital was on April 12. Since the first reports of COVID+ pregnant women in China, to date, there is more important information on epidemiology and perinatal results for the management of the COVID+ pregnant woman. Objective: To determine the epidemiology and maternal perinatal outcomes of COVID-19 in pregnant women at the Hospital Nacional Docente Madre Niño San Bartolomé, Lima, Peru. Methods: Observational cross-sectional study, from April to July 2020. All the pregnant women who arrived at the obstetric emergency at Hospital San Bartolomé were included, and they underwent an immunochromatography test for IgM / IgG, to determine the seroprevalence of COVID-19. Obstetric and perinatal variables were collected in a data sheet upon admission to the emergency room. Results: Rapid test for SARS-CoV-19 was performed in 345 pregnant women who were hospitalized for delivery care. The average age was 27 years, with 10% adolescents and 16% over 35 years; 60% had 2 to 4 pregnancies, 38% of deliveries were vaginal, 15% of them preterm; 1.2% of the pregnant women were symptomatic and 0.2% were admitted to the intensive care unit. 61% of the newborns weighed between 2 500 and 3 500 g, 53% were male, 94% had an Apgar score greater than 7 at one minute, 3.3% with a positive swab within the first 24 hours. There were 3% fetal deaths. 48% of the pregnant women came from the Northern Cone of the city of Lima. Conclusions: Almost 100% of the pregnant women were asymptomatic and only 0.2% had respiratory complications. The mode of delivery by cesarean section was low in relation to other publications, all had obstetric indication. A small number of neonates had a positive swab. There was a higher incidence of fetal deaths in July 2020. The highest percentage of patients came from the Northern Cone of Lima.

SARS-CoV-2 en la segunda mitad del embarazo: resultados materno - perinatales / Sars-CoV-2 in the second half of pregnancy: Maternal and perinatal outcomes / Sars-CoV-2 in the second half of pregnancy: Maternal and perinatal outcomes

RESUMEN Introducción . La pandemia por COVID-19 es una emergencia sanitaria y social mundial. El conocimiento sobre su efecto en las gestantes es todavía limitado. Objetivo . Describir los resultados materno-perinatales de COVID-19 según clasificación de severidad en mujeres hospitalizadas en la segunda mitad del embarazo. Métodos . Estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo, desde marzo hasta julio del 2020, en el Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, EsSalud, Lima, Perú. Se incluyeron a todas las gestantes hospitalizadas con RT-PCR y/o prueba rápida positiva para SARS-CoV-2. Se excluyeron los embarazos menores a 20 semanas y las altas epidemiológicas. Las características maternas al ingreso y los resultados materno-perinatales fueron agrupados según la clasificación clínica de la enfermedad. Las variables cualitativas son presentadas en recuentos y porcentajes; y las cuantitativas, en medianas y rangos. Resultados . Se estudiaron 247 gestantes. La mayoría correspondía al tercer trimestre (76%). La presentación más frecuente de la virosis fue asintomática (83%) y los casos de neumonía severa fueron pocos (3,2%). La tasa de cesárea fue alta (60%), aunque los partos vaginales se duplicaron en el tiempo (0-24% a 44%). Los casos severos tuvieron mayor tasa de cesárea (100%) y parto prematuro iatrogénico (100%). No se reportaron muertes maternas. Se registraron 9 óbitos fetales y 5 neonatos positivos para SARS-CoV-2, ambos entre las asintomáticas y leves. Conclusiones . En nuestra institución, la posibilidad de cesárea y de parto prematuro iatrogénico fue mayor en los casos severos. La tasa de parto vaginal aumentó en los últimos meses. No se identificaron complicaciones perinatales relacionadas al COVID-19.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic is a global health and social emergency. Knowledge is still limited about its effect on pregnant women. Objective: To describe maternal-perinatal outcomes of COVID-19 according to severity classification in women hospitalized in the second half of pregnancy. Methods: Retrospective, descriptive, observational study from March to July 2020 at Edgardo Rebagliati Martins National Hospital. All hospitalized pregnant women with RT-PCR and/ or rapid positive test for SARS-CoV-2 were included. Pregnancies less than 20 weeks and epidemiological discharges were excluded. Maternal characteristics at admission and maternal-perinatal outcomes were grouped according to the clinical classification of the disease. The qualitative variables are presented in counts and percentages; and quantitative ones, in medians and ranges. Results: 247 pregnant women were studied. Most of them were in the third trimester (76%). The most frequent presentation of the disease was asymptomatic (83%), and cases of severe pneumonia were few (3.2%). The cesarean section rate was high (60%), although vaginal deliveries doubled over time (0-24 a 44%). Severe cases had a higher rate of cesarean section (100%) and iatrogenic preterm delivery (75%). No maternal deaths were reported. There were 9 stillbirths and 5 positive neonates for SARS-CoV-2, both among asymptomatic and mild patients. 9 stillbirths and 5 positive neonates for SARS-CoV-2, both among asymptomatic and mild cases. Conclusions: The possibility of cesarean section and iatrogenic preterm delivery is greater in severe cases. The vaginal delivery rate increased in recent months. No perinatal complications related to COVID-19 were identified.

Influencia del neoliberalismo en los principios y valores de las elites empresariales de la ciudad de Lima, Perú / Influence of neoliberalism on the principles and values of business elites in the city of Lima, Peru / Influência do neoliberalismo nos princípios e valores das elites empresariais na cidade de Lima, Peru

Resumen El presente artículo expone la influencia del neoliberalismo en la narrativa de nación en empresarios y ejecutivos pertenecientes a diversos gremios empresariales de Lima. Esta la investigación nace de la necesidad de estudiar a los sectores más privilegiados desde la antropología porque ayuda a entender como en las sociedades latinoamericanas se ejerce el poder De esa forma, la justificación de este estudio es promover una agenda de investigación desde la antropología sobre los sectores que tienen los mayores privilegios en las sociedades latinoamericanas. Este artículo, entonces, se inspira en las investigaciones sobre la "la clase alta argentina" (Gessaghi, 2015) y busca promoverlo dentro de otros países. En el Perú, han sido muy pocos los trabajos desde una perspectiva antropológica han estudiado sobre la elites económicas y este tiene la finalidad de promover un debate que había sido dejado de lado en los últimos 40 años (Cotler 1978).

Abstract This article presents the influence of neoliberalism in the narrative of nation in businessmen and executives belonging to various business associations of Lima. This research stems from the need to study the most privileged sectors from anthropology because it helps to understand how in Latin American society's power is exercised. In this way, the justification for this information is to promote a research agenda from anthropology on the sectors that have the greatest privileges in Latin American societies. This article, then, is inspired by the works on the "Argentine upper class" (Gessaghi, 2015) and seeks to promote it within other countries. In Peru, there have been very few works from an anthropological perspective that have worked on the economic elite and this seeks to promote a debate that had been left aside in the last 40 years (Cotler; 1978).

Resumo Este artigo expõe a influência do neoliberalismo na narrativa da nação em empresários e executivos pertencentes a várias associações empresariais em Lima. Esta pesquisa é a necessidade de estudar os setores mais privilegiados da antropologia, pois ajuda a entender como é exercido o poder nas sociedades latino-americanas. Assim, a justificativa para este estudo é promover uma agenda de pesquisa da antropologia nos setores que têm os maiores privilégios nas sociedades latino-americanas. Este artigo, então, é inspirado em pesquisas sobre a "classe alta argentina" (Gessaghi, 2015) e procura promovê-lo em outros países. No Peru, existem muito poucos trabalhos sob uma perspectiva antropológica, eles estudaram elites econômicas e esta tem a política de promover um debate que foi negligenciado nos últimos 40 anos (Cotler 1978).

Knowledge, attitude and practice of emergency medical care in Lima, Peru

Background: This study gauged public need and reception for a community-based first-aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training program in Lima, Peru, to counteract predicted emergency medical service (EMS) deficits.Methods: The study population consisted of Lima households that were selected with a two-staged 30x7 cluster sampling method. An EMS and first-aid focused knowledge-attitude-practice (KAP) survey was administered by a joint academic-community interview team.Results: The study included 210 households from 30 districts within Lima. Among the participants, 61.4% were unable to provide an EMS number and only 24.8% would call an ambulance in case of a family emergency. Although 37.6% could provide first-aid, 99.5% would feel more comfortable if a neighbor were first-aid trained.Conclusions: The results indicated a lack of confidence in Lima’s EMS systems and awareness of EMS contact numbers, which possibly led community members to trust each other over their local EMS. The creation of a community-based first-aid and CPR training program can potentially take advantage of strong intra-community trust, mitigate first-aid deficits, and alleviate Lima’s injury burden by providing a buffer against barriers to effective EMS responses.

On the origin and residence time of water in the Lima aquifer / Origen y tiempo de residencia del agua en el acuífero de Lima

Abstract Lima, the capital of Peru, and Callao form one of the largest urban centers in South America, with a total population of 10.9 million as of 2017. Three rivers supply water to Lima; however, water for municipal use is mainly taken from the Rimac and Chillon Rivers. Correlating the historic of Rimac flow with the static level of a well in Miraflores, 1 km from Pacific Ocean, was estimated that the residence time, this is the time passing after water infiltrates the ground during a rainfall event until it reaches the Miraflores well, is three years, which agrees with the permeability of the valley, which is in the order of 10-4 ms-1. The average age of water from Lima wells is 6 years, which is consistent with the hypothesis that wells have water from several soil shells. In other hand, the relative abundance of 2H and 18O in wells in the Lima aquifer are in agreement with the hypothesis that the aquifer is recharged with water from rainfall events that occur in the highlands between 3000 and 5000 m above sea level (a.s.l). The contents of 2H,18O, Ca and SO4 of the Graton tunnel sample suggest that it corresponds to water coming from altitudes of 4500 m a.s.l.

Resumen Lima, la capital de Perú, y Callao forman uno de los centros urbanos más grandes de América del Sur, con una población total de 10.9 millones en 2017. Tres ríos abastecen de agua a Lima; sin embargo, el agua para los municipios se toma principalmente de los ríos Rímac y Chillón. Correlacionando el flujo histórico del Rímac con el nivel estático de un pozo en Miraflores, a 1 km del océano Pacífico, se calculó que el tiempo de residencia, esto es el tiempo que transcurre después de que el agua se infiltra en el suelo durante un evento de lluvia, hasta que llega a dicho pozo, es de tres años, lo que está de acuerdo con la permeabilidad del valle, que es del orden de 10-4ms-1. La edad promedio del agua de los pozos de Lima es de 6 años, lo que es consistente con la hipótesis de que los pozos tienen agua de varias capas de suelo. Por otro lado, la abundancia relativa de 2H y 18O en los pozos del acuífero de Lima está de acuerdo con la hipótesis de que el acuífero se recarga con agua de los eventos de lluvia que ocurren en las tierras altas entre 3000 y 5000 m. sobre el nivel del mar (s.n.m). El contenido de 2H, 18O, Ca y SO4 de la muestra del túnel Graton (3100 m.s.n.m.) sugiere que corresponde al agua proveniente de altitudes de 4500 m.s.n.m.

Sanadores inesperados: medicina china en la era de migración global (Lima y California, 1850-1930) / Unexpected healers: Chinese medicine in the age of global migration (Lima and California, 1850-1930)

Resumen Las masivas olas de migrantes chinos que llegaron a California y Lima en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX jugaron un rol clave en la expansión de la medicina china en ambos contextos. Desde fines de la década de 1860, los herbolarios expandieron su sistema de sanación más allá de su comunidad étnica, transformando la medicina china en una de las prácticas de sanación más adoptada por la población local. Desde una perspectiva comparada, este artículo examina las divergentes trayectorias de los sanadores chinos en Perú y EEUU, así como los factores sociales y políticos que determinaron la adaptación de este conocimiento médico, foráneo, en su nuevo entorno.

Abstract The massive waves of Chinese migrants arriving in California and Lima in the second half of the nineteenth century played a crucial role in expanding Chinese medicine in both settings. From the late 1860s on, herbalists expanded their healing system beyond their ethnic community, transforming Chinese medicine into one of the healing practices most widely adopted by the local population. This article uses a comparative approach to examine the diverging trajectories of Chinese healers in Peru and the USA, as well as the social and political factors that determined how this foreign medical knowledge adapted to its new environments.

Maltrato durante el embarazo adolescente: Un estudio descriptivo en gestantes que se atienden en un hospital público de Lima / Abuse during adolescent pregnancy: descriptive study in pregnant women treated in a public hospital in Lima

RESUMEN Introducción: La violencia es un problema que puede ser de tipo físico, psicológico o sexual, si esto se da entre las niñas y adolescentes puede generar problemas serios a futuro. Objetivo: Describir las características de las adolescentes embarazadas que sufrieron maltrato. Material y Método: Estudio observacional descriptivo preliminar. La variable principal fue la agresión durante la gestación en las adolescentes, que fue obtenida según su tipo: físico, sexual o psicológico. Esto fue extraído de una base de datos generada en un Hospital Público de Lima Metropolitana. Resultados: Se incluyó 375 pacientes, siendo la edad promedio 17 años. Tan solo un 34% de las adolescentes no han padecido ningún tipo de violencia. El tipo de agresión más frecuente fue la psicológica, en comparación a la agresión física y sexual. La familia nuclear y la pareja fueron los principales agresores psicológicos y físicos hacia las gestantes adolescentes, la agresión sexual se da principalmente por los familiares y conocidos. Discusión: La frecuencia de violencia en las adolescentes gestantes es elevada. De los tres tipos de violencia analizados, el que más prevalece es el psicológico y los principales agresores son hombres pertenecientes a la familia nuclear de la víctima. El embarazo adolescente es un problema cada vez más frecuente en nuestra sociedad, por lo que debe ser estudiado a profundidad e intervenido oportunamente para la búsqueda de una mejora.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Violence is a problem that can be physical, psychological or sexual, if this occurs between girls and adolescents can generate serious problems in the future. Objective: To describe the characteristics of teenagers pregnant who suffered abuse. Material and Method: Preliminary descriptive observational study. The main variable was the aggression during gestation in teenagers, which was obtained according to their type: physical, sexual or psychological. This was extracted from a database generated in a Public Hospital of Metropolitan Lima. Results: A total of 375 patients were included, with the mean age being 17 years. Only 34% of adolescents did not suffer any type of violence. The most frequent type of aggression was the psychological, in comparison to the physical and sexual aggression. The nuclear family and the couple are the main psychological and physical aggressors towards adolescent pregnant women, the sexual aggression is mainly given by relatives and acquaintances. Discussion: The frequency of violence in pregnant adolescents is high. Of the three types of violence analyzed, the most prevalent is the psychological and the main aggressors are men belonging to the victim's nuclear family. Adolescent pregnancy is an increasingly frequent problem in our society, so it must be studied in depth and intervened in a timely manner in order to seek improvement.

Nuevo depositorio para paratipos de la especie Metaphycus zdeneki Noyes & Lozada, 2005 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) / New depository for paratypes of the species Metaphycus zdeneki Noyes & Lozada, 2005 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

Se designan cuatro paratipos, un macho y tres hembras, de la especie Metaphycus zdeneki Noyes & Lozada, 2005, como depositados en la colección de insectos del Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria (SENASA), Lima, Perú. El holotipo y demás paratipos se encuentran depositados en el Natural History Museum (BMNH), Londres, Inglaterra, y Museo de Historia Natural, UNMSM (MUSM), Lima, Perú.

Four paratypes, one male and three females, of the species Metaphycus zdeneki Noyes & Lozada, 2005, are deposited in the insect collection of Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria (SENASA), Lima, Peru. The holotype and remaining paratypes are hold in the collection of the Natural History Museum (BMNH), London, England, and Museo de Historia Natural, UNMSM (MUSM), Lima, Peru.

Protein efficiency ratio of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) and lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus): A sprague-dawley rat growth assay

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>OBJECTIVE:</strong> This study has been conducted to determine the protein efficiency ratio (PER) of selected indigenous legumes, namely pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) and lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), as alternative protein sources.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>METHODS:</strong> Experimental diets (pigeon pea-based and lima bean-based) and control diet (casein-based) were formulated and standardized using proximate analysis to have 10% protein basal diet based on the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) guidelines. Diets were given to corresponding groups (2 experimental, 1 control) using 30 albino Sprague-Dawley weanling rats aged 21 days old, over a 28-day growth assay.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>RESULTS:</strong> Results showed that the mean final weight and weight gain were significantly higher in rats fed with casein-based diet (p0.05). The PER of the casein (3.37 ± 2.71) is higher than that of the pigeon pea (1.87) and lima bean (1.32). These results can be attributed to the presence of anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) in the seeds of pigeon pea and lima bean. Reduced protein intake (due to bitter taste), toxicity, and interference with protein digestibility (through interaction with digestive enzymes) imparted by these ANFs can explain the weight loss among the experimental groups and consequently the low PER. Heat treatment done in the study were not adequate to remove the ANFs.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> The study shows that pigeon pea and lima bean as protein sources alone are not as adequate and efficient in providing necessary protein requirements for weanling rats. Proper processing and treatment should be done to remove inhibitors of protein digestibility and quality.</p>

Primer caso de canibalismo registrado para el gecko de Lima, Phyllodactylus sentosus (Reptilia, Phyllodactylidae)

Se reporta un caso de canibalismo en el gecko de Lima, Phyllodactylus sentosus Dixon & Huey, 1970 donde un macho adulto devoró a un juvenil. Tras una búsqueda de literatura, no se encontró casos reportados en otras especies del mismo género, por lo que se considera que este es el primer reporte de canibalismo en Phyllodactylus

We report a case of cannibalism for the Lima leaf-toed gecko, Phyllodactylus sentosus, in which an adult male devoured a juvenile. No reported cases were found in other species of the same genus, so we consider that this is the first report of cannibalism in Phyllodactylus

Mortalidad por epidemias y endemia según causas y condiciones sanitarias a mediados del siglo XIX en Lima, Perú / Epidemic and endemic mortality according to causes and sanitary conditions in mid-nineteenth century Lima, Peru

RESUMEN A mediados del siglo XIX en Lima, Perú, las personas morían por diversas causas. Pero eran las epidemias las que generaban consternación y preocupación en la población y en las autoridades. Sin embargo, el número mayor de muertes fue por endemias debido a las pésimas condiciones sanitarias de la ciudad. Pero como estas eran muertes cotidianas pasaron desapercibidas.

ABSTRACT In mid-19th century Lima, Peru, death had various causes. Nonetheless, epidemics raised greater concern among the population and authorities. The highest number of deaths was due to endemic diseases caused by poor sanitary conditions. However, as these were accepted as routine deaths, they were ignored.

Application of forensic luminol for blood detection in endodontic files / Aplicação do luminol forense para detecção de sangue em limas endodônticas

Introduction: Blood is a biological material with high potential of infectious transmission in dental environments, including herpes simplex, hepatitis and AIDS. Aim: To investigate the efficacy of luminol in detecting blood in endodontic files before and after the sterilization process. Material and method: Luminol was used to investigate the presence or absence of traces of blood tissue in 50 endodontic files, visible to naked eye or not, after performing endodontic treatment and after the cleaning/sterilization process. The results obtained were tabulated and statistically analyzed by using the Friedman's test at a significance level of 5% (p<0.05). Result: By naked eye, it was found that 31/50 files showed no trace of blood, 8/50 showed a slight presence of blood and 11/50 showed a considerable presence of blood after endodontic treatment. After the use of luminol, however, 16/50 endodontic files showed no trace of blood, 19/50 showed a slight presence of blood and 15/50 showed a considerable presence of blood. After the cleaning and sterilization process, no blood was detected in the files. Conclusion: It was concluded that the luminol solution is effective in detecting blood tissue in endodontic files as well as in validating the cleaning/sterilization process.

Introdução: Sangue é um material biológico com alto potencial de transmissão de infecção em ambientes odontológicos, incluindo herpes simples, hepatites e AIDS. Objetivo: Investigar a eficácia do luminol em detector sangue em limas endodônticas antes e após o processo de esterilização. Material e método: Luminol foi utilizado para investigar a presença ou ausência de vestígios tecido sanguíneo em 50 limas endodônticas, visíveis ou não à olho nu, após a realização do tratamento endodôntico e após o processo de limpeza/esterilização. Os resultados obtidos foram tabulados e analisados estatisticamente utilizando o teste de Friedman com nível de significância de 5% (p<0,05). Resultado: A olho nú, foi observado que 31/50 limas não apresentaram vestígios de sangue, 8/50 apresentaram uma leve presença de sangue e 11/50 apresentaram uma presença considerável de sangue após o tratamento endodôntico. Após a utilização do luminol, entretanto, 16/50 limas endodônticas não apresentaram vestígios de sangue, 19/50 apresentaram uma leve presença de sangue e 15/50 apresentaram uma presença considerável de sangue. Após o processo de limpeza e esterilização não foi detectado sangue nas limas endodônticas. Conclusão: A solução de luminol é efetiva na detecção de tecido sanguíneo em limas endodônticas, validando o processo de limpeza/esterilização.

WaveOne Gold, un nuevo instrumento reciprocante para la conformación de los conductos radiculares / WaveOne Gold, a new reciprocating instrument for root canal shaping

El objetivo del presente artículo es describir y analizar el nuevo sistema de limas reciprocantes WaveOne Gold, evolución del sistema WaveOne presentado en 2010. Las mejoras en su diseño y en su metalurgia les otorgan más flexibilidad y aumentan su resistencia a la fatiga cíclica, lo cual brinda al clínico la posibilidad de instrumentar con más seguridad y confianza el sistema de conductos radiculares.

The aim of the present article is to describe and analyzethe new reciprocating system WaveOne Gold.This instrument, preceded by the WaveOne in 2010, showsimprovements in its design and in its metallurgy, providingmore flexibility and increasing its resistance to cyclic fatigue.Alfie D, García G, Rodríguez P. WaveOne Gold, un nuevo instrumento reciprocante para la conformaciónde los conductos radiculares. Rev Asoc Odontol Argent 2016;105:78-82.This gives the clinician greater security and confidence duringthe shaping of the root canal system.

Polimorfismo Val/Met en gen OCT1 de respuesta a metformina en muestras de Lima y Puno. Enfoque farmacogenético de la diabetes / Val/Met polymorphism in metformin response gene OCT1 in Lima and Puno samples. Pharmacogenetic approach of diabetes

Introducción: La farmacogenética tiene utilidad clínica para evaluar los efectos de los fármacos según perfil genético y aporta a la medicina poblacional y personalizada. La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2) es una enfermedad prevalente en el Perú y el mundo. Para su tratamiento existen varios fármacos, entre ellos la metformina. La respuesta individual puede estar influenciada por el polimorfismo Val/Met en el gen octT1 y las frecuencias varían según grupo étnico. Se ha relacionado al alelo Met con una menor respuesta a la metformina. Objetivo: Evaluar la distribución del polimorfismo Val/Met en el gen OCT1 en muestras de sangre de sujetos de Lima y Puno, e inferir su impacto en la farmacogenética de la DMT2. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo, transversal. Lugar: Facultades de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor Lima, Perú; Centro de Genética y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Lima, Perú. Participantes: 56 individuos de Puno y 57 de Lima-ciudad. Intervenciones: Análisis del polimorfismo Val/Met en el gen OCT1 con la técnica PCR-RFLP. Principales medidas de resultados: Frecuencias genotípicas y alélicas. Resultados: Las frecuencias de los genotipos, en general,fueron: Val/Val=85,0% y Val/Met=15,0%. La frecuencia del alelo Val, en general, fue mayor al 93%; el alelo Met, asociado con una menor respuesta a metformina, se encontró presente en Amantaní (8,3%) y Lima (9,6%), y ausente en Taquile. Conclusiones: Para el alelo Val del gen OCT1, se ha encontrado la más alta frecuencia registrada en el mundo. Respecto al alelo Met, aunque es menos frecuente, existen diferencias entre las subpoblaciones peruanas evaluadas, y ese conocimiento puede ayudar en la farmacogenética y la toma de decisiones en el tratamiento con los antidiabéticos orales como la metformina.

Introduction: Pharmacogenetics can be used in clinical analysis to assess the efficiency of drugs according to the patient’s genetic profile, and it is becoming important for population genetics and precision medicine. The type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is highly prevalent all over the world, including Peru. Among the different drugs for T2DM, metformin is used the most and patient’s response to it can be influenced by the Val/Met polymorphism of the OCT1 (SLC22) gene, where Met is associated with a lower response. The frequencies of these polymorphisms vary according to ethnic origin. Objective: To evaluate the distribution of the Val/Met polymorphism in the OCT1 gene in samples of Lima and Puno, and to assess their impact on pharmacogenetics of T2DM. Design: Descriptive, cross-sectional study. Settings: Faculties of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, and Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru; Centro de Genética y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Lima, Peru. Participants: DNA samples of 56 non-selected subjects from Puno and 57 from Lima regions. Interventions: Analysis of the Val/Met polymorphism in OCT1 gene using the PCR-RFLP technique. Main outcome measures: Phenotypic and allelic frequencies. Results: Genotype frequencies were Val/Val=85,0% and Val/Met=15,0%. The Val allele frequency was higher than 93%, the Met allele was associated with a lower response to metformin and was present in Amantaní (8.3%) and in Lima (9.6%), and absent in Taquile. Conclusions: We found the highest Val allele frequency in the world. Regarding the Met allele, less frequent, we found differences among the Peruvian subpopulations tested, and this knowledge can help in the pharmacogenetics and decision making about oral treatment of metformin against diabetes.