Long-term Outcome of Total Femur Replacement

@#Introduction: Total femur replacement is an option instead of amputation for extensive bone tumour or after revision surgery with a massive bone loss. Over a long period of time the patients may need revision surgery, and this might affect the functional outcome. We reviewed all consecutive total femur replacements done for primary and revision surgery of primary bone tumours in our centre to evaluate the long-term functional outcome and survival. Materials and methods: All patients who had total femur resection and reconstruction with modular endoprosthesis replacement in our centre from June 1997 to May 2022 were reviewed. The respondents were surveyed through WhatsApp using google form which was translated into Bahasa Malaysia based on the Musculoskeletal Tumour Society Scoring System (MSTS). The data were presented as descriptive data on the final survival of the limb and prosthesis. Results: Ten patients underwent total femur replacement. There were eight osteosarcoma, one giant cell tumour and one chondromyxoid fibroma. Three patients with osteosarcoma succumbed to pulmonary metastases; all had good early post-operative functional outcomes without local recurrence. Seven patients were available for long term evaluation of function with a mean follow-up of 17.6 years (ranged 10-25 years). Four patients with total femur replacement had good functional outcomes (60-80%) without revision with 10-25 years follow-up. Three patients experienced acetabulum erosion and chronic pain that required early hip replacements. Two of them were complicated with superior erosions and bone loss and subsequently were managed with massive reconstruction using cemented acetabulum cage reconstruction. The other has diabetes mellitus with chronic infection following revision of distal femur endoprosthesis to total femur replacement and subsequently underwent limited hemipelvectomy after 14 years. Conclusion: Total femur replacement offers a good long term functional outcome and prosthesis survival and is a favourable option for limb salvage surgery.

Reconstruction with Unconventional Endoprostheses after Resection of Primary Distal Femoral Bone Tumors: Implant Survival and Functional Outcomes / Reconstrução com endoprótese não convencional após ressecção de tumores ósseos primários de fêmur distal: sobrevida do implante e resultados funcionais

Abstract Objective To evaluate the survival time, the failure rate and its causes, and the functional results of cemented endoprostheses, with a polyethylene body, used after resection of primary bone tumors of the distal femur. Methods A retrospective study including 93 primary and 77 review procedures performed between 1987 and 2014. Survival was obtained by the Kaplan Meyer analysis, and the risk factors for implant failure were assessed through the Cox proportional risk model. The causes of endoprosthesis failure were classified according to Henderson et al. into five types: soft-tissue failure, aseptic loosening, structural fracture, infection, and tumor recurrence. The functional evaluation was performed using the functional classification system of the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) of bone sarcomas of the lower extremity, Brazilian version (MSTS-BR). Results Osteosarcoma was the most common diagnosis; 64.5% of the patients were younger than 20 years of age; the mean follow-up was of 124.3 months. The failure rate of the primary implant was of 54.8%, and the mean survival was of 123 months. The estimated survival of the primary implant was of 63.6%, 43.5%, 24.1%, and 14.5% in 5, 10, 15, and 20 years respectively. The most common cause of failure was type 2 (37.3%). Age ≤ 26 years and right side were risk factors for failure. The mean MSTS-BR score was of 20.7 (range: 14 to 27). Conclusion The results obtained for the failure rate and survival of the implant are in accordance with those of the literature, so the procedure herein studied is adequate and yields satisfactory functional results, even in the long term.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o tempo de sobrevida, a taxa de falha e suas causas, e os resultados funcionais de endopróteses cimentadas, com corpo em polietileno, empregadas após ressecção de tumores ósseos primários do fêmur distal. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo, que incluiu 93 procedimentos primários e 77 de revisão, realizados entre 1987 e 2014. A sobrevida foi obtida pela análise de Kaplan Meyer, e os fatores de risco para falha do implante foram avaliados por meio do modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox. As causas de falha da endoprótese foram classificadas segundo Henderson et al. em cinco tipos: falha de partes moles, soltura asséptica, fratura estrutural, infecção e recorrência do tumor. A avaliação funcional foi realizada por meio do sistema de classificação funcional da Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) para sarcomas ósseos da extremidade inferior, versão brasileira (MSTS-BR). Resultados Osteossarcoma foi o diagnóstico mais comum; 64,5% dos pacientes tinham menos de 20 anos; e o seguimento médio foi de 124,3 meses. A taxa de falha do implante primário foi de 54,8%, e a sobrevida média foi 123 meses. A estimativa de sobrevida do implante primário foi de 63,6%, 43,5%, 24,1%, 14,5% em 5, 10, 15 e 20 anos, respectivamente. A causa de falha mais comum foi a do tipo 2 (37,3%). Idade ≤ 26 anos e lado direito foram fatores de risco para falha. A pontuação média no MSTS-BR foi de 20,7 (variação: 14 a 27). Conclusão Os resultados obtidos para a taxa de falha e o tempo de sobrevida do implante estão de acordo com os da literatura, de forma que o procedimento estudado é adequado e apresenta resultados funcionais satisfatórios, inclusive em longo prazo.

Evaluación funcional y calidad de vida en megaprótesis implantadas por tumores musculoesqueléticos en miembro inferior / Functional evaluation and quality of life in megaprostheses implanted by musculoskeletal tumors in the lower limb

Resumen: Introducción: La resección amplia es el tratamiento quirúrgico de elección en los tumores malignos musculoesqueléticos, que con frecuencia asientan en la pelvis y en los miembros inferiores. La reconstrucción mediante megaprótesis se ha impuesto en los últimos años como primera opción en la cirugía de preservación de la extremidad. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo descriptivo serie de casos, incluye 30 pacientes intervenidos entre 2011 y 2019 de tumores musculoesqueléticos de pelvis y miembro inferior. En todos ellos valoramos la tasa de complicaciones y los resultados funcionales mediante el índice MSTS (Musculoskeletal Tumor Society). Resultados: Se realizó un seguimiento de 40.8 meses (12-101.7). En nueve pacientes (30%) se realizaron resecciones y reconstrucciones pélvicas, a 11 pacientes (36.7%) se les implantaron megaprótesis de cadera por afectación femoral, en tres de los pacientes (10%) se realizó resección del fémur completo y en siete pacientes (23.3%) reconstrucción protésica de la rodilla. El resultado funcional medio de la escala MSTS fue de 72.5% (rango: 40-95%) y la tasa de complicaciones de 56.7% (17 pacientes), siendo la recurrencia tumoral (29%) la principal complicación. Conclusión: La reconstrucción mediante megaprótesis ofrece buenos resultados funcionales a los pacientes dentro de la cirugía de resección radical, permitiendo realizar una vida relativamente normal.

Abstract: Introduction: Radical resection is the surgical treatment of choice in musculoskeletal malignancies, which often settle in the pelvis and lower limbs. Megaprothesis reconstruction has been imposed in recent years as the gold standard in limb preservation surgery. Material and methods: Descriptive retrospective study series of cases, including 30 patients operated between 2011 and 2019 of musculoskeletal pelvic and lower limb tumors at our institution that underwent limb-sparing reconstruction with the megaprosthesis. Functional results according to the MSTS (Musculoskeletal Tumor Society) index and complication rate were analyzed. Results: The average follow-up was 40.8 months (12-101.7). Nine patients (30%) underwent pelvic resections and reconstructions, 11 patients (36.7%) underwent hip reconstruction with megaprothesis due to femoral involvement, in three patients (10%) complete femur resection was performed, and seven patients (23.3%) underwent prosthetic reconstruction of the knee. The mean MSTS score was 72.5% (range: 40-95%), and the complication rate was 56.7% (17 patients), being de tumoral recurrence (29%) the main complication. Conclusion: Tumor megaprothesis give satisfying functional results, allowing the patients to realize a relatively normal life after a lower limb-sparing surgery.

Tratamento híbrido para revascularização de membro inferior em paciente com infecção de prótese vascular: relato de caso / Hybrid treatment for lower limb revascularization in a patient with vascular graft infection: a case report

Resumo Pacientes portadores de doença arterial obstrutiva periférica com isquemia crítica do membro associada a infecção de prótese vascular apresentam elevadas taxas morbimortalidade e alto risco de perda do membro. Apresentamos o caso de um paciente masculino de 76 anos com isquemia crítica do membro inferior esquerdo associada a infecção de prótese vascular femoropoplítea. Utilizamos abordagem híbrida para o tratamento com acesso cirúrgico das regiões inguinais e poplíteas, sendo a prótese vascular utilizada como acesso endovascular para recanalização direta da artéria femoral superficial devido a obstrução longa e extensa calcificação, que impediram as tentativas iniciais de tratamento endovascular. Após a recanalização endovascular, a prótese infectada foi retirada. O avanço das técnicas e materiais endovasculares em associação com a cirurgia aberta permitem novas soluções para pacientes quando os procedimentos habituais falham.

Abstract Patients with severe arterial obstructive disease and critical limb ischemia associated with vascular graft infection have elevated morbidity and mortality rates and are at high risk of limb loss. We present the case of a 76-year-old male patient with left lower limb critical ischemia and a femoropopliteal vascular graft infection. We used a hybrid treatment approach with an open surgical approach to the inguinal and popliteal regions and used the vascular prosthesis as endovascular access for direct recanalization of the superficial femoral artery, because the long occlusion and extensive calcification had frustrated initial attempts at endovascular treatment. After endovascular recanalization, the infected graft was removed. Used in conjunction with open surgery, advances in endovascular techniques and materials offer new solutions for patients when usual procedures fail.

Two-year clinical outcomes following lower limb endovascular revascularisation for chronic limb-threatening ischaemia at a tertiary Asian vascular centre in Singapore

INTRODUCTION@#Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) is commonly used to treat patients with chronic limb-threatening ischaemia (CLTI). This study aimed to examine the mortality and functional outcomes of patients with CLTI who predominantly had diabetes mellitus in a multi-ethnic Asian population in Singapore.@*METHODS@#Patients with CLTI who underwent PTA between January 2015 and March 2017 at the Vascular Unit at Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, were studied. Primary outcome measures were 30-day unplanned readmission, two-year major lower extremity amputation (LEA), mortality rates, and ambulation status at one, six and 12 months.@*RESULTS@#A total of 221 procedures were performed on 207 patients, of whom 184 (88.9%) were diabetics. The one-, six- and 12-month mortality rate was 7.7%, 16.4% and 21.7%, respectively. The two-year LEA rate was 30.0%. At six and 12 months, only 96 (46.4%) and 93 (44.9%) patients were ambulant, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that preoperative ambulatory status, haemoglobin, Wound Ischaemia and foot Infection (WIfI) score, and end-stage renal failure (ESRF) were independent predictors of one-year ambulatory status. Predictors of mortality at one, six and 12 months were ESRF, preoperative albumin level, impaired functional status and employment status.@*CONCLUSION@#PTA for CLTI was associated with low one-year mortality and two-year LEA rates but did not significantly improve ambulation status. ESRF and hypoalbuminaemia were independent predictors of mortality. ESRF/CKD and WIfI score were independent predictors of loss of ambulation at six months and one year. We need better risk stratification for patients with CLTI to decide between initial revascularisation and an immediate LEA policy.

Patient survival and limb salvage after shark attack with major vascular injury: A case report / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

Shark attacks are rare unique pathological processes. Some of them represent devastating injuries with a high morbidity and significant mortality. Related published articles are limited. The increased human interaction within the environment of sharks is the cause of rising incidence of such attacks. This study reported a case of level 4 shark injuries (shark-induced trauma scale) in a 33-year-old male patient, who presented with an extensive injury of the right lower limb with the characteristic features of shark bite. At admission the patient was in a state of shock with profuse bleeding that was controlled by tourniquet. The patient was resuscitated according to the advanced trauma life support. Clinical examination showed hard signs of vascular injury with absent pedal pulse, associated neurological deficits and severance at the knee joint. Prompt vascular intervention after resuscitation was performed to manage the major vascular injuries, together with proper washout and debridement of all the necrotic tissues under strong antibiotic coverage to prevent infection. After that, the patient underwent sequenced plastic, orthopedic, and neurological interventions. Strict follow-up was conducted, which showed that the patient was saved and achieved a functioning limb. This study aims to highlight the management of level 4 shark injuries, which are considered serious and challenging with a high fatality rate and a great risk of amputation due to the associated major vascular injuries. Immediate well organized management plan is crucial. Prompt resuscitation and surgical intervention by a highly-skilled medical team are required to improve the chance of patient survival and limb salvage.

Manejo endovascular de la isquemia crítica distal: análisis de una serie contemporánea

Background: Chronic limb ischemia can lead to high rates of limb loss and mortality. Open surgery is the gold standard for treatment of distal disease. Endovascular surgery should have less complications with similar outcomes. Aim: To report a cohort of patients with distal arterial disease treated with endovascular surgery at our institution. Material and Methods: Review of angioplasty records of patients undergoing distal lower extremity endovascular procedures between 2016 and 2019. Demographics, comorbidities, form of presentation, type of intervention, perioperative complications, and length of stay were analyzed. The primary outcomes were wound healing, reinterventions and freedom from major amputation. Secondary outcomes were overall survival and amputation-free survival. Results: Forty-eight limbs of 41 patients with a mean age 75 years (78% males) were treated. Ninety-three percent had hypertension, 88% diabetes, 30% chronic kidney disease. 73% presented with major wounds. Plain balloon and drug coated balloon angioplasties were carried out in 65 and 31% of procedures respectively, with no difference in results. In 46% of the cases, only chronic total occlusions were treated. Wound healing was achieved in 85% of procedures and 90% of patients were free from amputation at one year of follow up. Complications were observed in 18% of procedures, perioperative mortality was 2% and one-year survival was 76%. Conclusions: Endovascular therapy achieves high rates of wound healing and freedom from amputation with low perioperative mortality and moderate complication rates.

Quality of life in adults with sarcomas under conservative surgery or amputation / Qualidade de vida em adultos com sarcomas em cirurgia conservadora ou amputação

ABSTRACT Objective: To understand the perception of quality of life, functionality, and psychological aspects of adults with lower limb sarcoma who underwent conservative surgery or amputation. Methods: Sociodemographic data were collected, and the following questionnaires were used: EORTC QLQ - C30 for quality of life, the Functional Assessment System (MSTS) for functionality and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) for depression symptoms. Results: The sample consisted of 45 young adults with sarcoma, divided into two groups: amputation (29) and conservative surgery (16). Most were male, single and students. Average family income before and after the disease did not differ, but those that were employed had a better perception of general quality of life, as well as those with higher family income after the disease. Regarding the type of surgery, there was a predominance of amputation; osteosarcoma was the most common histological type and the most affected region was the femur. All participants participated in social, cultural, sporting or religious activities. MSTS and Beck scale values did not differ between procedures. Conclusion: Given the scarcity of studies on the subject at the national level, further investigations are suggested to explore aspects related to quality of life for patients with sarcomas. Level of Evidence III, Retrospective comparative study.

RESUMO Objetivo: Conhecer a percepção da qualidade de vida, funcionalidade e aspectos psicológicos de adultos com sarcoma de membros inferiores, submetidos à cirurgia conservadora ou amputação. Métodos: Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos, e utilizados os questionários: EORTC QLQ-C30 para a qualidade de vida; o Sistema de Avaliação Funcional (MSTS) para a funcionalidade; e o Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI) para sintomas de depressão. Resultados: A amostra foi constituída por 45 adultos jovens com sarcoma, divididos em dois grupos: amputação (29) e cirurgia conservadora (16). Predominaram jovens do sexo masculino, solteiros e estudantes. A média da renda familiar antes e após a doença não diferiu, porém os que estavam trabalhando apresentaram melhor percepção de qualidade de vida global, assim como os com maior renda familiar após a doença. Quanto ao tipo de cirurgia, houve predomínio da amputação, o osteossarcoma foi o tipo histológico mais comum e a região do fêmur a mais acometida. Todos os participantes participavam de atividades sociais, culturais, esportivas ou religiosas. Os valores do MSTS e da escala de Beck não diferiram entre os procedimentos. Conclusão: Visto a escassez de estudos sobre o tema em nível nacional, sugerem-se novas investigações, a fim de explorar aspectos relacionados com a qualidade de vida para pacientes com sarcomas. Nível de Evidência III, Estudo retrospectivo comparativo.

The vascular armamentarium explored-the ultimate goal achieved

Peripheral arterial disease is one of the commonest causes for a limb being amputated most often, we present this case of medium vessel vasculitis with chronic threatening limb ischemia to make a note of our attempt to save her limb by multiple modalities which included medical management with steroids, immunosuppressants, pulsed cyclophosphamide, interventional radiological procedure of catheter directed thrombolysis with urokinase, surgical procedures like bypass, split skin grafting and minor amputations, implemented novel modalities like hyperbaric oxygen therapy. By exploring the armamentarium available, involving a multidisciplinary team which included vascular surgeon, rheumatologist, intervention radiologist, plastic surgeon, physiotherapist and aptly using the right modality at the right time we were able to ultimately achieve our goal of limb salvage.

Single-stage "Fix and Flap" gives Good Outcomes in Grade 3B/C Open Tibial Fractures: A Prospective Study

@#Introduction:Grade 3B/C open tibial fractures with grossly contaminated degloving injuries have poor outcomes, with or without vascular injuries. Treatment decision oscillates between limb salvage and amputation. The standard protocol of repeated debridement and delayed wound cover is a challenge in developing countries due to overcrowded emergencies and limited operating room availability. We present results of our modified protocol involving primary stabilisation with external fixation and immediate wound cover as an aggressive modality of treatment. Material and Methods:Thirty-three patients with severe open tibial shaft fractures were managed using a standardised protocol of emergent debridement, external fixation and immediate wound cover with free distant/local rotational muscle flaps and fasciocutaneous flaps, and with vascular repair in Grade 3C fractures. Intra-articular fractures were excluded. Patients were followed for a minimum of three years, with an assessment of clinical, radiological and functional outcomes. Results: Wound cover was achieved with 24 distant free muscle flaps, four local rotational muscle flaps and five fasciocutaneous flaps. All fractures united with an average time to union of 40.3 weeks (16-88). Fifteen patients (45.4%) underwent only a single major surgery using primary definitive external fixation. Deep infection was seen in four patients (12.1%). Nineteen patients had excellent to good outcomes, six were fair, and eight were poor. Conclusion: “Fix and Flap” in the same sitting, using immediate wound cover and external fixation, has given good results in our hands despite the delayed presentation, the neurovascular deficit and the degloving injury. This may be a better management strategy in overcrowded tertiary care centres of developing countries, with a single surgical procedure in almost half the cases.

Biological reconstruction of large bone defects after resection of malignant tumor of extremities / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: With the development of medical technology, limb salvage surgery for malignant bone tumors has gradually become the main trend, so various biological reconstruction methods can be cited in the clinic. OBJECTIVE: To review the biological reconstruction of large bone defects after resection of malignant tumor of extremities. METHODS: The literature about the biological reconstruction of large bone defects after resection of malignant tumor of extremities was reviewed in PubMed, Web of Science, Wanfang, and CNKI from 2000 to 2020 by the first author using computer. The English key words were “malignant bone tumor, bone defect, biological reconstruction, limb salvage”, and the Chinese key words were “malignant bone tumor, limb salvage, biological reconstruction”. The documents that did not match the central words were eliminated, and the advantages and disadvantages of various biological reconstruction surgery methods were summarized. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Analyzing the in-situ devitalized tumor-bearing bone, biological reconstruction after resection of juxta-articular osteosarcoma segmental bone tumor, each has its advantages and disadvantages. Surgeons should choose different operation methods based on its different indications. (2) Biological reconstruction provides vital methods for limb salvage of malignant tumor of extremities.

Application of rotationplasty in treatment of osteosarcoma of distal femur in children / 中国修复重建外科杂志

Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of rotationplasty in treating osteosarcoma of distal femur in children. Methods: A clinical data of 10 children with osteosarcoma of distal femur treated with rotationplasty between March 2014 and June 2016 was retrospectively analyzed. There were 7 boys and 3 girls with an average age of 6.7 years (range, 4-10 years). There were 4 cases of osteoblastic osteosarcoma, 4 cases of mixed osteosarcoma, and 2 cases of chondroblastic osteosarcoma. All children were staged as Enneking stage ⅡB. The disease duration ranged from 3.5 to 6.0 months (mean, 4.6 months). The lower limb functional scoring system of 1993 Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS93), Toronto Extremity Salvage Score (TESS), and knee mobility were used to evaluate postoperative function. Tumor recurrence and metastases were monitored by radiograph. Results: Poor superficial incision healing occurred in 1 patient, and healed after dressing change. The other incisions healed by first intention. All children were followed up 24-72 months (mean, 52.6 months). No local recurrence was observed during follow-up. Three of the ten patients suffered from metastases including 1 dying of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, 1 alive with tumor, and 1 tumor free survival. Painful callosities and ulcers which related to prosthetic wear occurred in 2 patients and turned up after optimizing prosthetic fit and physiotherapy. The fracture healing time was 2.5-5.0 months (mean, 3.5 months). All children could walk independently at 4 months postoperatively. At last follow-up, the MSTS93 score was 19-25 (mean, 22) and the TESS score was 87-93 (mean, 90). The extension of knee joint mobility with artificial limbs was 0°-10° (mean, 5°), and the flexion of knee joint mobility with artificial limbs was 85°-95° (mean, 90.5°). Conclusion: Rotationplasty in treating osteosarcoma of distal femur in children with limb salvage difficulties can effectively preserve the limb function and improve the quality of life, and it can be used as an alternative to amputation.

Treatment and influencing factors of infection after limb salvage surgery for malignant tumor around knee joint / 中国修复重建外科杂志

Objective: To summarize the experience in the treatment of infection after limb salvage surgery for malignant tumor around knee joint, and explore the risk factor related to infection after limb salvage surgery. Methods: A clinical data of 212 patients with malignant tumor around the knee joint underwent limb salvage surgery between January 2008 and December 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 14 cases had infection after limb salvage surgery. Two cases of acute infection were treated with sensitive antibiotics; 12 cases of chronic infection were treated with debridement and antibiotic bone cement occupying device implantation in the first stage, and prosthesis revision (8 cases), knee joint fusion (2 cases), or amputation (2 cases) in the second stage after infection control. The age, gender, preoperative chemotherapy cycle, bone marrow suppression, serum albumin, hemoglobin, operation time, postoperative drainage time, and blood transfusion volume were analyzed to screen the risk factors related to infection after limb salvage surgery. The infection and tumor recurrence were observed, and the limb function was evaluated by Enneking scoring system. Results: The univariate analysis showed that the preoperative chemotherapy cycle, bone marrow suppression, operation time, and postoperative drainage time were the influencing factors of postoperative infection ( P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that the operation time, preoperative chemotherapy cycle, and postoperative drainage time were risk factors of postoperative infection ( P<0.05). Among the 14 patients, 1 patient died of traffic accident at 6 months after the second stage operation, and 13 patients were followed up 12.2-48.0 months (mean, 19.9 months). Two cases of acute infection cured. Among the 11 patients with chronic infection, 2 cases of subluxation of the antibiotic bone cement occupying device after the first stage operation occurred; 9 cases of infection cured and 2 cases recurred. At 12 months after operation, except 1 case died by accident, the Enneking scores of the other 13 patients were 12-26, with an average of 20. At last follow-up, 1 case of lung metastasis was still alive, and no tumor metastasis or recurrence was found in the rest. Conclusion: The time of limb salvage surgery, preoperative chemotherapy cycle, and drainage time after limb salvage surgery are the risk factors of infection after limb salvage surgery. Early etiological examination and drug sensitivity test is the key to the treatment of infection. One-stage debridement combined with antibiotic bone cement occupying device can effectively cure infection and save patients' limbs.

Limb Reconstruction Using Masquelet Technique in the Treatment of Post-traumatic Compound Tibial Fractures with Bone Loss

Introduction: Traumatic segmental bone defects of leg are difficult problem to manage with significant long-term morbidity.Historically, due to difficulty in managing segmental bone defects, amputation was the preferred treatment. Later over the lasthalf-century, limb salvage was done using various techniques such as vascularized fibular grafts, acute limb shortening, externalfixator application, and filling the defect with autograft or allograft. More recently, Masquelet described the use of cement spacerapplication within this defect and staged bone grafting within the induced biomembrane formed around the spacer as a potentialtreatment strategy to manage these bone defects.Method: This study describes the clinical, radiological, and functional outcome in 20 patients with traumatic bone loss of up to5 cm managed using Masquelet technique.Results: The outcome was analyzed using Association for the study and application of methods of ilizarov (ASAMI) scorewhich showed excellent results in 10 patients, good in 5 patients, fair in 2 patients, and poor in 3 patients.Conclusion: We conclude that the induced membrane technique can be a valuable addition to the armamentarium of limbreconstruction procedures in patients with small bone defects with or without soft tissue injury.

Quality of life of patients with sarcoma after conservative surgery or amputation of limbs / Qualidade de vida de pacientes com sarcoma após cirurgia conservadora ou amputação de membros

ABSTRACT Objective: To conduct an integrative review on quality of life (QOL) of patients with sarcoma who underwent conservative surgery or limb amputation. Methods: We conducted a six-step integrative review by searching the databases LILACS, SciELO, PePSIC, Embase, and PubMed, using the descriptors: "Quality of life", "Bone cancer", "Sarcoma", "Limb Salvage," and "Amputation." Ten studies were selected according to: database, type of study, methods, researcher's profession, sex, histological type, title, country/region, and periodical/year of publication. Results: Nine quantitative and one qualitative studies were included. All were conducted by physicians and correlated to QOL with the impact of diagnosis, psychosocial aspects, cancer treatment, and survival. Other aspects included type of surgery, functionality, rehabilitation, and a multidisciplinary approach. The QOL results were similar for conservative surgery and amputation in eight studies. In two, it was concluded that patients undergoing conservative surgery had a better QOL. Conclusion: The number of studies on QOL in patients with sarcoma is small. In most, there was no difference between the study groups. In addition, the studies indicated the importance of evaluation of QOL, since it has a direct effect on patients' physical manifestations and impacts their coping abilities. Level of evidence III, System review.

RESUMO Objetivo: Conduzir uma revisão integrativa sobre qualidade de vida de pacientes com sarcoma, submetidos à cirurgia conservadora ou à amputação de membros. Métodos: Revisão integrativa em seis etapas, com busca nas bases de dados LILACS, SciELO, PePSIC, Embase e PubMed, utilizando-se os descritores: "qualidade de vida", "câncer ósseo", "sarcoma", "salvamento de membro" e "amputação". Dez estudos foram selecionados de acordo com banco de dados, tipo de estudo, método, profissão do pesquisador, sexo, tipo histológico, título, país/região, periódico/ano de publicação. Resultados: Foram incluídos nove estudos quantitativos e um qualitativo. Todos foram conduzidos por médicos e correlacionaram a qualidade de vida com impacto do diagnóstico, aspectos psicossociais, tratamento do câncer e sobrevida. Outros aspectos incluídos foram tipo de cirurgia, funcionalidade, reabilitação e abordagem multidisciplinar. Os resultados da qualidade de vida foram semelhantes para cirurgia conservadora e amputação em oito estudos. Em dois, concluiu-se que os pacientes submetidos à cirurgia conservadora tiveram melhor qualidade de vida. Conclusões: O número de estudos sobre qualidade de vida em pacientes com sarcoma foi pequeno. Na maioria, não houve diferença entre os grupos. Além disso, os estudos indicaram a necessidade de valorizar a avaliação da qualidade de vida, pois esta tem efeito direto nas manifestações físicas e impacto no enfrentamento da doença. Nível de evidência III, Revisão sistemática.

Endoprótese de tíbia proximal - protocolo de reabilitação / Endoprosthetic replacement of the proximal tibial - rehabilitation protocol

Introdução: Uma das técnicas cirúrgicas utilizadas como uma alternativa à amputação no tratamento de sarcomas ósseos é a substituição do segmento acometido por endopróteses não convencionais. Embora a endoprótese melhore a qualidade de vida dos indivíduos existe uma necessidade de reabilitação intensiva para se obter melhores resultados funcionais. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre as intervenções fisioterapêuticas no pós-operatório de endoprótese não convencional de tíbia proximal, para o tratamento de sarcomas ósseos. Métodos: Revisão de literatura, direcionada a protocolos fisioterapêuticos na reabilitação de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de preservação de membros de tíbia proximal. Resultados: Dentre os artigos estudados, três foram selecionados para comparação de protocolos fisioterapêuticos de tratamento no pós-operatório de cirurgia de preservação de membros de tíbia proximal. Conclusão: Concluiu-se que é necessário um maior incentivo no desenvolvimento de pesquisas relacionadas a protocolos de reabilitação fisioterapêutica no pós-operatório de LSS em tíbia proximal, para que sejam obtidas mais alternativas de tratamento que visam melhorar a qualidade de vida e sobrevida destes pacientes. (AU)

Introduction: One of the surgical treatment techniques used as an alternative to amputation is limb salvage surgery (LSS) with endoprothesis. Although the LSS can improve quality of life, causes a variety of functional deficiencies, and creates a need to integrate physical therapy rehabilitation into the team for LSS. Objective: To carry out a review on the physiotherapeutic interventions in the postoperative LSS in patients with proximal tibial osteosarcoma. Methods: Literature review, aimed at physiotherapeutic protocols in the rehabilitation of patients submitted to preservation surgery of limbs of proximal tibia. Results: Among the articles studied, three were selected for comparison of physiotherapeutic treatment protocols in the postoperative of preservation surgery of limbs of proximal tibia. Conclusion: We concluded that a greater incentive is needed in the development of research related to physiotherapeutic rehabilitation protocols in the LSS postoperative period in the proximal tibia, in order to obtain more treatment alternatives that aim to improve the quality of life and survival of these patients. (AU)

Analysis of oncological prognosis and survival of prosthesis after surgery for distal femoral malignant tumors / 肿瘤研究与临床

Objective To investigate the oncological prognosis, prosthesis survival rate and other related factors after limb salvage surgery for distal femoral malignant bone tumors. Methods A total of 42 patients who received the surgery of resection of malignant bone tumor of distal femur and prosthesis replacement of knee joint tumor in the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University from January 2008 to December 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. The patient's oncological prognosis, prosthesis survival rate and related influencing factors were analyzed. Results The follow-up period was 18-97 months. Of 42 patients with malignant bone tumors, 21 cases (50％) survived without tumor, 7 cases (16％) survived with tumor, and the 5-year overall survival rate was 66％. The overall survival rate of patients with Enneking stage ⅡB tumor was 55.4％, and that of patients with stage ⅡA tumor was 75.0％, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2= 4.350, P= 0.037). The survival rate of artificial prosthesis was 78.6％ (22/28), the different length of osteotomy affected the survival rate of prosthesis (χ2= 4.248, P= 0.039), but the different types of prosthesis did not affect the survival rate of prosthesis (χ2= 2.177, P= 0.140). Conclusions The distal femoral malignant bone tumor has a good oncological prognosis after limb salvage surgery, Enneking staging is an important factor affecting the oncological prognosis. The different length of osteotomy at the distal femur affects the survival rate of the prosthesis, the longer the prosthesis, the lower the survival rate of the prosthesis.

Efficacy observation of prosthetic replacement for bone tumors and devitalization and replantation after resection of tumor segment for treatment of extremity osteosarcoma / 肿瘤研究与临床

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of prosthetic replacement for bone tumors and devitalization and replantation after resection of tumor segment for the treatment of patients with extremity osteosarcoma. Methods A total of 54 patients with Enneking stage Ⅱ extremity osteosarcoma who underwent limb-salvaging surgery in the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University from December 2010 to June 2017 were analyzed. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed on the prosthetic replacement for bone tumors group and devitalization and replantation after resection of tumor segment group, the 5-year survival rate and distant metastasis rate between the two groups were compared. The χ 2 test and t test were used to compare the local recurrence rate, occurrence of local infection, and postoperative functional recovery between the two groups. Results Forty-six patients were followed up with the period ranging from 3 to 84 months. The prosthetic replacement for bone tumors group had 35 cases and the devitalization and replantation after resection of tumor segment group had 11 cases. The postoperative 5-year survival rate and 5-year distant metastasis rate were compared between the prosthetic replacement for bone tumors group and devitalization and replantation after resection of tumor segment group by using the Kaplan-Meier method (52.5％ vs. 59.4％, 38.5％ vs. 35.7％), and the differences were not statistically significant (χ 2 values were 0.084 and 0.013, both P > 0.05). For local recurrence rate and the risk of postoperative infection, the patients in devitalization and replantation after resection of tumor segment group showed higher results than those in prostheticreplacement for bone tumors group [36.4％ (4/11) vs. 8.6％ (3/35), 36.4％ (4/11) vs. 11.4％ (4/35)], and the differences were statistically significant (χ 2 values were 4.181 and 5.020, both P < 0.05). For 6 months postoperative functional reconstruction score, the patients in devitalization and replantation after resection of tumor segment group showed worse result than that in prosthetic replacement for bone tumors group [(17.4± 2.5) points vs. (24.3±4.8) points], and the difference was statistically significant (t = -4.911, P < 0.05); but this index tended to show better result at 18 months after surgery as compared with prosthetic replacement for bone tumors group [(27.3±2.7) points vs.(24.8±4.6) points], but the difference was not statistically significant (t= 1.811, P > 0.05). Conclusion The efficacy of prosthetic replacement for bone tumors is considered better than that of devitalization and replantation after resection of tumor segment, and it could be used as the preferred surgical option for limb-salvaging treatment in patients with extremity osteosarcoma at present.

Clinical effect of negative pressure wound therapy in emergency limb-salvage operation of destructive injury of limb / 中华烧伤杂志

Objective@#To explore the clinical effect of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) in emergency limb-salvage operation of destructive injury of limb.@*Methods@#From July 2014 to December 2017, 43 patients with destructive injury of limb in one side conformed to the inclusion criteria were admitted to our hospital. The patients were divided to NPWT group of 24 patients [ 21 males and 3 females, aged (38±10) years] and routine dressing change group of 19 patients [ 17 males and 2 females, aged (37±10) years] according to their treatment methods. After the emergency debridement, fracture external fixation, neurovascular exploration, and microsurgical repair were performed, NPWT were applied on wounds of patients in NPWT group and routine dressing change treatment on wounds of patients in routine dressing change group. On 7 to 10 days after the emergency operation, incidence of arterial embolism of patients in the two groups were calculated, and condition of wound infection of patients in the two groups were observed. Complete wound healing time and survival condition of limb were recorded. Data were processed with independent sample t test or chi-square test.@*Results@#Incidence of arterial embolism of patients in NPWT group on 7 to 10 days after the emergency operation was 6.67% (3/45), which was close to 5.56% (2/36) of patients in routine dressing change group (χ2=0.043, P>0.05). There was 1 patient with wound infection in NPWT group on 7 to 10 days after the emergency operation, obviously less than 6 patients in routine dressing change group (χ2=5.847, P<0.05). Complete wound healing time of patients in NPWT group was (30±4) d, significantly shorter than (36±8) d of patients in routine dressing change group (t=2.813, P<0.01). Limbs of 24 patients in NPWT group survived, which was close to 18 patients in routine dressing change group (χ2=1.293, P>0.05).@*Conclusions@#NPWT can significantly reduce tthe wound infection rate and shorten the time of wound healing of limb with destructive injury after emergency operation, which is worthy of popularization in clinic.

Application of pasteurized tumor-bearing bone replantation for primary malignant bone tumor of extremities / 中国修复重建外科杂志

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of the pasteurized tumor-bearing bone replantation in treatment of primary malignant bone tumor of extremities. Methods: Between February 2012 and June 2016, 13 patients with primary malignant bone tumor of extremities were treated with pasteurized tumor-bearing bone replantation after extensive excision. There were 8 males and 5 females, aged from 11 to 27 years, with an average of 17.4 years. Tumors were located at the mid-upper humerus in 2 cases, the mid-upper femur in 2 cases, the mid-lower femur in 6 cases, the mid-upper tibia in 2 cases, and the middle tibia in 1 case. According to Enneking staging system, 3 patients were classified as stage ⅠB, 5 patients as stage ⅡA, and 5 patients as stage ⅡB. There were 11 cases of osteosarcoma and 2 cases of chondrosarcoma. The disease duration ranged from 3 to 8 months, with an average of 4.8 months. The length of the tumor-bearing bone ranged from 8 to 16 cm, with an average of 12.5 cm. Postoperative follow-up was conducted regularly to evaluate the status of inactivated bone and complications. The limb function was assessed by the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society 93 (MSTS-93) scoring system. Results: All 13 patients were followed up 26-79 months, with an average of 50.5 months. Eleven patients survived without tumors. Two patients had local soft tissue recurrence and underwent amputation, 1 had lung metastasis after amputation and died. All patients had no complications of bone resorption, shortening, and internal fixation disorder. The nonunion of osteotomy occurred in 4 cases. Among them, 3 cases were successfully healed after autologous iliac bone grafting, and 1 case was treated conservatively. The healing time of metaphyseal osteotomy end was 10-15 months (mean, 12.6 months), the healing rate was 90.9% (10/11); the healing time of diaphyseal osteotomy end was 12-21 months (mean, 17.0 months), the healing rate was 72.7% (8/11); and the total healing rate of osteotomy end was 81.8% (18/22). One case had inactivated bone fracture and 1 case had incision dehiscence and infection after operation. At last follow-up, the MSTS-93 score of affected limb ranged from 21 to 28, with an average of 25.3. Conclusion: The procedure of the pasteurized tumor-bearing bone replantation is an effective, simple, and economic way in repair of massive segmental bone defect to save limb function for primary malignant bone tumor of extremities.