Résumé
La falta de conocimiento del potencial nocivo de los plaguicidas por parte de los trabajadores agrícolas puede ocasionar graves problemas en su salud y en la de los consumidores. Se determinó la residualidad de plaguicidas organoclorados (OCP, por sus siglas en inglés) en muestras de suero sanguíneo de trabajadores agrícolas de cultivos de café y plátano en el departamento del Quindío. Para la extracción de los analitos se implementó un método rápido, seguro, económico y eficiente de microextracción dispersiva en fase líquida (DLLME, por sus siglas en inglés) asistida por sonicación, logrando la extracción de 20 OCP de 200 µL de suero sanguíneo en un tiempo de 35 min con porcentajes de recuperación mayores al 87 %. Se empleó cromatografía de gases con detector de micro captura de electrones (GC-µECD) para el análisis de los OCP. Para cada analito, los coeficientes de correlación obtenidos a partir de las curvas de calibración interna fueron superiores a 0,9996, los límites de detección (LOD) se establecieron entre 0,02 a 0,04 ng/mL y los límites de cuantificación (LOQ) por debajo de 0,14 ng/mL. En el 55 % de las muestras analizadas (166) se evidenció la presencia de: 4,4-DDE, alfa y gamma BHC, endrin aldehído, endosulfan II, endosulfan sulfato, heptacloro y metoxicloro, compuestos que están prohibidos por la regulación nacional e internacional.
Lack of knowledge of the harmful potential of pesticides by agricultural workers can cause serious health problems for them and the consumer. The residual organochlorine pesticides (OCP) was determined in serum samples of coffee and banana crops farmworkers in the department of Quindio, Colombia. To extract analytes a fast, efficient, safe, and economic assisted dispersive liquid liquid microextraction (DLLME) method was implemented by sonication, achieving extraction of 20 OCP in 200 µL of blood serum in a time of 35 min with percentage recoveries higher than 87 %. OCP were analysed by gas chromatography with electron capture detector (GC-µECD). For each analyte, the correlation coefficients obtained from internal calibration curves were higher than 0.9996, the limits of detection (LOD) were established between 0.02 to 0.04 ng/mL and the limits of quantification (LOQ) below 0.14 ng/mL. A total of 55 % of the samples analyzed (166) showed the presence of 4,4-DDE, alpha and gamma BHC, endrin aldehyde, endosulfan II, endosulfan sulfate, heptachlor, and methoxychlor, compounds that are prohibited by both national and international regulation.
A falta de conhecimento do potencial nocivo dos pesticidas por trabalhadores agrícolas, pode causar sérios problemas de saúde e do consumidor. Os pesticidas organoclorados residuais (OCP) foi determinada em amostras de soro de trabalhadores rurais de café e plantações de banana, no departamento de Quindío. Para analitos extração método eficiente rápida e segura, econômica e assistida por dispersão de fase líquida microextração (DLLME) aplicado por ultra-som, a realização de extração OCP 20 200 uL de soro sanguíneo em um tempo de 35 min com porcentagens recuperação > 87%. Detector Foi realizada cromatografia gasosa com captura de elétrons micro (GC-AECD) para a análise da OCP. Para cada analito, os coeficientes de correlação obtidas a partir de curvas de calibração interna foram maiores do que 0,9996, foram estabelecidos os limites de detecção (LOD) entre 0,02-0,04 ng / mL e os limites de quantificação (LOQ) abaixo de 0,14 ng / mL. 55% das amostras analisadas (166) mostrou a presença de 4, 4-DDE, alfa e gama-BHC, aldeído endrina, endossulfão II, sulfato de endosulfan, heptacloro e metoxicloro, compostos que são proibidos pelo regulamento nacional e internacional.
Résumé
Organic solvents are hydrocarbon-based substances that dissolve another substance. Organic solvents are usually lipid soluble, volatile and commonly used for painting, printing, degreasing, cleaning, thinning and extraction. Due to their volatility and lipid solubility, organic solvents are easily absorbed across the alveolar-capillary membrane and through the skin. Because organic solvents are lipophilic, they tend to be distributed to lipid-rich tissue, such as adipose tissue, nervous system and liver. Almost all organic solvent can induce skin diseases such as acute irritant dermatitis and chronic eczema. Some organic solvents are associated with allergic contact dermatitis. General and nonspecific central nervous system depression is another common toxic effect induced by most organic solvents. It shows symptoms which are the same as those from alcohol drinking, and those symptoms are completely resolved by removal from exposure to solvents. Long term and repeated exposures to organic solvents can also lead to chronic adverse neurobehavioral effects. These effects are also called as chronic toxic encephalopathy, chronic solvent intoxication and psycho-organic syndrome, and commonly reported symptoms of them are headache, depression, anxiety, and impairment of recent memory. Organic brain lesions can be found in workers suffering from psycho-organic syndrome, and in this case, there is a possibility of persistent disabilities. Carbon disulfide, n-hexane, and methyl n-butyl ketone are specifically toxic to the peripheral nervous system, and cause a symmetric ascending sensory and motor polyneuropathy. Halogenated hydrocarbons including carbon tetrachloride show toxic effects on the heart, liver, kidney, and blood. Toluene can sensitize the heart to arrhythmogenic effects of epinephrine, so sudden death in young and healthy people can be ensued from glue sniffing. Benzene is able to induce any type of leukemia, especially in victims with benzene-associated aplastic anemia. Exposure to some solvents during pregnancy has potential to induce congenital malformation and spontaneous abortion. In the treatment of diseases by organic solvents, the first step should be removal from exposure to the causative solvent.