Research progress in radiotherapy for brain metastases of non-small cell lung cancer / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Since the first application of whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) to brain metastases in 1950 s,it has been regarded as a standard treatment for brain metastases of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Recently,more accurate radiotherapy technique and more effective systemic therapy have been developed.Especially,the molecular targeted drugs are upgraded rapidly with stronger targeting capability and better permeability of the central nervous system.With the prolonged survival of patients,long-term damage to the nervous system induced by WBRT causes widespread concerns.This article will review the related controversies and research progress in the application of WBRT to NSCLC with brain metastases in modern integrated therapy.

Analysis of optimal dose of thoracic radiotherapy for patients with extensive stage small cell lung cancer / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective To investigate the optimal dosage of thoracic radiotherapy in patients diagnosed with extensive stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC).Methods Clinical data of ES-SCLC patients admitted to Tianjian Medical University Cancer Institute& Hospital between February 2010 and October 2015 were retrospectively analyzed.All patients received the first-line induction chemotherapy.Subsequently,216 patients without progression after the first-line induction chemotherapy were apportioned to the thoracic radiotherapy (n=180) group and chemotherapy alone group (n=36).According to the distribution characteristics of the biological equivalent dose,all patients were assigned into the A (31.3-40.2 Gy,n=23),B (46.0-46.8 Gy,n=38),C (49.5-53.7 Gy,n=43) and D groups (55.1-60.6 Gy,n=76).For the subgroup analysis,the low (31.3-46.8 Gy,n=61) and high dose groups (49.5-60.6 Gy,n=119) were divided.Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used for prognostic analysis.Cox's regression model was conducted for multivariate prognostic analysis.Propensity score matching was utilized to control the confounding variables.Results The median overall survival of all patients was 13.2 months,and 8.3,11.0,15.8,17.8 and 8.1 months for patients in the A,B,C,D and chemotherapy alone groups,respectively (all P=0.000).The median overall survival did not significantly differ between A and B/ chemotherapy groups (P=0.172,P=0.495),and similar results were obtained between the C and D groups (P=0.624).The median overall survival in the B group was significantly longer than that in the chemotherapy alone group (P=0.020).Statistical significance was noted between C and D groups,and A and B groups (all P＜0.05).The median progression-free survival for all patients was 8.7 months,and 6.5,7.6,11.8,12.4 and 6.1 months in the A,B,C,D and chemotherapy alone groups,respectively (all P=0.000).The median progression-free survival did not significantly differ between A and B chemotherapy groups (P=0.588,P=0.668).The progression-free survival in the B group was slightly longer than that in the chemotherapy group without statistical significance (P=0.070).No statistical significance was observed between the C and D groups (P=0.627).Statistical significance was noted between C and D groups,and A and B groups (all P＜0.02).Uni-and multi-variate analyses prompted that the number of metastatic lesions and dose of thoracic radiotherapy were the independent predictors of the overall survival and progression-free survival (both P＜0.05).Concurrent chemoradiotherapy was the independent predictor of the overall survival (P=0.018).After the propensity score matching,the median overall survival and progression-free survival significantly differed between the low (n=50) and high dose groups (n=50) (10.9 vs.17.5 months,P=0.045;7.4 vs.10.7 months,P=0.014).Conclusions A relatively high dose ranging from 49.5 to 53.7 Gy is recommended during thoracic radiotherapy for ES-SCLC patients.An excessively low dose (≤ 40.2 Gy) probably fails to prolong the survival time,and an extremely high dose (≥55.1 Gy) cannot enable the patients to obtain survival benefits.

Prognostic factors in patients with stage Ⅳ small cell lung cancer: A nomogram prediction model based on different doses of thoracic radiotherapy / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective To evaluate the effect of different doses of thoracic radiotherapy (TRT) upon the clinical prognosis of patients with extensive-stage (stage Ⅳ) small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) and establish a Nomogram prediction model.Methods Clinical data of 144 patients pathologically diagnosed with ES-SCLC undergoing TRT in Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital from month,2010 to month,2016 were retrospectively analyzed.Clinical characteristics,treatment data and responses were evaluated.A Nomogram was established by using Cox's proportional hazard regression model to predict the overall survival (OS).The prediction capability and accuracy were assessed by the concordance index (C-index) and a calibration curve between the model and verification groups.Results The median follow-up time was 31.9 months.The 2-year OS rate was 20.3％.The Nomogram model demonstrated that TRT dose,liver metastases,oligometastases/polymetastases,number of chemotherapy cycle and response to chemotherapy were significantly correlated with clinical prognosis.The calibration curve revealed that the predicted and actual OS were highly consistent.The C-index was calculated as 0.701.In the subgroup analyses,patients with high-dose TRT obtained significantly better OS than their counterparts with low-dose TRT.Conclusion The Nomogram prediction model based on different TRT doses can accurately predict the OS rate of ES-SCLC patients,which is an individualized model for predicting the survival probability.

Research progress on dosage and segmentation of thoracic radiotherapy for limited-stage small cell lung cancer / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

At present,surgery,systemic chemotherapy,thoracic radiotherapy and prophylactic cranial irradiation have been widely recognized to treat the limited-stage small cell lung cancer.In recent decades,no significant breakthrough has been reached in drug therapy.In the field of radiotherapy,the timing,target volume,mode of dose fractionation and prophylactic cranial irradiation are the hot issues.In this article,the research progress on the dose and the mode of dose fractionation for limited-stage small cell lung cancer was briefly analyzed.

Comparison of positioning accuracy between personalized polyurethane foam with wing boards and negative pressure vacuum bag in radiotherapy for lung cancer / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective To compare the positioning accuracy between personalized polyurethane foam with wing boards and negative pressure vacuum bag in radiotherapy for lung cancer using kilovoltage cone beam computed tomography(CBCT). Methods Thirty-nine patients with lung cancer who received chest radiotherapy in our hospital from 2015 to 2016 were enrolled as subjects. In those patients, 20 were immobilized by negative pressure vacuum bags(VB group)and the others by personalized polyurethane foam with wing boards(PF group).CBCT images were acquired weekly and registered with planning CT images. Setup errors in the left-right, superior-inferior, and anterior-posterior directions, three-dimensional(3D) displacement vector,and setup time were recorded. The margin of the planning target volume(PTV)was calculated using the Van Herk formula(2.5∑+0.7σ). Between-group comparison was made by paired t test. Results The PF group had a significant smaller setup error in the y-direction than the VB group (2.54±1.79 vs.3.19±2.14 mm,P=0.03),while there were no significant differences in setup errors in the x-or z-direction between the two groups(1.80± 1.48 vs. 1.90± 1.41 mm, P=0.46;2.14± 1.75 vs. 2.25± 1.75 mm,P=0.35). There were no significant differences in rotational setup errors in the Rx-,Ry-,or Rz-direction between the two groups(1.15°±0.76°vs. 1.15°±0.85°, P=0.50;0.71°±0.60°vs. 0.72°±0.43°, P=0.45;0.62°±0.54° vs. 0.46°±0.30°,P=0.06). The PTV margins in the x?,y?,and z?directions were expanded by 5.56, 8.57, and 7.02 mm, respectively, in the PF group, and by 5.62, 9.27, and 7.23 mm,respectively,in the VB group. The proportion of patients with 3D displacement vectors larger than 5 mm was 40% in the PF group and 45% in the VB group.Conclusions For patients undergoing radiotherapy for lung cancer,personalized polyurethane foam with wing boards can,to a certain extent,reduce the setup error in the superior-inferior direction and PTV margin expansion.[Key words] Lung neoplasms/radiotherapy; Polyurethane foam; Vacuum bag; Setup errors;Margin

Final report of a prospective randomized study on thoracic radiotherapy target volumes for limited-stage small cell lung cancer / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective In view of the controversy over radiotherapy target volume for patients with limited-stage small cell lung cancer ( SCLC), a prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted to compare the impact of different radiotherapy target volumes on prognosis. Methods After 2 cycles of EP chemotherapy,patients without progressive disease were randomly assigned to receive thoracic radiotherapy (TRT) to either the post-or pre-chemotherapy primary tumour extent as study arm or control. Involved field radiotherapy (IFRT) to the entire metastatic lymph node regions was applied for both arms. TRT consisted of 45 Gy/30Fx/19 d administered concurrently with cycle 3 chemotherapy. Prophylactic cranial irradiation was administered to patients achieved complete or partial remission. Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis. Results Between June 2002 and December 2017,159 and 150 patients were randomly assigned to study arm and control respectively. The 1-,2-,and 5-year local/regional control rates were 79. 4%,61. 5% and 60. 1% respectively in the study arm versus 79. 8%,66. 5%,and 57. 3% in the control arm (P=0. 73). The median OS time was 22. 1 months in the study arm (95%CI,18. 2-26. 0 months) and 26. 9 months (95%CI,23. 5-30. 3 months) in the control arm,the 1-,3-,5-,and 7-year OS rates were 81. 1%,31. 6%, 23. 9% and 22. 2% respectively in the study arm versus 85. 3%,36. 6%,26. 1% and 20. 0% in the control arm (P=0. 51).Grade 2-3 acute esophagitis was developed in 32. 9% and 43. 2% of patients respectively in study arm and control arm (P=0. 01),while grade 2-3 pulmonary fibrosis was observed in 2. 0% and 10. 9% of patients ( P= 0. 01 ) respectively. Conclusions For patients with limited-stage SCLC who received induction chemotherapy,thoracic radiotherapy can be limited to post-chemotherapy tumour extent and IFRT can be routinely applied.

Timing of radiotherapy for limited-stage small cell lung cancer in the elderly / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of the timing of radiotherapy on the prognosis of limited-stage small cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC) in the elderly. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 80 elderly patients with LS-SCLC who were treated with radical sequential thoracic chemoradiotherapy from 2008 to 2014.The correlations of SER(time from the start of any treatment to the end of radiotherapy) and the number of induction chemotherapy cycles with overall survival(OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) rates was analyzed. The treatment outcomes were compared between early radiotherapy group (no later than 3 cycles of induction chemotherapy,n=37) and late radiotherapy group (after 3 cycles of induction chemotherapy,n=43).The Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis. Results In all patients,the median OS and PFS were 23.5 and 13.3 months respectively. SER was significantly correlated with OS and PFS (P=0.001;P=0.001).The median OS in patients undergoing radiotherapy after 2,3,4,5,and 6 cycles of induction chemotherapy was 33.2,26.7,20.6,16.9,and 17.9 months (P=0.000),respectively. The median OS time and 1-,2-,and 5-year OS rates were 27.8 months, 87%,62%,and 34%,respectively,in the early radiotherapy group,and 17.9 months,74%,37%,and 15%, respectively,in the late radiotherapy group (P=0.017).The median PFS time and 1-,2-,and 5-year PFS rates were 17.1 months,65%,43%,and 28%,respectively,in the early radiotherapy group,and 11.9 months,49%,21%,and 14%,respectively,in the late radiotherapy group( P= 0.022). Conclusions Shorter SER achieves better treatment outcomes in elderly patients with LS-SCLC undergoing sequential chemoradiotherapy. Early radiotherapy provides a survival benefit for patients.

Effects of hyperfractionated radiotherapy versus hypofractionated radiotherapy combined with concurrent chemotherapy on prognosis of limited-stage small-cell lung cancer / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of hyperfractionated radiotherapy versus hypofractionated radiotherapy combined with concurrent chemotherapy on the prognosis of limited-stage small-cell lung cancer (SCLC).Methods A total of 188 patients with limited-stage SCLC were enrolled in this study and divided into hyperfractionated group (n=92) and hypofractionated group (n=96).The hyperfractionated group received thoracic radiotherapy at 45 Gy in 30 fractions twice a day, while the hypofractionated group received 55 Gy in 22 fractions once a day.The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate survival rates, and the Cox model was used for multivariate prognostic analysis.Results There were not significant differences in 1-, 2-, and 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) rates and 1-, 2-, and 5-year overall survival (OS) rates between the hyperfractionated group and the hypofractionated group (82% vs.85%, 61% vs.69%, 59% vs.69%, P=0.27;85% vs.77%, 41% vs.34%, 27% vs.27%, P=0.37).The multivariate analysis showed that the time from the initiation of chemotherapy to the initiation of thoracic radiotherapy ≤43 days was favorable prognostic factor for PFS (P=0.005).The time from the initiation of chemotherapy to the end of thoracic radiotherapy ≤63 days and prophylactic cranial irradiation were favorable prognostic factors for OS (P=0.044;P=0.000).There were significant differences in incidence rates of grade 2 and 3 acute radiation esophagitis between the two groups (28% vs.16%, 9% vs.2%, P=0.009).Conclusions Both hyperfractionated radiotherapy and hypofractionated radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy can improve the PFS and OS of patients with limited-stage SCLC.The time from the initiation of chemotherapy to the initiation of thoracic radiotherapy ≤43 days and the time from the initiation of chemotherapy to the end of thoracic radiotherapy ≤63 days are favorable prognostic factors for PFS and OS, respectively.However, the hyperfractionated group has significantly higher incidence rates of grade 2 and 3 acute radiation esophagitis than the hypofractionated group.

A study of CT perfusion imaging before and after radiotherapy for solid lung cancer / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective To analyze the perfusion status of lung cancer before radiotherapy and the relationship between changes in CT perfusion parameters after radiotherapy and the efficacy of radiotherapy.Methods Twenty-eight patients clinically and pathologically diagnosed with lung cancer were enrolled as subjects.Those patients received CT perfusion imaging scan and perfusion parameters including blood flow (BF),blood volume (BV),mean transit time (MTT),and permeability surface (PS) were calculated.We use linear correlation analysis for relation between value of CT perfusion imaging and the target volume of lung cancer before radiotherapy,t-test for difference between the remission groups and non-remission groups,compared paired sample t-test for value of CT perfusion imaging before and after radiotherapy.Results According to the efficacy of radiotherapy,28 patients with lung cancer were divided into response group (n=16) and non-response group (n=12).The response group had significantly smaller tumor sizes before and after radiotherapy than the non-response group (58.72±22.95 cm3 vs.24.53±13.79 cm3,P=0.000).However,there was no significant correlation of target volume before radiotherapy with any perfusion parameter (P=0.628).The response group had significantly larger BF and BV than the non-response group before radiotherapy (1.23±1.36 vs.6.42±2.57,P=0.024 and 1.23±0.31 vs.0.59±0.18,=0.041),suggesting a low perfusion state of tumor tissue in the non-response group.However,there were no significant differences in MTT and PS between the two groups (0.93±0.58 vs.0.93±0.66,P=0.851 and 1.46±0.83 vs.1.17±0.56,P=0.141).All the 28 patients had significantly smaller BF,BV,MTT,and PS after radiotherapy (9.81±3.56 vs.7.48±3.31,P=0.006;0.96±0.41 vs.0.64±0.38,P=0.003;0.93±0.60 vs.0.53±0.30,P=0.007;1.34±0.73 vs.0.74±0.44,P=0.001).Conclusions CT perfusion imaging can predict the efficacy of radiotherapy for lung cancer,which may guide the planning and implementation of precise radiotherapy for lung cancer.

Prognosis and it related factors in patients of stage Ⅲ non-smallcell lung cancer after three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) and prognostic factors for stage Ⅲ non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Methods From 2000 to 2010,474 patients with stage Ⅲ NSCLC undergoing 3DCRT were enrolled as subjects.Those patients,consisting of 382 males and 92 females,had a median age of 63 years.In those patients,211 had stage ⅢA NSCLC and 263 had stage ⅢB NSCLC;165 were treated with radiotherapy alone and 309 with chemoradiotherapy;55 were treated with conventional radiotherapy plus 3DCRT,340 with 3DCRT,and 79 with intensity-modulated radiotherapy;the median equivalent dose was 60 Gy (44-77 Gy).The Kaplan-Meier method,log-rank test,and Cox model were used for survival rate calculation,univariate analysis,and multivariate analysis,respectively.Results The follow-up rate was 96.6％.In all patients,the 1-,3-,and 5-year overall survival rates were 63.0％,24.9％,and 17.8％,respectively;the median survival time was 18 months.The univariate analysis showed that sex,age,immediate response,radiotherapy method,fractionation scheme,chemotherapy,and radiation pneumonitis (RP) were prognostic factors (P=0.004,0.001,0.000,0.007,0.004,0.009,0.049).The multivariate analysis showed that sex,age,immediate response,radiotherapy method,and RP were independent prognostic factors (P=0.006,0.000,0.000,0.003,0.048).Patients with radiation doses of 60-66 Gy had the best prognosis of all.Conclusions In patients with stage Ⅲ NSCLC undergoing 3DCRT,female patients,patients at a young age,patients with satisfactory immediate response,patients treated with full-course 3DCRT,and patients with grade 0-1 RP have better prognosis than others.3DCRT combined with chemotherapy improves survival in patients.A radiation dose of 60-66 Gy is recommended.

A clinical study of interstitial lung disease induced by TKI concurrent radiotherapy / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective To investigate the influence of radiotherapy with concurrent oral epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR) and tyrosine kinase inhibitor ( TKI) for advanced non-small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC) on the incidence of interstitial lung disease ( ILD ) , and to analyze the risk factors for the pathogenesis of ILD. Methods The incidence of ILD in 72 patients with NSCLC who were admitted to Department of Radiotherapy Oncology of Lu′an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine and treated with radiotherapy with concurrent oral EGFR-TKI from January 2010 to January 2014 was analyzed retrospectively,and some patients were selected as controls to compare the difference in the incidence of ILD between the TKI concurrent radiotherapy group and the other groups. The univariate analysis using chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis were applied to analyze the risk factors for the incidence of ILD in the patients receiving TKI concurrent radiotherapy. Results The TKI concurrent radiotherapy group had a significantly higher incidence rate of ILD than the palliative chemotherapy group,single TKI group,and concurrent chemoradiotherapy group ( 19. 4% vs. 2. 5%, 12%, and 7. 5%, P= 0. 045 ) . The multivariate regression analysis showed that male sex,long-term smoking,underlying lung disease,tumor volume>5 cm, and application of conventional radiotherapy were the risk factors for the pathogenesis of ILD in the TKI concurrent radiotherapy group. Conclusions Radiotherapy with concurrent TKI for advanced NSCLC may increase the incidence of ILD.

Research status of postoperative radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

A considerable proportion of patients with non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) require postoperative adjuvant therapy,postoperative radiotherapy is an important part of the treatment,this article review the role and value of postoperative radiotherapy for NSCLC patients in recent years.

Stereotactic body radiotherapy in lung cancer: an update / Radioterapia estereotáxica extracraniana em câncer de pulmão: atualização

AbstractFor early-stage lung cancer, the treatment of choice is surgery. In patients who are not surgical candidates or are unwilling to undergo surgery, radiotherapy is the principal treatment option. Here, we review stereotactic body radiotherapy, a technique that has produced quite promising results in such patients and should be the treatment of choice, if available. We also present the major indications, technical aspects, results, and special situations related to the technique.

ResumoO tratamento de escolha para o câncer de pulmão em estádio inicial é a cirurgia. Para os pacientes sem condições clínicas ou que recusam a cirurgia, a radioterapia é a principal opção terapêutica. Apresentamos uma revisão sobre radioterapia estereotáxica extracraniana, uma técnica que vem apresentando resultados bastante promissores nesse grupo de pacientes e que, se disponível, deve ser o tratamento de escolha. Também são apresentados as principais indicações, os aspectos técnicos, resultados e situações especiais relacionados à técnica.

A dosimetric study of hippocampal-avoidance prophylactic cranial irradiation in intensity-modulated radiotherapy and volumetric modulated arc therapy for patients with localized small cell lung cancer achieving complete response after chemoradiotherapy / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective To investigate the dosimetric characteristics of hippocampal?avoidance prophylactic cranial irradiation ( HA?PCI ) in fixed?field intensity?modulated radiotherapy ( IMRT ) and volumetric modulated arc therapy ( VMAT) and the feasibility and risks of hippocampal avoidance. Methods Prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) was performed for 16 patients with localized small cell lung cancer ( SCLC) who were treated in our hospital from January to August, 2014, and achieved complete response ( CR) after chemoradiotherapy, with a prescribed dose of 25 Gy in 10 fractions. CT localization image was fused with brain MRI image to contour the hippocampus on the fused image, and the boundary of the hippocampus was extended 5 mm outward to form the area for reduced dose. IMRT and VMAT plans with hippocampal avoidance were developed separately, and the dose distribution in the whole brain, the hippocampus, and the 5?mm area outside the hippocampus was evaluated for these two plans. Independent?samples t test was applied to evaluate the difference between the two groups. Results The mean hippocampal volume in the 16 patients was 2. 76 cm3 ( range 2. 56 ?3. 01 cm3 ) . The mean radiation dose ( Dmean ) in the hippocampus during IMRT and VMAT was 9. 04± 0. 20 Gy and 10. 32± 0. 28 Gy, respectively, reduced by 66. 0% and 61. 2%, respectively, compared with the prescribed dose ( P=0. 55);Dmean in the area for reduced dose during IMRT and VMAT was 13. 57± 0. 90 Gy and 14. 86± 0. 60 Gy, respectively, reduced by 49. 0% and 44. 1%, respectively, compared with the prescribed dose (P=0. 88). Conclusions HA?PCI in IMRT and VMAT meets the clinical requirements, and can reduce the dose in the hippocampus while ensuring the whole?brain radiation dose, and therefore can be applied in PCI and provide a technical support to protect the patient’ s neurocognitive function.

Comparison of internal tumor volume based on different reconstruction modes of 4DCT for solitary pulmonary lesion / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective To explore the influence of different reconstruction modes with time?weighted respiratory phases on the internal tumor volume ( ITV) of solitary pulmonary lesion ( SPL) , and to evaluate the feasibilities of 8 and 4 equal time?weighted respiratory phases in 4DCT simulation. Methods 24 patients with SPL underwent 4D scanning. Images were reconstructed with 10, 8 and 4 equal time?weighted phases of the respiratory cycles, respectively. Gross tumor volumes ( GTVs ) were delineated on the three sets of reconstructed images and fused into ITVs, which were ITV10 , ITV8 and ITV4 respectively. The differences of volumes, centroid of the ITVs and motions of GTV centroids in three?dimensional directions were compared. Statistical analysis was performed using the Friedman M test. Results The volumes of ITV10 , ITV8 and ITV4 were (9.09±12?29) cm3,(9.10±12?47) cm3 and (8.98±12?61) cm3(P=0?001), respectively. There were no differences between the volumes of ITV10 and ITV8 after the Bonferroni correction ( P=0?721) , while the opposite between those of ITV10 and ITV4 ( P=0?002 ) . The differences of centroid positions of ITV10, ITV8 and ITV4 in x?, y?and z?axes were all less than 1 mm ((12.22±7?71),(12.23± 7?71),(12.22±7?71),Px =0?668);(43.30±29?38),(43.30±29?40),(43.31±29?39),Py =0?643;(5.66±3?67),(5.66±3?67),(5.66±3?67),Pz=0?878), similar to the motions of GTV centroids in three reconstructed modes ((0.69±0?56),(0.69±0?68),(0.79±0?51) mm,Px=0?356;(3.13±3?78),(3.13± 4?05),(3.19±4?06) mm,Py =0?978;(1.18±1?31),(1.03±1?32),(1.16±1?34) mm,Pz=0?302). Conclusions There were no differences in volumes, centroid positions and motions between ITV10 and ITV8 . The quantity of reconstruction images and GTV delineations according to 8 time?weighted phases were both less than conventional 10 phases. 8 time?weighted respiratory phases mode was feasible in 4DCT simulation for SPL.

Clinical efficacy of radical intensity-modulated radiotherapy combined with reduction in dose of prophylactic irradiation in treatment of stage Ⅲ small cell lung cancer / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy and toxicities of radical intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) combined with reduction in dose of prophylactic irradiation in the treatment of stage Ⅲ small cell lung cancer (SCLC).Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 40 patients with stage Ⅲ SCLC who were admitted from January 2010 to August 2012.The prescribed dose was 60 Gy in 30 fractions to the primary gross tumor volume and was 54 Gy in 30 fractions to the planning target volume.All patients received induction chemotherapy,31 patients received adjuvant chemotherapy,and 22 patients received concurrent chemoradiotherapy;the platinum-based chemotherapy combined with etoposide or teniposide was adopted.Prophylactic cranial irradiation (25 Gy in 10 fractions) was administered to 17 patients.The short-term tumor response was evaluated by RECIST 1.0,and radiation-related toxicities were assessed by CTCAE 4.0.Overall survival (OS),local recurrence-free survival (LRFS),and progression-free survival (PFS) were calculated by Kaplan-Meier method.Results The short-term tumor response rate was 98％.The follow-up rate was 100％.Twenty-two patients were followed up for at least 2 years.The 1-and 2-year OS rates were 84％ and 48％,respectively; the LRFS rates were 89％ and 85％,respectively; the PFS rates were 61％ and 41％,respectively.Grade 0-1 radiation-related pneumonia was observed in 65％(26/40) of all patients,grade 2 in 25％ (10/40),grade 3 in 5％ (2/40),and grade 5 in 5％ (2/40).Grade 0-1 radiation-related esophagitis was observed in 53％ (21/40) of all patients,grade 2 in 43％ (17/40),and grade 3 in 5 ％ (2/40).Conclusions Preliminary results from this study suggested that IMRT combined with reduction in dose of prophylactic irradiation is safe and effective in patients with stage Ⅲ SCLC and is worth further evaluation in a large,prospective,randomized study.

Clinical efficacy of daily online image-guided stereotactic body radiation therapy for lung cancer / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective To analyze the clinical efficacy of daily online cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)-guided stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for primary and metastatic lung cancer and its related factors.Methods From May 2009 to May 2013,36 patients with lung cancer were treated with SBRT,including 24 patients with primary lung cancer and 12 patients with metastatic lung cancer.The biologically effective dose at 10 Gy was ≥ 100 Gy in 85.7％ of 42 lesions.Before each delivery,CBCT was acquired,and online automatic or manual registration was performed to make the tumors on CBCT within the planning target volume/primary gross tumor volume;the setup threshold was not set,and the couch was moved for correction.Results The 1-,2-,and 3-year sample sizes were 36,29,and 26,respectively.The 1-,2-,and 3-year local control (LC) rates were 96％,89％,and 72％,respectively.The 1-,2-,and 3-year cancer-specific survival (CCS) rates were 82％,74％,and 64％,respectively.The 1-,2-,and 3-year overall survival (OS) rates were 78％,64％,and 53％,respectively.Univariate analysis found no factors associated with LC.Multivariate analysis revealed no factors associated with OS.Both univariate and multivariate analyses showed that only tumor location (central type or peripheral type) was associated with CCS;the mean values (95％ confidence intervals) of CCS in patients with central-type and peripheral-type lesions were 21.4 months (13.2-29.6 months) and 42.3 months (35.7-49.0months),respectively (P=0.024).Conclusions Daily online image-guided SBRT for primary or metastatic lung cancer can lead to a satisfactory LC.

Role of thoracic conformal radiotherapy in patients with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective To evaluate the role of thoracic three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) in patients with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC).Methods A total of 171 patients with ES-SCLC admitted from 2004 to 2009 were included in the study.Eighty-six patients received thoracic 3DCRT and systemic chemotherapy (CT),while 85 patients received systemic CT alone.3DCRT was delivered at 1.5 Gy/fraction twice daily or 2.0 Gy/fraction once daily,with a total dose ranging from 40 to 62 Gy.The CT regimen consisted of carboplatin/cisplatin and etoposide.The survival time and survival rate were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method,and the log-rank test was used for univariate prognostic analysis;the Cox model was used for multivariate prognostic analysis.Results The follow-up rate was 100％.The median overall survival (OS) time and the 2-and 5-year OS rates were 15 months,31.5％,and 2.4％,respectively,for all patients;they were 18 months,35.3％,and 2.4％,respectively,for the CT/3DCRT group,versus 12 months,14.5％,and 2.4％ for the CT group (P =0.023).The median progression-free survival (PFS) time and the 1-and 2-year PFS rates were 8 months,27.5％,and 2.4％,respectively,for all patients;they were 9 months,35.4％,and 6.0％,respectively,for the CT/3DCRT group,versus 6 months,20.5％,and 6.0％ for the CT group (P =0.004).In the CT/3DCRT group,the 22 patients who received 45 Gy at 1.5 Gy/fraction twice daily had a median PFS time of 11 months,versus 9 months for the 26 patients who received 60 Gy at 2.0 Gy/fraction once daily (P =0.037).Multivariate analysis revealed that receiving ≥ 4 cycles of CT (P =0.001) and 3DCRT (P =0.008) were favorable prognostic factors for OS.Conclusions Thoracic 3DCRT can improve the OS and PFS in patients with EDSCLC,and it has good efficacy when delivered with a total dose of 45 Gy at 1.5 Gy/fraction twice daily.Thoracic 3DCRT and receiving ≥4 cycles of CT are independent favorable prognostic factors for OS.

Value of local progression-free survival for evaluating local outcome of peripheral lung cancer treated by cyberknife / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective To investigate the value of local progression-free survival (LPFS) for evaluating the local long-term outcome of peripheral lung cancer treated by cyberknife.Methods Retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical records of 81 cyberknife-treated lung cancer patients (90 foci),including 43 primary lung cancer patients (43 foci) and 38 metastatic lung cancer patients (47 foci).Of all the patients,58(63 foci) were treated at a dose of 60 Gy/3 fractions (20 Gy/fraction),and 23 (27 foci) at a dose of 54 Gy/3 fractions (18 Gy/fraction).The short-term treatment outcome and LPFS were used as the indices for observation;a logistic regression was used for analyzing the predictive value of LPFS for local long-term treatment outcome.Results After the evaluation of short-term treatment outcome,63％ of all the foci needed further evaluation.As the follow-up lasted,the number of foci which needed further evaluation decreased,most rapidly during 0.5-2 years after treatment.Re-evaluation results had predictive value for the treatment outcome in the subsequent follow-up,but the predictive value declined as the follow-up lasted.Conclusions LPFS is a recommendable index for evaluating the local outcome of primary or metastatic lung cancer treated by cyberknife,and it also has predicative value for local long-term treatment outcome.

Severe acute radiation pneumonitis after concurrent chemoradiotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

ObjectiveThe study is to investigate the predictive values of dosimetric parameters and patient related factors in severe acute radiation pneumonitis (SARP) after concurrent chemoradiotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Methods In all,147 NSCLC patients treated with concurrent chemotherapy and 3DCRT between 2006 and 2010 was collected.Independent sample t test was used to compare parameter values between patients with SARP and those without SARP.Logistic regression was used to identify significant determined factor.Predictive value of each parameter was tested by ROC analysis.Pearson correlation was used to analyze correlations between parameters.Represent factors were identified by factor analysis.ResultsThe incidence of SARP was 9.5％ ( 14/147 ).The means lung dose (MLD),V20,V30,V40,and V50 ( x2 =4.87 -6.84,P =0.009 -0.025,respectively ) were determining factors for SARP.Our datasets shows that for SARP ＜5％,MLD,V20,V30,V40 and V50 should be ≤16.77 Gy,V20≤34.15％,.V30 ≤23.62％,.V40 ≤ 18.57％,V50 ≤ 13.02％.ROC analysis show that areas under MLD,V20,V30,V40 and V50 curves was corresponding to 0.678,0.661,0.667,0.677,and 0.651,respectively.In addition,the sensitivity and specificity of each parameter at cutoff values are:78.0％ and 48.1％ for MLD;42.9％ and 82.0％ for V2o ;78.6％ and 52.9％ for V30 ;71.4％ and 61.7％ for V40,and 57.1％ and 67.7％ for V50.Factor analysis suggest that we can choose 1 or 2 parameters from MLD,V20,or V30,and another from V40 or V50 for predicting.The incidence of SARP was greater in patients with tumorsin right lower lung than other locations ( 22.2％ vs 6.7％,x2 =6.19,P =0.0 2 3 ).Conclusions The MLD,V20,V30,V40 and V50 are determining factors for SARP.As predictive value of each parameter alone is relatively week,using two or more parameters to predict SARP is recommended.