Association between Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 1 Polymorphism and Cardiovascular Disease in Korean Adults

OBJECTIVE: The mGluR1 (metabotropic glutamate receptor 1) gene, a G protein–coupled receptor, is known to mediate perceptions of umami tastes. Genetic variation in taste receptors may influence dietary intake, and in turn have an impact on nutritional status and risk of chronic disease. We investigated the association of mGluR1 rs2814863 polymorphism with lipid profiles and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, together with their modulation by macronutrient intake in Korean adults. METHODS: The subjects consisted of 8,380 Koreans aged 40-69 years participating in the Anseong and Ansan Cohort Study, which was a part of the Korean Genome Epidemiology Study (KoGES). Data was collected using self-administered questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, and blood chemical analysis. RESULTS: Carriers of C allele at mGluR1 rs2814863 was associated with decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and increased triglyceride as compared to carriers of TT. Also, carriers of the C allele showed higher fat intake and lower carbohydrate intake than those with carriers of TT. After adjustment for multiple testing using false-discovery rate method, the significant difference of HDL-C, triglyceride, dietary fat, and carbohydrate across genotypes disappeared. Gene-diet interaction effects between rs2814863 and macronutrients intake were not significantly associated with HDL-C and triglyceride levels. However, carriers of C allele demonstrated significantly higher odds of CVD {odds ratio=1.13, 95% CI=1.02-1.25} compared with carriers of TT. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support significant associations between the mGluR1 rs2814863 genotype and CVD-related variables in Korean adults. However, these associations are not modified by macronutrient intake.

Densidade energética da dieta e ingestão energética total segundo consumo de adoçantes e/ou alimentos processados com adoçantes / Dietary energy density and total energy intake according to the consumption of sweeteners and/or processed foods with sweeteners

Introdução. O consumo de açúcares aumentou consideravelmente nas últimas décadas, bem como a incidência e a prevalência da obesidade, gerando a elaboração de recomendações para moderá-lo. Os açúcares contribuem para a palatabilidade dos alimentos, podendo também aumentar sua densidade energética (DE), outro fator de risco para obesidade. Uma alternativa seria a substituição por adoçantes não calóricos, que também aumentam a palatabilidade dos alimentos, porém são isentos calorias. No entanto, ainda não existe consenso a respeito das implicações desta substituição principalmente na redução da ingestão energética e do peso corporal. Objetivo. Identificar a DE da dieta, a ingestão energética total e de macronutrientes, segundo consumo de adoçantes e/ou alimentos processados com adoçantes por adultos e idosos. Métodos. Estudo transversal, no qual foram coletados dados de sexo; idade; peso e estatura, para cálculo do IMC; consumo de adoçantes, por questionário adaptado e pelo recordatório de 24 horas, foram calculadas as médias de DE, de ingestão energética total e de macronutrientes. Para verificar associação entre variáveis independentes (idade, sexo, IMC, uso de adoçantes não calóricos) com a dependente "classificação da DE foi realizada regressão logística, considerando dietas com alta DE aquelas com 1,5 Kcal/g ou mais. Para comparação das médias de ingestão energética e de macronutrientes, entre usuários de adoçantes e não usuários, foi utilizado o Teste t de Student (p 0,05) pelo Stata 10.0. Resultados. Participaram do estudo 168 indivíduos, com idade média de 54,8 anos (DP = 14,9 anos), sendo 84,5 por cento do sexo feminino, 67,9 por cento com sobrepeso ou obesidade e 44,1 por cento usuários de adoçantes. A média da DE das dietas de usuários de adoçantes foi 1,15 Kcal/g (IC 95 por cento [1,11; 1,19]), e de não usuários 1,28 Kcal/g (IC 95 por cento [1,23; 1,33])...

The consumption of sugar has increased considerably in recent decades, as well as the incidence and prevalence of obesity, leading the development of recommendations to moderate this consumption. Sugars contribute to the palatability of food, but may also increase their energy density (ED), which is an important obesitys risk factor. An alternative would be replacing sugar by non-caloric sweeteners, which increase the palatability of foods, but with free calories. However, the implications of this substitution in reducing energy intake and body weight are controversial. Objective. Identify the ED of diets, the total energy intake and macronutrient consumption according to the consumption of sweeteners and/or processed foods with sweeteners by adults and elderly. Methods. A cross sectional study, that collected data on gender, age, weight and height, to calculate BMI, consumption of non-caloric sweeteners, by questionnaire and with data from 24-hour recall, were calculated the average of ED, total energy intake and total macronutrient intake. Logistic regression was performed to assess the association between independent variables (age, gender, BMI, use of non-caloric sweeteners) and the dependent classification of ED, considering diets with high ED those with 1.5 kcal/g or more. To compare the means of total energy intake and total macronutrient intake, among noncaloric sweeteners users and nonusers, was used the Students t test (p 0.05) by Stata 10.0. Results. Were collected data form 168 individuals, with an average age of 54.8 years (SD = 14.9 years), 84.5 per cent female, 67.9 per cent overweight or obese and 44.1 per cent users of sweeteners. The mean of ED diets of non-caloric sweeteners users was 1.15 kcal/g (CI 95 per cent [1.11; 1.19]), and 1.28 Kcal/g (CI 95 per cent [1.23; 1.33]) for non-users. For logistic regression the continuous variables, BMI and age, were categorized, but the former did not remained in the final model...

Total Energy Intake May Be More Associated with Glycemic Control Compared to Each Proportion of Macronutrients in the Korean Diabetic Population

BACKGROUND: Major macronutrients for energy intake vary among countries and cultures. Carbohydrates, including rice, are the major component of daily energy intake in Korea. The aim of this study was to examine the association of daily energy intake or each proportion of macronutrients, especially carbohydrates, with glycemic control in diabetic Koreans. METHODS: A total of 334 individuals with diabetes (175 men, age 57.4+/-0.8 years; 159 women, age 60.9+/-0.9 years) who participated in the 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were examined. Glycemic control was categorized based on concentration of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c; HbA1c or =8.1%). Dietary intake was assessed by using a 24-recall item questionnaire. RESULTS: High total energy intake was associated with poor glycemic control (HbA1c or =8.1%, 2,144+/-73 kcal; P value for trend=0.002). Each proportion of protein, fat, or carbohydrate was not associated with glycemic control. Even after adjusting for several parameters, the association of daily energy intake with glycemic control still persisted. CONCLUSION: Total energy intake may be more closely related to glycemic control than each proportionof macronutrients in Korean diabetics.

Association of Daily Sleep Duration with Obesity, Macronutrient Intake, and Physical Activity / 대한지역사회영양학회지

There are a few studies that reported the association of sleep duration with calorie intake and energy expenditure. Using cross-sectional data from a population-based prospective study, we evaluated the association of sleep duration with indicators of obesity including body mass index and waist circumference, calorie intake and its proportion of macronutrients, and physical activity. The study subjects were 4,226 male and female adults, who were aged 40 to 69 years and were free of diagnosed cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia at baseline. Robust regression analysis was used to analyze associations. The study found that sleep duration is inversely associated with waist circumference, calorie intake, and percent of calories from fat intake and is positively associated with percent of calories from carbohydrate intake and physical activity. The inverse association between sleep duration and waist circumference was stronger among men than among women. The inverse association between sleep duration and calorie intake was stronger among women than among men and such association was also stronger among obese persons than those with a normal body mass index. The positive association between sleep duration and physical activity was strongly demonstrated regardless of sex or obesity. Physical activity is positively associated with sleep duration independent of potential confounding factors including age, sex, income, occupation, marital status, education, smoking status, waist circumference, calorie and macronutrient intake, and alcohol intake.

Energy and Macronutrient Intakes during Menstrual Cycle in Young Women / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to examine changes in energy and macronutrient intakes during the premenstrual(days -10-1) and postmenstrual(days 5-14) phases. Thirty-two college female students recorded their food consumption and dietary patterns over 5 weeks from September 8 to October 12, 1997. Mean daily energy and macronutrient intakes and the percentage of energy intake from protein and carbohydrate were relatively consstant over the two menstrual cycle phases, but the energy intake from fat increased 1%(P<0.05)during the postmenstrual phase. Two different dietary patterns were identified by the shifts in energy intake between postmenstrual and premenstrual phases. Seventy five percent of subjects revealed a consistent pattern with the results of previous studies investigating food intake over the menstrual cycle, in which the premenstrual phase is associated with an increment in energy, carbohydrate, and protein intake. Incontrast, energy, protein, and fat intakes increased during the postmenstrual phase in 25% of the subjects. We conclude that cyclical fluctuations in energy and macronutrient intakes occur in both postmenstrual and premenstrual dietary pattern groups across the two menstrual phased with the opposite directions.