Prevalencia del segundo conducto en dientes anteroinferiores usando Tomografía Computadorizada Cone Beam / Second root canal prevalence in lower anterior teeth using Cone Beam Computed Tomography

Introducción: Es un error común pensar que los dientes anteroinferiores, por lo general, tienen un solo conducto radicular con una sola raíz. Sin embargo, un estudio realizado por Vertucci et. al., (1974), mostraron una alta prevalencia (13%) de dos conductos radiculares en los dientes anteroinferiores, lo que estimuló más investigaciones. Objetivo: El propósito de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia del segundo conducto radicular en los dientes anteroinferiores en una población nicaragüense, estos fueron detectados por medio de tomografía computadorizada (Cone Beam). Materiales y Métodos: En el estudio se analizaron 293 piezas dentales, de canino a canino de la arcada inferior. Para realizar el análisis se utilizó el software libre Radiant DICOM Viewer 2021.2.2, se realizaron cortes sagitales, axiales y coronales para ver la prevalencia del segundo conducto radicular. Resultados: De las 293 piezas dentarias analizadas se encontró que 259 presentaban un solo conducto que correspondía al 88.4% y 34 dientes presentaban dos conductos que correspondían al 11.6%. De acuerdo con el análisis tomográfico, se encontró que en los cortes axiales y sagitales fue donde se observó la presencia del segundo conducto. Con respecto a la presencia del segundo conducto de acuerdo al tercio del canal radicular se identificó que la mayoría se presentó en el tercio medio (52.94%), seguido por coronal (29.41%) y por último el tercio apical (17.65%). De acuerdo con la clasificación de Vertucci se encontró que se presenta un mayor porcentaje del tipo I con 88.40%, seguido por el tipo III con 4.44%, después el tipo V con 3.41%, y el tipo II con 2.39%. El de menor porcentaje fue el tipo VI con 1.37%, mientras que, en las piezas analizadas, no se encontraron los tipos IV, VII y VIII. Conclusión: Basados en los resultados obtenidos en este estudio, la prevalencia de un segundo conducto en dientes anteroinferiores fue de 11.6%.

Title The prevalence of a second root canal in mandibular anterior teeth using Cone Beam Computed Tomography. Abstract Introduction: It is a common misconception that the mandibular anterior teeth usually have a single root canal with a single root. However, a study by Vertucci et. al., (1974), showed a high prevalence (13%) of two root canals in the lower anterior teeth, which stimulated further investigations. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of the second root canal in the mandibular anterior teeth in a Nicaraguan population, these were detected by means of computed tomography (Cone Beam). Materials and methods: In the study, 293 teeth were analyzed, from canine to canine of the mandibular teeth. To perform the analysis, the free software Radiant DICOM Viewer 2021.2.2 was used, sagittal, axial and coronal views were made to see the prevalence of the second root canal. Results: Of the 293 teeth analyzed, it was found that 259 had a single root canal corresponding to 88.4%, and 34 teeth had two root canals corresponding to 11.6%. According to the tomographic analysis, it was found that the presence of the second root canal was observed only in the axial and sagittal views. Regarding the presence of the second canal according to the third of the root canal, it was identified that the majority presented in the middle third (52.94%), followed by coronal (29.41%) and finally the apical third (17.65%). According to the Vertucci classification, it was found that there is a higher percentage of type I with 88.40%, followed by type III with 4.44%, then type V with 3.41%, and type II with 2.39%. The one with the lowest percentage was type VI with 1.37%, while in the pieces analyzed, types IV, VII and VIII were not found. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained in this study, the prevalence of a second root canal in lower anterior teeth was 11.6%.

Multi?Disciplinary Orthodontic Camouflage Treatment of a Severe Skeletal Class III Malocclusion with 1 Year Follow-Up – A Case Report

Rationale: Orthodontic camouflage serves its purpose in treating mild to moderate skeletal dysplasia and in conditions where the patient is reluctant to opt for orthognathic surgery or when it is contraindicated. Patient Concerns: A 22?year?old male was concerned about his irregular teeth. Diagnosis: Angle’s dentoalveolar class III malocclusion on class III skeletal on an average mandibular plane angle with anterior crossbite, deep bite, crowding in maxillary and mandibular anteriors, proclined maxillary anteriors and retroclined mandibular anteriors with reverse overjet and congenitally missing 12, 22, palatally impacted 13 and retained deciduous 63 and palatally placed 23. Treatment: Orthodontic camouflage with a multi?disciplinary approach. Outcome: Optimal functional and dentofacial aesthetics were achieved by 22 months. Take?Away Lesson: The limitations of camouflage must be kept in mind and explained to the patient. The biomechanics need to be customized and integrating different specialties helps maximize the treatment benefits.

Separation of aligning and leveling stages to control mandibular incisor inclination: A randomized clinical trial

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine whether separating the alignment and leveling phases can reduce proclination of the mandibular incisors. Methods: Eligibility criteria included Class I subjects with an irregularity index of 3-5 mm, 3-4 mm curve-of-Spee (COS), and non-extraction treatment. Thirty adults were randomly allocated into two groups: (1) Control group was leveled and aligned simultaneously with flat archwires progressively to 0.016x0.022-in stainless-steel; (2) Experimental group was aligned first with 0.014-in-superelastic NiTi with mild accentuated COS, then leveled using 0.016x0.022-in beta-titanium accentuated COS archwires and gradually reduced the curve until flat. Mandibular incisor position and inclination were evaluated by cephalometric analysis. COS and irregularity index were evaluated in study models. Assessment was conducted twice after 0.016-in NiTi and after 0.016x0.022-in stainless-steel archwire placements. Dental changes from cephalograms and models were compared within group using paired t-test and between groups using independent t-test. Results: Control group: Round-wire-phase, mandibular incisors tipped labially (4.38° and 1 mm) with intrusion (-1.13 mm); Rectangular-wire-phase, mandibular incisors further intruded and proclined (-0.63 mm and 1.38°). Experimental group: During aligning with round accentuated COS archwires, mandibular incisors tipped very slightly labially (0.75° and 0.50 mm) with no significant intrusion; during leveling with rectangular archwires, incisors majorly intruded (1.75 mm) with slight proclination (1.81°). The experimental group had significant less incisor proclination (control: 5.76°, experimental: 2.56°) with more incisor intrusion (control: -1.75 mm, experimental: -2.13 mm). The COS in experimental group showed significant greater reduction (-2.88 mm) than that of the control group (-1.69 mm). Conclusion: In control group, mandibular incisor proclination was markedly observed in round archwires, with further proclination caused by rectangular archwires. In experimental group, minimal proclination was exhibited when accentuated COS round archwires were used for aligning. Leveling with rectangular archwires caused less proclination with more COS reduction.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar se separar os estágios de alinhamento e nivelamento reduz a projeção dos incisivos inferiores. Métodos: Os critérios de inclusão foram indivíduos Classe I com índice de irregularidade de 3-5mm, Curva de Spee (CS) de 3-4mm e tratamento sem extrações. Trinta adultos foram alocados aleatoriamente em dois grupos: o Grupo Controle (1) foi simultaneamente alinhado e nivelado com arcos planos progressivamente até atingir o 0,016" x 0,022" de aço inoxidável; o Grupo Experimental (2) foi inicialmente alinhado com arcos superelásticos NiTi 0,014" com CS levemente aumentada, em seguida nivelado com arcos de beta-titânio 0,016" x 0,022" com CS acentuada, que foi gradualmente reduzida até ficar plana. A posição e inclinação dos incisivos inferiores foram avaliadas por meio de análise cefalométrica. A CS e o índice de irregularidade foram avaliados por meio de modelos de estudo. A avaliação foi realizada duas vezes, sendo após a inserção dos arcos NiTi 0,016" e dos arcos 0,016" x 0,022" de aço. As mudanças dentárias visualizadas nos cefalogramas e nos modelos foram comparadas dentro dos grupos utilizando teste t pareado e entre os grupos utilizando o teste t independente. Resultados: Grupo Controle: estágio de arco redondo: os incisivos inferiores se inclinaram vestibularmente (4.38° e 1 mm) e intruíram (-1,13mm); estágio de arco retangular: os incisivos inferiores intruíram e se projetaram adicionalmente (-0.63mm e 1,38°). Grupo Experimental: Durante o alinhamento com arcos redondos e CS acentuada, os incisivos inferiores se inclinaram levemente para vestibular (0,75° e 0,50mm), sem intrusão significativa; durante o nivelamento com arcos retangulares, os incisivos, em sua maioria, intruíram (1,75mm), com uma leve projeção (1,81°). O grupo experimental apresentou projeção dos incisivos significativamente menor (controle: 5,76°; experimental: 2,56°), com maior intrusão dos incisivos (controle: -1,75mm; experimental: -2,13mm). A CS no Grupo Experimental apresentou redução significativamente maior (-2,88 mm) do que no grupo controle (-1,69 mm). Conclusão: No Grupo Controle, foi observada de forma notória a projeção dos incisivos inferiores nos arcos redondos, com projeção adicional causada pelos arcos retangulares. No Grupo Experimental, foi observada uma projeção mínima quando foram utilizados arcos redondos com CS acentuada para alinhamento. O nivelamento com arcos retangulares causou menos projeção com maior redução da CS.

Orthodontic treatment of patients with mandibular incisor extraction / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective To evaluate the indications and effectiveness of lower incisor extraction in orthodontics.Methods Twenty-three adult patients with lower incisor extraction were included in the study.The cases consisted of 14 female and 9 male patients with an average age of 23.2 years at the start.One single lower incisor was extracted in 17 patients and the other tow upper premolars were extracted in 6 patients.Cephalometric and casts analyses were carried out.Results Total treatment time was 13-23 months.All extraction space was closed after the treatment.All patients achieved satisfactory treatment results,with normal overbite and overjet and stable occlusal relationship.There were no significant changes before and after treatment on cephalometric analysis.The intercanine width was reduced by from pretreatment to posttreatment [(26.89--2.89) mm vs (23.92-t-1.54) mm (P＜0.05)].Conclusions The intercanine width is reduced after lower incisor extraction.In order to achieve satisfactory clinical effect,we should carefully select cases and pay attention to the corresponding techniques and methods.

The analysis of alveolar bone condition around mandibular incisors in adults with skeletal Class Ⅲmalocclusion by CT / 实用医学杂志

Objective To study the mandibular anterior alveolar morphological characteristics of skeletal ClassⅢmalocclusion patients by CT quantitative research , which can provide guidances and indications for clinical skeletal Class Ⅲmalocclusion treatment and prevent iatrogenic complications , such as rootabsorption. Method 25 skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion patients during thepostpubertal were selected , three-dimensionalspiralCTscanning was applied to measure cortical and cancellousbonethickness around 6 mandibular incisors for analyzing the relationship between the bone mass and its anatomyaround the mandibular incisors roots. Results (1) The bone thickness around the lower anterior homonym teeth was basically symmetric in the skeletal Class III malocclusion. The labial thickness is a little less than the lingual side , gradually thickening along the root apical direction; (2) The area of mandibular incisors was inhomogeneous , and the 1/2 regional cancellous bone thickness of mandibular incisors was often lacked. Conclusion (1) The synchronous compensation of the teeth and alveolar bone is the significant feature of the skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion. (2) The responding regions ofthe alveolar bone in the 1/3 labial-cervical and root-tip may be the sensitive areas during the orthodontic treatment.

Canal incisivo mandibular em pacientes edêntulos: análise na radiografia panorâmica digital / Mandibular incisive canal in edentulous patients: analysis by means of digitalpanoramic radiography

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar, radiograficamente, a região entre osforames mentonianos quanto à presença e características do canal incisivo mandibular, um importantereparo associado a complicações pós-operatórias das cirurgias de instalação de implantesosseointegráveis. Material e Métodos: cinquenta e dois pacientes edêntulos, atendidos em um períodode doze meses, na Clínica de Prótese Total da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federalda Bahia, foram submetidos ao exame panorâmico digital. As imagens foram avaliadas por umúnico radiologista e a presença do canal incisivo mandibular, bem como seu comprimento, formatoda trajetória e distâncias em relação à crista óssea alveolar e base mandibular foram registrados.Resultados: a amostra final consistiu de 49 exames. O canal incisivo mandibular foi visualizado emoito radiografias, representando 16,3% da população investigada, com variação de 10,7 a 19,7mmde comprimento. A ocorrência bilateral foi mais frequente (50%), bem como a trajetória horizontal(5 casos). Consideração final: a presença e anatomia intraóssea do canal incisivo mandibularnão devem ser ignoradas no planejamento cirúrgico envolvendo a região anterior da mandíbula.Isso se torna fundamental para evitar intercorrências transoperatórias e também para prevenira ocorrência de distúrbios sensoriais e hemorrágicos no período pós-operatório...

The aim of this study was to radiographically assess the region betweenthe mental foramina for the presence and characteristics of mandibular incisive canal, a major repairassociated with postoperative complications of osseointegrated implant placement surgeries.Material and Methods: Fifty-two edentulous patients treated during twelve months in the DentalClinics of the Federal University of Bahia underwent digital panoramic examination. The imageswere evaluated by a single radiologist and the presence of the mandibular incisive canal, its length,the shape of its trajectory and the distances from the alveolar crest and mandibular base were recorded.Results: The final sample consisted of 49 exams. Mandibular incisive canal was observedin eight radiographs, and accounted for 16.3% of the population investigated, with length varyingfrom 10.7 to 19.7 mm. Bilateral lesions were more frequent (50%), and so was the horizontal path(5 cases). Final consideration: The presence and intraosseous anatomy of mandibular incisive canalshould not be ignored in surgical planning involving the anterior mandible region. This becomes critical to prevent perioperative complications and also to prevent the occurrence of sensory and bleeding disorders in the postoperative period...

Identificação de dois canais radiculares em incisivos inferiores com imagens radiográficas, tomográficas e microtomográficas / Identification of two root canals in mandibular incisors using radiographic, tomographic and microtomographic images

Os dentes incisivos inferiores apresentam, em sua maioria, canal radicular único, que pode ter conformações distintas. De acordo com a literatura científica, a presença de um segundo canal radicular pode ser constatada em 10 a 40% dos casos. A não-detecção do segundo canal é um importante fator para o insucesso do tratamento endodôntico. Esta pesquisa foi realizada com os seguintes objetivos: 1) comparar a eficácia na identificação de padrões anatômicos internos em incisivos inferiores permanentes extraídos com uso de imagem radiográfica periapical digital e de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC); e 2) determinar a prevalência de 2 canais radiculares em incisivos inferiores em imagens de TCFC de um banco de dados de exames previamente realizados, associando com localização do dente, gênero e idade do paciente. Na primeira etapa da pesquisa, 40 dentes incisivos inferiores foram submetidos a escaneamento em microtomógrafo computadorizado da FOB-USP (Skyscan 1074) para estabelecer o padrão ouro do tipo anatômico interno de cada dente. Os dentes foram então classificados em: Tipo I (1 canal radicular regular, n=12), Tipo Ia (1 canal radicular oval, n=12) e Tipo III (2 canais radiculares, n=16). Em seguida, os dentes foram divididos em 10 grupos de 4 dentes e posicionados em alvéolos de uma mandíbula humana para exposição radiográfica periapical digital direta com duas tomadas variando o ângulo horizontal de incidência (Schick CDR) e para escaneamento em 3 tomógrafos (Kodak 9000 3D, Veraviewepocs 3De e NewTom 5G) da Universidade de Loma Linda, CA, EUA. Dois examinadores treinados classificaram o tipo anatômico de cada dente e suas respostas foram comparadas ao padrão ouro estabelecido por microtomografia. Para descrição dos resultados, utilizou-se a porcentagem (%) de respostas certas / erradas. Aplicou-se o teste do qui-quadrado (X2), com nível de significância estatística de 5%, para verificação da associação entre variáveis. As concordâncias inter...

Mandibular incisors most commonly have a single root canal, which can present with different anatomic configurations. According to the literature, the presence of a second root canal can be observed in 10 - 40% of the teeth. Difficulty in detecting the second root canal is an important factor for the endodontic treatment failure. The aim of this research was: 1) to compare the efficacy of digital periapical radiography (PA) with double exposure and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the identification of internal anatomic patterns in mandibular incisors, and 2) to determine the prevalence of 2 root canals in mandibular incisors using cone beam computed tomographic images of a patient database, comparing to tooth position and patients gender and age. In the first part of this research, 40 extracted mandibular incisors underwent microcomputed tomographic (micro-CT) scanning (Skyscan 1074) in order to establish the gold standard for internal anatomic pattern. The teeth were classified according to: Type I (1 regular root canal, n=12), Type Ia (1 oval root canal, n=12), and Type III (2 root canals, n=16). Then, the teeth were divided into 10 groups of 4 teeth and placed in a preserved human mandible for direct digital periapical radiographic double exposure (Schick CDR) and CBCT scans using Kodak 9000 3D, Veraviewepocs 3De and NewTom 5G. Two blinded examiners classified the anatomic pattern of each tooth and their answers were compared to the gold standard (microtomographic images). Percentage (%) of right / wrong answers was used for the statistical analysis of the results. Chi-square test (X2) was used to verify the association between variables (p <.05). Inter and intraexaminer agreements were determined using kappa values. In the second part of this research, CBCT images of a 100 patients database from FOB-USP were examined. Two examiners assessed the internal anatomy of mandibular incisors in axial, sagittal and coronal...

Identificação de dois canais radiculares em incisivos inferiores com imagens radiográficas, tomográficas e microtomográficas / Identification of two root canals in mandibular incisors using radiographic, tomographic and microtomographic images

Os dentes incisivos inferiores apresentam, em sua maioria, canal radicular único, que pode ter conformações distintas. De acordo com a literatura científica, a presença de um segundo canal radicular pode ser constatada em 10 a 40% dos casos. A não-detecção do segundo canal é um importante fator para o insucesso do tratamento endodôntico. Esta pesquisa foi realizada com os seguintes objetivos: 1) comparar a eficácia na identificação de padrões anatômicos internos em incisivos inferiores permanentes extraídos com uso de imagem radiográfica periapical digital e de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC); e 2) determinar a prevalência de 2 canais radiculares em incisivos inferiores em imagens de TCFC de um banco de dados de exames previamente realizados, associando com localização do dente, gênero e idade do paciente. Na primeira etapa da pesquisa, 40 dentes incisivos inferiores foram submetidos a escaneamento em microtomógrafo computadorizado da FOB-USP (Skyscan 1074) para estabelecer o padrão ouro do tipo anatômico interno de cada dente. Os dentes foram então classificados em: Tipo I (1 canal radicular regular, n=12), Tipo Ia (1 canal radicular oval, n=12) e Tipo III (2 canais radiculares, n=16). Em seguida, os dentes foram divididos em 10 grupos de 4 dentes e posicionados em alvéolos de uma mandíbula humana para exposição radiográfica periapical digital direta com duas tomadas variando o ângulo horizontal de incidência (Schick CDR) e para escaneamento em 3 tomógrafos (Kodak 9000 3D, Veraviewepocs 3De e NewTom 5G) da Universidade de Loma Linda, CA, EUA. Dois examinadores treinados classificaram o tipo anatômico de cada dente e suas respostas foram comparadas ao padrão ouro estabelecido por microtomografia. Para descrição dos resultados, utilizou-se a porcentagem (%) de respostas certas / erradas. Aplicou-se o teste do qui-quadrado (X2), com nível de significância estatística de 5%, para verificação da associação entre variáveis. As concordâncias inter...

Mandibular incisors most commonly have a single root canal, which can present with different anatomic configurations. According to the literature, the presence of a second root canal can be observed in 10 - 40% of the teeth. Difficulty in detecting the second root canal is an important factor for the endodontic treatment failure. The aim of this research was: 1) to compare the efficacy of digital periapical radiography (PA) with double exposure and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the identification of internal anatomic patterns in mandibular incisors, and 2) to determine the prevalence of 2 root canals in mandibular incisors using cone beam computed tomographic images of a patient database, comparing to tooth position and patients gender and age. In the first part of this research, 40 extracted mandibular incisors underwent microcomputed tomographic (micro-CT) scanning (Skyscan 1074) in order to establish the gold standard for internal anatomic pattern. The teeth were classified according to: Type I (1 regular root canal, n=12), Type Ia (1 oval root canal, n=12), and Type III (2 root canals, n=16). Then, the teeth were divided into 10 groups of 4 teeth and placed in a preserved human mandible for direct digital periapical radiographic double exposure (Schick CDR) and CBCT scans using Kodak 9000 3D, Veraviewepocs 3De and NewTom 5G. Two blinded examiners classified the anatomic pattern of each tooth and their answers were compared to the gold standard (microtomographic images). Percentage (%) of right / wrong answers was used for the statistical analysis of the results. Chi-square test (X2) was used to verify the association between variables (p <.05). Inter and intraexaminer agreements were determined using kappa values. In the second part of this research, CBCT images of a 100 patients database from FOB-USP were examined. Two examiners assessed the internal anatomy of mandibular incisors in axial, sagittal and coronal...

Verification and evaluation on induction scheme for bodily movement of incisor in children / 医用生物力学

Objective In order to analyze and evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of induction scheme for bodily movement of incisor in children, the size, orientation and position of the force on tooth surface were estimated and analyzed. Methods The orthodontic jaw from a child was scanned to establish the 3D solid model including mandibular incisor, periodontal ligament and alveolar. Initial strain distributions on outer surface of the periodontal ligament were calculated by software Abaqus, and then the positive strain as the stimulation of the tooth movement was used to simulate the inducted effects from the inducer which was changed twice in succession. Results The rate of orthodontic tooth movement was about 0.27 mm per week, and the total displacement during an induction period was about 1 mm per month, showing it was in accordance with the real inducted effects in clinic. Conclusions The present study proved the feasibility of induction scheme for bodily movement of incisor in children and provided reference for formulation and optimization of induction scheme in clinic.

Permanent mandibular incisor with multiple anomalies - report of a rare clinical case

Permanent mandibular central incisor is rarely affected by tooth shape anomalies of crown and root. Co-occurrence of multiple anomalies in a permanent mandibular central incisor is extremely rare. This paper reports an unusual concurrent combination of multiple dental anomalies affecting both the crown and root of a permanent mandibular left central incisor - talon cusp, dens invaginatus, short root anomaly and macrodontia -, which has not previously been reported together. Case management is described and implications are discussed. The dentist should be aware of these rare entities in order to provide an accurate diagnosis and management for which detailed examination of the tooth both clinically and radiographically is very important.

O incisivo central inferior permanente raramente é afetado por anomalias de forma envolvendo a coroa e a raiz. A co-ocorrência de múltiplas anomalias em um incisivo central inferior permanente é extremamente rara. Este artigo relata uma combinação concomitante incomum de múltiplas anomalias dentais afetando tanto a coroa quanto a raiz de um incisivo central inferior permanente - cúspide em garra (talon cusp), dens invaginatus, anomalia de raiz curta e macrodontia - que ainda não havia sido descrita na literatura. A condução do caso é descrita e suas implicações são discutidas. É importante que o dentista esteja familiarizado com essas entidades raras a fim de proporcionar diagnóstico e tratamento precisos, para os quais exames clínicos e radiográficos detalhados são extremamente importantes.

A study of dental crowding and its relationship to mandibular incisor shape by model analysis in adolescents / 대한치과교정학회지

Mandibular incisor crowding is one of the most common features of malocclusion and is interesting characteristic in view of relapse and stability after orthodontic treatment. There are many potential factors in the etiology of lower anterior crowding. The tooth size variation is one of them, but biologic significance for the faciolingual width of the teeth has been overlooked. Peck and Peck reported that persons with ideal mandibular incisor alignment were shown to have incisor with smaller mesiodistal and larger faciolingual dimensions than persons with incisor crowding. On the basis of these findings they suggested MD/FL index as a clinical guideline for the assessment for lower incisor crowding. The present study was undertaken to examine the relationship between mandibular incisor crowding and mandibular incisor dimension, and determine their correlation with arch length discrepancy. 154 dental casts of people from 11 to 17 years of age were made, and were divided into normal group with irregularity index less than of 1, and crowding group with irregularity index greater than 1. The casts were measured and analyzed statistically. The results were as follows. 1. The mean mesiodistal width for mandibular incisor was larger in crowding group, and has significant difference in central incisor measurement. There are no significant differences in the faciolingul width and MD/FL index. 2. Irregularity index has significant correlation coefficients with mesiodistal width and MD/FL index for mandibular incisor in crowding group, but no correlation with faciolingual width. It also has correlation with maxillary and mandibular arch length discrepancy, total tooth material, mandibular intercanine width, and mandibular inter first premolar width. 3. Upper and lower arch length discrepancy have significant correlation with mesiodistal width of mandibular incisor and overbite, but have no correlation with faciolingual width. Lower arch length discrepancy has significant correlation with MD/FL index for mandibular incisor and upper arch length discrepancy has correlation with MD/FL index for mandibular lateral incisor. 4. Significant differences were observed between normal and crowding group for the mandibular arch length discrepancy and overbite.