Diversity and antimicrobial activity of culturable fungi associated with sea anemone Anthopleura xanthogrammica

Background: The main objective of this study was to isolate fungi associated with Anthopleura xanthogrammica and measure their antimicrobial and enzymatic activities. A total of 93 fungal strains associated with A. xanthogrammica were isolated in this study, of which 32 isolates were identified using both morphological characteristics and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis. The antibacterial activities of 32 fungal isolates were tested against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Edwardsiella tarda, Vibrio harveyi, Fusarium oxysporum, and Pyricularia oryzae by agar diffusion assay. Extracellular hydrolytic enzyme activities of the fungal isolates were determined by agar diffusion assays. Enzyme activities were detected from clear halo size. Results: The isolated fungi belonged to 18 genera within 7 taxonomic orders of 1 phylum. The genera Aspergillaceae were the most diverse and common. The antimicrobial activities of 32 isolates were evaluated, and 19 (59.4%) of fungi isolate displayed unique antimicrobial activities. All fungal strains displayed at least one enzyme activity. The most common enzyme activities in the fungi isolates were amylase and protease, while the least common were pectinase and xylanase. Conclusions: This is first report on the sea anemone-derived fungi with antimicrobial and enzyme activities. Results indicated that sea anemone is a hot spot of fungal diversity and a rich resource of bioactive natural products.

Secondary metabolites of co-culture of Alternaria alternate YX-25 and Streptomyces exfoliatus YX-32 / 中草药

Objective To study the secondary metabolites of the co-culture of fungus Alternaria alternata YX-25 and Streptomyces exfoliatus YX-32 isolated from mangrove mud in Yunxiao Country of Fujian Province. Methods The compounds were purified by silica gel and Sephadex LH-20, followed by semi-preparative chromatography. The structures of the compounds were determined by MS and NMR. Results Nine compounds were isolated from the crude extract, which were identified as gliotoxin (1), 12,13-dihydroxy-fumitremorgin C (2), fumitremorgin (3), bisdethiobis(methylthio)gliotoxin (4), demethoxyfumitremorgin C (5), vermistatin (6), cyclo-(L-Trp-L-Pro) (7), 6-methoxyspirotryprostatin B (8), and citrinolactone D (9). Conclusion Nine compounds were isolated for the first time from co-culture of the fungus Alternaria alternata YX-25 and Streptomyces exfoliates YX-32, including indole diketopiperazines, polyketides, and cyclopeptides. The co-cultivation method can be as a new method for enrichment of secondary metabolites.

Isolation of Papulaspora halima and a new morphological variety of Halosphaeria tubulifera from seawater of potter cove (King George Island, South Shetland Island, Antarctica) / Aislamiento de Papulaspora halima y de una nueva variedad morfológica de Halosphaeria tubulifera desde agua de mar de Potter Cove (Isla Rey Jorge /25 de Mayo, islas Shetland del Sur, Antártida)

Marine fungi ascribed to the ascomycetes and the hyphomycetes are infrequently reported for the Southern Ocean. For this reason, the main objective of the present work was to detect the presence of these fungi seawater of Potter Cove, King George (25 de Mayo) Island, South Shetland Island, Antarctica. For this purpose marine fungi were grown on wood test panels, placed into plastic nets in the tidal zone, exposed to the Antarctic seawater for different periods of time, which ranged between 2 and 12 months.As a result of this survey, we were able to recover and identify two marine fungi, Papulospora halima (which represents the first report for this environment) and a new morphological variety of Halosphaeria tubulifera.

Los ascomicetes e hifomicetes marinos están escasamente documentados para el océano Atlántico Sur. Por este motivo, el principal objetivo del presente trabajo fue detectar la presencia de dichos hongos en las agua marinas de la Potter Cove, en la isla Rey Jorge/25 de Mayo (islas Shetland del Sur, Antártida). Para este propósito, los hongos marinos se desarrollaron en paneles de madera dentro de una red plástica en la zona tidal, expuestos al agua de mar antártica por diferentes períodos de tiempo que oscilaron entre 2 a 12 meses. Como resultado de este estudio, fuimos capaces de recuperar e identificar 2 hongos marinos, Papulospora halima (que representa el primer reporte para este ambiente) y una nueva variedad morfológica de Halosphaeria tubulifera.

Marine mycoflora in backwater ecosystem of Kerala, India.

Back water system of Kerala is well known for its fertility. Fungi play a vital role in detritus decomposition, nutrient cycling and energy flow in marine food web including backwater ecosystem. Present investigation on the diversity of marine fungi from two back waters of Kerala resulted in the isolation of 20 marine fungi. These include 11 Ascomycetes, 1 Basidiomycete and 8 Mitosporic fungi. In terms of percent frequency of occurrence the most common species obtained were Aniptodera chesapeakensis, Verruculina enalia, Savoryella lignicola and Clavatospora bulbosa. Ascochyta sp. was represented by only a single isolate.

Production of some biologically active secondary metabolites from marine-derived fungus Varicosporina ramulosa

In a screening of fungal isolates associated with marine algae collected from Abou-keer, Alexanderia during the four seasons of 2004, to obtain new biologically active compounds. Varicosporina ramulosa isolate was identified and selected as a producer of 13 compounds. Out of 13 pure compounds produced, compounds 3 and 10 were considered as antibacterial and antifungal compounds, respectively as they were active against gram positive, gram negative bacteria and a fungus. Optimization of conditions (fermentation media, incubation period, temperature, initial pH, aeration levels) which activate compounds 3 and 10 production were studied. Also the spectral properties (UV, MS, GC/MS, IR and 1H-NMR) of the purified compounds were determined. Compound 3 suggested to be dibutyl phthalate and compound 10 may be ergosterol or one of its isomers. Biological evaluation of the two compounds towards 6 different types of tumor cell lines showed weak effect of compound 3 at different concentrations on the viable cell count of the different tumor cell lines. While compound 10 showed different activities against the viable cell count of the 6 different tumor cell lines. It kills 50% of the viable infected liver and lung cells at concentrations equal to 99.7 μg/mL, 74.9μg/mL, respectively. Compound 10 can be recommended as new anticancer compounds.

Actividad antibacteriana de extractos de hongos aislados de raíces del mangle Rhizophora mangle (Rhizophoraceae) en Venezuela

Anti-bacterial activity of extracts from fungi collected from mangrove Rhizophora mangle (Rhizophoraceae) roots in Venezuela. The antibacterial activity of marine fungi extracts was evaluated by a test of efficiency. The fungi were previously inoculated in Malt Agar (EMA) extract with 50 % of seawater and growth for 60 days. Triplicate antibiograms were carried out with the extracts. An ANOVA I with a posteriori Duncan test were applied to the diameters of inhibition zones. The extracts of Aspergillus ochraceus 3MCMC3 and Penicillium citrinum (14) 4MCMC16 present wide spectral antibacterial properties, inhibiting 100 % and 80 % of the developing germs, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa 9027. The extract of Penicillium (1) 3MLLC5 had the highest efficiency on this strain; P. aeruginosa 9027 and Escherichia coli 10536 were the most sensitive germs when treated with these extracts. These marine fungi can be an important source of antibacterial secondary metabolites. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (3-4): 761-765. Epub 2007 December, 28.

La actividad antibacteriana de extractos de hongos marinos se evaluó mediante una prueba de eficiencia, para tal fin los hongos fueron inoculados en medio Agar Extracto Malta (EMA) con 50 % de agua de mar y período de crecimiento de 60 días. Se obtuvieron extractos con una solución de acetona/cloroformo/etanol (3:2:1). La fase orgánica se trató a presión reducida con rotaevaporador (baño de María incorporado a 40 ºC). Con los extractos se realizaron antibiogramas por triplicado. Se midieron los diámetros de los halos de inhibición y se les aplicó una prueba de eficiencia empleando un ANOVA I, y prueba a posteriori Duncan. Los extractos de Aspergillus ochraceus 3MCMC3 y Penicillium citrinum (14) 4MCMC16 presentan propiedades antibacterianas de amplio espectro, inhibiendo el 100 % y 80 % de los gérmenes reveladores, con énfasis hacia la inhibición de Pseudomonas aeruginosa 9027, en especial el extracto de Penicillium (1) 3MLLC5 presentó la mayor eficiencia sobre esta cepa; también se encontró que P. aeruginosa 9027 y Escherichia coli 10536 fueron ser los gérmenes reveladores más sensibles. Los hongos marinos seleccionados se perfilan como una fuente de metabolitos secundarios antibacterianos.

Optimal cultivation conditions of marine fungi KLEB-07 / 中国海洋药物

It was found that the metabolites produced by a marine fungi KLEB-07 showed the induction of cell apoptosis activity on mouse tsFT210 cells.In order to find the best fermentation condition,the optimization of fermentation medium was studied.Activities of the ferments of KLEB-07 under different fermentation media and conditions,and the stability of the ferments were investigated.The results showed that the KLEB-07 produced the highest antitumor bioactivity of the ferments under the conditions of 28℃ and 130 r?min~(-1) for 7 days.The bioactive substances of ferments were stable and mainly existed in ethyl acetate layer.These results provide valuable informations for the further study of the antitumor active substances of KLEB-07.

Study on the isolation of marine fungi , screening of their antitumor activity and fermentation conditions / 中国海洋药物

Objective To isolate fungi from sea sediment and sea water samples collected from the neritic environment in Qingdao, screen their antitumor activity and study on their fermentation condition. Methods The antitumor activity was assayed by flow cytometry in mouse tsFT210 cells. Results The medium added penicillin and streptomycin possesses good selectivity. 207 strains of fungi were isolated and among them, 19 strains showed antitumor activity, and one fungus(Z 83200)pocesses strong cell apoptosis inducing activity.

Advances in studies of antitumor compounds from marine fungi / 中国海洋药物

Marine microorganisms,which live in special biotic environment,have been proven to be potential in producing novel bioactive substances.In past three decades,nearly 300 new compounds have been isolated and determined from marine fungi,and most of them showed antitumor,antibacterial and antiviral activities.This paper reviewed new advances in the studies of antitumor compounds from marine fungi in the recent ten years.