First record of the gray-legged tinamou, Crypturellus duidae, and other poor-soil specialist birds from peatlands in the Putumayo River basin, Loreto, Peru

Crypturellus duidae (Tinamidae) is a poor-soil specialist with isolated populations in Amazonia, and is considered restricted to white-sand forest habitats. We report the first record of C. duidae in a peatland forest in northern Peru, in the Putumayo River basin. Our record extends the known distribution of C. duidae between two disjoint areas of occurrence in Peru and Colombia, and shows its presence in peatland forest, another forest type on nutrient-poor soils. Additionally, we report the presence of other poor-soil specialist bird species that were previously registered in peatlands. Together with the new record of C. duidae, these bird records provide evidence of the diversity of poor-soil specialists in peatland forests. (AU)

Fatty acid profile and physicochemical characterization of buriti oil during storage / Perfil de ácido graxo e qualidade físico-química do óleo de buriti sob armazenamento

ABSTRACT: The objective of this research was to evaluate the fatty acid profile and physicochemical properties of buriti oil under storage conditions. The oil was analyzed for 70 days by evaluating the physicochemical characteristics of acidity index, refractive index, bulk density, absolute viscosity, peroxide index, lipid oxidation by TBARS method, color parameters (L *, a *, b *, C * e h *) and carotenoid profile (α-carotene and β-carotene) for every 10 days of storage, in addition to the β-carotene/linoleic acid system and fatty acid profile. Variables remained stable over the analysis periods and the total carotenoids ranged from 836.91 to 1036.96 µg/g. Oleic acid accounted for the highest content among fatty acids, with a value of 78.06 g/100 g of fatty acids and a ω6/ω3 ratio of 1.95. Buriti oil has a nutritional quality and a fatty acid profile that justifies recommendations for its consumption, suggesting the need for regulatory bodies to draw up a standardized protocol for extracting oil from the fruit pulp.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o perfil de ácido graxo e a qualidade físico-química do óleo de buriti em condições de armazenamento. O óleo foi analisado durante 70 dias avaliando as características físico-química índice de acidez, índice de refração, densidade aparente, viscosidade absoluta, índice de peróxidos, oxidação lipídica pelo método de TBARS, parâmetros de cor (L*, a*, b*, C* e h*) e carotenoides (α-caroteno e β-caroteno) a cada 10 dias de armazenamento, além do sistema β-caroteno/ácido linoléico e perfil de ácidos graxos. As variáveis se mantiveram estáveis durante os períodos de análises e os carotenoides totais variaram entre 836,91 a 1036,96 µg/g. O ácido graxo com maior teor foi o ácido oleico com valor de 78,06 g/100 g de ácidos graxos e relação ω6/ω3 de 1,95. O óleo de buriti apresenta qualidade nutricional que justifica o estímulo ao consumo devido aos ácidos graxos que apresenta, necessitando dos órgãos reguladores a elaboração de um protocolo de extração do óleo da polpa do fruto.

Armazenamento de buriti em pó: efeito da embalagem nas características físicas e químicas / Storage buriti powder: effect of packaging on the characteristics physical and chemical

A secagem é um dos métodos mais utilizados na conservação de alimentos, principalmente frutos, que quando associado a uma embalagem adequada pode conservar as características do produto por longos períodos. Objetivou-se com o estudo avaliar o efeito de diferentes embalagens (polietileno e laminada) nas características físicas e químicas de buriti em pó obtido por secagem em estufa (50, 60 e 70 ºC) e armazenados a temperatura ambiente por 90 dias. A secagem da polpa de buriti foi realizada em estufa com circulação de ar, nas temperaturas de 50, 60 e 70 ºC em camada fina (4 mm). Após a secagem as amostras foram trituradas em moinho de facas e acondicionadas em dois tipos de embalagens (polietileno de baixa densidade e laminada). As embalagens contendo o pó de buriti foram termosseladas e armazenadas por um período de 90 dias à temperatura (26 ºC) e umidade relativa (78%) ambiente. Após o processamento e a cada 15 dias foram realizadas análises físicas e químicas do pó (teor de água, acidez total titulável, sólidos solúveis totais, pH, açúcares redutores, luminosidade, intensidade de vermelho e intensidade de amarelo). As amostras apresentaram aumento no teor de água e redução nos valores de pH, sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total e açúcares redutores para todas as temperaturas de secagem em ambas as embalagens utilizadas no armazenamento. Não se observou diferença significativa entre os valores de luminosidade, intensidade de vermelho e intensidade de amarelo em todo o período de armazenamento. A embalagem laminada foi mais eficiente na manutenção da estabilidade das amostras, no tocante aos parâmetros de teor de água e acidez total titulável.

Drying is one of the methods most commonly used in food preservation, especially fruits, which when combined with a suitable packaging can retain the characteristics of the product for extended periods. The objective of the study was evaluate the effect of different packaging (low density polyethylene and laminated) on the characteristics physical and chemical buriti powder obtained by drying in an oven (50, 60 and 70 ºC) and stored at room temperature for 90 days. Drying the buriti pulp was performed in an oven with circulating air at temperatures of 50, 60 and 70 °C, in thinlayer (4 mm). After drying the samples were ground in mill of knives and packed into two kinds of packages (low density polyethylene and laminated). The packages containing the buriti powder were closed and stored for a period of 90 days at room temperature (26 ºC) and relative humidity (78%) environments. After processing and each 15 days were analyzed physical and chemical powder (moisture content, total titratable acidity, total soluble solids, pH, reducing sugars, luminosity, redness and yellowness). The samples showed an increase in moisture content, and reduction in amounts of pH, soluble solids, acidity and reducing sugars for all drying temperatures in both packaging used in storage. There was no significant difference between the values of luminosity, redness and yellowness throughout the storage period. The laminated packaging was more effective in maintaining the stability of the samples with respect to the parameters of moisture content and total titratable acidity.

Flavonoids from leaves of Mauritia flexuosa

The chromatographic fractionation of the Mauritia flexuosa L. f., Arecaceae, leaves extract, a plant known by the name of buriti palm tree, resulted in the isolation of six flavonoids: tricin-7-O-rutinoside, apigenin-6-C-arabinoside, 8-C-glucoside (isoschaftoside), kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (nicotiflorine), quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (rutin), luteolin-8-C-glucoside (orientin) and luteolin-6-C-glucoside (isoorientin). The flavonoids were found out and previously reported as constituents of the Arecaceae family plants, but the occurrence of C-glucoside flavonoids, in the species being analyzed, is described for the first time on this study. The structural elucidations of all of the isolated compounds were performed by means of the comparison of their spectral data (¹H and 13C NMR, UV and ESI-MS) with those ones of the literature.

Triterpenes and flavonoids from the roots of Mauritia flexuosa

Mauritia flexuosa L. f., Arecaceae, is an endemic species of South America. This species was studied with the intent to isolate the constituents of its roots. After the fractionation of the n-hexane and methanolic extracts from the roots of M. flexuosa, six triterpenes were obtained: friedelin, taraxerone, lupenyl acetate, lupenone, betulin and betulinic acid, along with three flavonoids: rutin, quercitrin and quercetin. All the compounds were identified by analysis of NMR and MS data and comparison with the literature. All those compounds are been reported for the first time in Mauritia, and the chemosystematic significance of the flavonoids isolated in this genus is discussed.

Alimentación de mamíferos de caza en los «aguajales» de la Reserva Nacional de Pacaya-Samiria (Iquitos, Perú)

El presente trabajo contiene información relacionada a los mamíferos de caza que habitan los aguajales de los bosques inundables de la Reserva Nacional Pacaya Samiria y su interrelación con las plantas alimenticias. Está basado en censos por transectos en aguajales de origen reciente y aguajales semi-eutrofizados. Fueron registrados 24 especies de mamíferos de caza haciendo uso de los aguajales; de ellas, los primates fueron los más representativos y de mayor abundancia en ambos tipos de aguajales. Entre los primates, el fraile (Saimiri boliviensis E. Geoffroy & R. de Blainville) y el machín negro (Cebus apella Linnaeus) fueron los más abundantes en aguajales de origen reciente (350 individuos/km² y 90 individuos/km², respectivamente), mientras que el machín blanco (Cebus albifrons Humboldt) fue el más abundante en aguajales semi-eutrofizados (90 individos/km²). En términos de biomasa, los ungulados tuvieron la mayor biomasa y estuvieron representados por el pecarí labiado (Tayassu pecari Link) con 825 kg/km² y el tapir (Tapirus terrestris Linnaeus) con 126,6 kg/km². Finalmente, en los aguajales fueron registradas 16 especies de plantas alimenticias, la mayoría habitando en los aguajales semi-eutrofizados; de ellas, el aguaje (Mauritia flexuosa L.f.), la shapaja (Scheelea cephalotes Poepp. Ex Mart) y los renacos (Ficus spp.), constituyeron los recursos alimenticios más importantes, de cuyos frutos y semillas se alimentaron alrededor de 14 especies de mamíferos de caza.

This report contains information related to the game mammals that inhabit the palm swamps (aguajales) of the flooded forests of the Reserva Nacional Pacaya Samiria and their interrelation with the food plants. It is based on censuses by transects in aguajales of recent origin and semi-eutrophic aguajales. 24 species of game mammals were registered making uses of the aguajales; of them, the primates were the most representative and the great abundance in both aguajales types. Among the primates, the Squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis E. Geoffroy & R. de Blainville) and the brown capuchin monkey (Cebus apella Linnaeus) were the most abundant in aguajales of recent origin (350 individuals/km² and 90 individuals/km², respectively), while the white-fronted capuchin monkey (Cebus albifrons Humboldt) it was the most abundant in aguajal semi-eutrofizado (90 individuals/km²). In terms of biomass, the ungulates had the biggest biomass and they were represented by the white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari Link) with 825 kg/km² and the tapir (Tapirus terrestris Linnaeus) with 126,6 kg/km². Finally, 16 species of food plants were registered in aguajales, most of them inhabiting semi-eutrophic aguajales; of those the aguaje (Mauritia flexuosa L.f.), the shapaja (Scheelea cephalotes Poepp. Ex Mart) and the renacos (Ficus spp.) constituted the most important food resources of whose fruits and seeds fed around 14 species of game mammals.