Polifarmacia en el anciano. Retos y soluciones / Polipharmacy in Elder people. Challenges and solutions

RESUMEN La polifarmacia, definida como el consumo más de tres fármacos simultáneamente, constituye una de las situaciones más frecuentes con implicaciones relacionadas con la morbimortalidad en el adulto mayor, provocado por cambios fisiológicos que afectan la distribución de medicamentos: alteraciones en la motilidad intestinal, aumento del pH gástrico, disminución del flujo esplácnico y del transporte activo intestinal de sustancias como hierro o vitamina B12, cambios en la distribución por disminución de agua corporal total , reducción de la masa magra corporal y de las proteínas totales que afecta el transporte ligado a ellas, de ahí la necesidad de su atención por un profesional suficientemente capacitado. Ante esta situación se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en bases de datos de Infomed y se seleccionaron 46 artículos científicos que cumplieron con los criterios de búsqueda, se obtuvieron 29 referencias bibliográficas y el 79.32 % de la bibliografía correspondió a los últimos cinco años. Con ello los autores pretenden contribuir en las buenas prácticas clínicas de los facultativos encargados de la atención del adulto mayor (AU).

ABSTRACT Polipharmacy, defined as the consumption of more than three medicinal products, is one of the most frequent situations with implications related to morbi-mortality in elder people due to physiological changes affecting the medicinal product distribution: alterations of the intestinal motility, gastric pH intensification, decrease of the esplacnic flow and active intestinal transportation of substances like iron or B12 vitamins, changes in the distribution due to decrease of total body water, reduction of the body lean mass and total proteins affecting the transportation linked to them; therefore the necessity of a highly trained professional care. For all that we carried out a bibliographic review in Infomed databases and chose 46 scientific articles fulfilling the search criteria, finding 29 bibliographic references; 79.32 % of the bibliography corresponded to the last five years. The authors pretend make their contributions to the good clinical practices of the professionals involved in elder people care (AU).

Purchase of prescription and OTC medicines in Slovakia: factors influencing patients' expectations and satisfaction

ABSTRACT Slovakia is a country where the purchase of OTC (over the counter) medicines outside the pharmacy is not allowed by the government. This study aimed at evaluating patients' satisfaction and acceptance of community pharmacists. Customer's behaviour and expectations influencing the purchase of prescription and OTC medicines were analyzed. A structured questionnaire having 15 multiple-choice questions was used to analyze the descriptive parameters. Data collection lasted from January to February 2014. The sample size consisted of 357 high-school educated individuals under 40 years of age. The survey showed that the prescription and OTC medicines were bought equally. The participants reported a 96.0%, 96.3% and 90.2% satisfaction rate with willingness and approach of the community pharmacist, pharmacy services and provision of drug information respectively. As for the OTC medicines, 89.5% people considered the pharmacist an expert: 88.2% purchased medicines with pharmacist's recommendation, 97.8% needed a professional counselling and 97.2% required a pharmacist's guidance. As for the prescription drugs, only 72.1% considered the pharmacist an expert: 96.3% suggested that physician's prescription was significant and 88.3% considered pharmacist's guidance in the process of selection of prescription medicines nonessential. A comprehensible and respectable conversation was highly expected in regards to both the OTC and prescription medicines.

Safety assessment of essential medicines for elderly people: a bibliographic survey

Certain medicines are considered potentially inappropriate (PIM) for elderly people as they increase the risk of adverse drug events (ADE) and because safer alternative therapies are available on the market. In this context, in order to identify the instruments that assess the quality of medical prescriptions for elderly and to determine which drugs are considered PIM, a bibliographic survey was conducted in PUBMED, LILACS and PAHO databases, in February and March/2010. The search strategy included the use of health descriptors and a manual search in the references cited by selected papers. During the period of data collection, 15 instruments were identified. In 2012, with the publication of the update of Beers criteria, this instrument was included in the study. We identified 163 PIM of 25 therapeutic classes, of which 125 (76.7%) are marketed in Brazil. Of these, 31 (24.8%) are essential medicines (RENAME 2012), of which 13 have safer therapeutic equivalents and 19 (15.2%) are over-the-counter drugs. Data suggest the need for inclusion of safer alternatives for the elderly in the national list of essential medicines and the pharmaceutical care for early detection of ADE in this age group, in order to contribute to the safe use of medicines.

Determinados medicamentos são considerados potencialmente inapropriados (MPI) para idosos, por aumentarem o risco de ocorrência de eventos adversos a medicamentos (EAM) e por existirem alternativas terapêuticas mais seguras. Neste contexto, com o intuito de identificar os instrumentos que avaliam a qualidade das prescrições médicas para idosos e verificar quais medicamentos são considerados MPI, levantamento bibliográfico foi realizado nas bases de dados PUBMED, LILACS e PAHO em fevereiro e março de 2010. Para a seleção dos manuscritos utilizaram-se descritores em saúde e busca manual nas referências bibliográficas dos artigos identificados. No período da coleta de dados, foram identificados 15 instrumentos. Em 2012, com a publicação da atualização da lista de Beers, este instrumento foi incluído no estudo. Foram identificados 163 MPI de 25 classes terapêuticas, dos quais 125 (76,7%) são comercializados no Brasil. Destes, 31 (24,8%) são medicamentos essenciais (RENAME 2012), sendo que para 13 deles há equivalentes terapêuticos mais seguros e 19 (15,2%) são medicamentos isentos de prescrição. Os dados sugerem a necessidade de inclusão de medicamentos mais seguros para idosos na lista nacional de medicamentos essenciais e do monitoramento farmacoterapêutico para a detecção precoce de EAM nesta faixa etária para contribuir com o uso seguro de medicamentos.

Potentially inappropriate medication use in institutionalized older adults according to the Beers Criteria

The need for specific care, coupled with new family arrangements, has contributed to the increasing institutionalization of elderly members. The purpose of this study was to evaluate drug use by institutionalized older adults according to Beers Criteria. This prospective, longitudinal study was conducted in the three non-profit long-stay geriatric care institutions of Campo Grande, in the Central-West region of Brazil. All subjects aged 60 years and above on November 2011 were included and followed until November 2012. Eighteen subjects were excluded and the final sample consisted of 133 individuals aged 60 to 113 years. Overall, 212 medications were used at geriatric care institution A, 532 at B, and 1329 at C. Thirty-four drugs were inappropriately prescribed 89 times at geriatric care institution A (41.98%), 49 prescribed 177 times at B (33.27%), and 91 prescribed 461 times at C (34.68%). Statistical differences in the inappropriate drug use were found between genders (p=0.007). The most commonly used potentially inappropriate medication were first-generation antihistamines (15.34%). There was a high frequency in the use of potentially inappropriate medications which can initiate marked side effects and may compromise the fragile health of institutionalized elderly. Thus, adopting the Beers Criteria in prescribing medication contributes to minimize adverse reactions and drug interactions.

A exigência de cuidados específicos, aliada aos novos arranjos familiares, tem contribuído para a crescente institucionalização dos idosos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o uso de medicamentos por idosos institucionalizados utilizando os Critérios de Beers. Este estudo longitudinal prospectivo foi realizado nas três instituições de longa permanência para idosos de Campo Grande, Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Todos os sujeitos com 60 anos ou mais foram incluídos em Novembro de 2011 e acompanhados até Novembro de 2012. Dezoito idosos foram excluídos, sendo a amostra final composta por 133 sujeitos com idade entre 60 e 113 anos. O total de medicamentos utilizados foi 212 na instituição A, 532 na B e 1329 na C. Foram identificados 34 medicamentos inapropriados, prescritos 89 vezes na instituição A (41.98%), 49 prescritos 177 vezes na B (67.29%) e 90 prescritos 460 vezes na C (34.61%). Este estudo demonstrou diferença estatística na utilização de medicamentos inapropriados entre os gêneros (p=0.007). Os anti-histamínicos de 1ª geração foram os medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados para idosos mais utilizados (15.34%). Houve elevada frequência no uso de MPI, os quais podem desencadear efeitos colaterais acentuados e comprometer mais a saúde fragilizada do idoso institucionalizado. Ainda, a adoção dos Critérios de Beers na prescrição contribui para minimizar as reações adversas e interações medicamentosas.