RÉSUMÉ
@#Aims: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common infection caused by many virulent bacteria. Multidrug resistance (MDR) by bacteria represents a major therapeutic challenge worldwide. MRD bacteria have different mechanisms to avoid antibiotics; one of them is horizontal gene transfer. Such genes, encoding antimicrobial resistance, are easily transferred from one bacterium to another. Magnesium and calcium chloride (MgCl2 and CaCl2) have an effect on the permeability of bacterial cell membrane. We aimed these chemical materials could increase the antibiotics efficiency on multidrug resistance bacteria. 250 UTI specimens were collected to isolate multidrug resistant bacteria. Depending on antibiotics resistance, we selected three species of virulent bacteria: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus mirabilis. Then, we tested the effect of MgCl2 and CaCl2 on their antibiotics resistance. Methodology and results: The results showed that percentage of E. coli in UTI infection is the highest (45%), while Enterococcus faecalis is the lowest (3%). The effect of MgCl2 and CaCl2 on bacterial antibiotics resistance has been tested using different types of antibiotics. The findings showed that MgCl2 has significant effect to aid antibiotics against bacteria. In particular, nalidixic acid has shown more efficiency against E. coli and S. aureus but not P. mirabilis. Using different concentrations of CaCl2 increased the efficiency of gentamycin, amoxicillin and trimethoprim against S. aureus, while has increased the efficiency of ampicillin and nalidixic acid against E. coli. However, CaCl2 has no effect on the efficiency of antibiotics against P. mirabilis. In addition, MgCl2, and CaCl2 had no toxic effects in both T24 and 5637 urinary bladder cell lines. Finally, plasmids were isolated from these species to detect any antimicrobial resistance gene such as qnr-A. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: MDR distribution in the worldwide was increased, we highly recommend the avoidance of the random antibiotic usages. The salts CaCl2 and/or MgCl2 can be used at specific concentration to enhance the antibiotics permeability and therefore to decrease the antibiotic resistance.
RÉSUMÉ
Se obtuvieron carbones activados mediante activación química de cuesco de palma africana (Elaeis Guineensis) con soluciones de cloruro de magnesio y cloruro de calcio a diferentes concentraciones. Los materiales preparados se caracterizaron textural y químicamente. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que los carbones activados con los mayores valores de área superficial y volumen de poro se obtienen cuando se emplean soluciones con las menores concentraciones del agente activante. Los carbones activados obtenidos presentan áreas superficiales y volúmenes de poro con valores entre 10 y 501 m²/g y 0,01 y 0,29 cm³/g respectivamente. Los valores de las entalpías de inmersión de los sólidos en agua se encuentran entre -14,3 y -32,8 J/gy en benceno entre -13,9 y -38,6 J/g. La acidez y la basicidad total de los carbones activados presentan valores entre 23 y 262 µmol/g y 123 y 1724 µmol/g respectivamente. También se determinó el pH en el punto de carga cero, con valores entre 4,08 y 9,92 para el conjunto de los carbones activados. Los resultados muestran que la activación con las sales MgCl2 y CaCl2 producen carbones activados con poros en el rango de los mesoporos que facilitan la entrada del adsorbato al interior del material.
Activated carbons through chemical activation of African palm shells (Elaeis guineensis) with magnesium chloride and calcium chloride solutions at different concentrations were obtained. The prepared materials were characterized textural and chemically. The results show that activated carbons with higher values of surface area and pore volume are obtained when solutions with lower concentrations of the activating agent are used. The obtained activated carbons have surface areas and pore volumes with values between 10 and 501 m²/g and 0.01 and 0.29 cm³/g respectively. Immersion enthalpies values of solids in water were between -14.3 and -32.8 J/g and benzene between -13.9 and -38.6 J/g. Total acidity and basicity of the activated carbons had values between 23 and 262 μmol/g 123 and 1724 μmol/g respectively. pH at the point of zero charge was also determined with values between 4.08 and 9.92 for set of activated carbons . The results show that activation with CaCl2 and MgCl2 salts produce activated carbons with pores in the range of mesopores for facilitate entry of the adsorbate into the materials.
Carvões ativados por ativação química a partir da casca de palmeira africana (Elaeis guineensis) com soluções de cloreto de magnésio e cloreto de cálcio em diferentes concentrações foram obtidas. Os materiais preparados foram caracterizados pela textura e quimicamente. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os carvões ativados com maiores valores de área superficial e volume de poros se conseguem usando baixas concentrações do ativante. Os carvões ativados obtidos têm áreas superficiais e volumes de poro com valores entre 10 e 501 m²/g e 0,01 e 0,29 cm³/g , respectivamente. Os valores da entalpia de imersão do sólido em água situam-se entre -14,3 e -32,8 J/g e em benzeno entre -13,9 e -38,6 J/g . A acidez e basicidade total dos carvões ativados obtidos apresentam valores entre 23 e 262 μmol/g e 123 e 1724 μmol/g, respectivamente. O pH no ponto de carga zero também foi determinado com valores entre 4,08 e 9,92 para todos os carvões ativados. Os resultados mostram que a ativação com CaCl2 e MgCl2 produze carvões ativados com poros na gama de mesoporos que facilitam a entrada do adsorbato para os materiais.
RÉSUMÉ
The experimental hepatic necrosis induced by D-galactosamine was treated by ATP and ATP-MgCl2, respectively.The results showed that the degree of hepatic necrosis in the ATP-MgCl2 group was milder than that in the control group and ATP group.It is suggested that ATP-MgCl2 could reduce the hepatic jnjury and accelerate the regeneration of the hepatic cells in the experimental hepatic injury.