Diseño y validación de un modelo de gestión del capital intelectual para la calidad de Instituciones de Educación Superior, Colombia / Design and Validation of an Intellectual Capital Management Model for the Quality of Higher Education Institutions, Colombia

Resumen Se muestran los resultados del diseño y validación de un Modelo de Gestión de Capital Intelectual (CI) para la calidad de IES, Colombia 2014-2016. Investigación aplicada, de carácter mixta. El abordaje cualitativo fue a partir de la confrontación de la teoría con las condiciones específicas del objeto abordado (sus características y necesidades) lo que permitió el diseño del modelo. El abordaje de los datos cuantitativos fue estadístico. Se diseñaron siete encuestas las cuales fueron validadas por expertos. Fue denominado Modelo Sistémico-Dinámico de Gestión del Capital Intelectual para la Calidad de Instituciones de Educación Superior (SIDIGCIES), su diseño estuvo fundamentado en tres teorías: la Teoría de las Organizaciones Inteligentes de Senge, la Teoría de las Capacidades Dinámicas en el Mundo Empresarial de Teece, Pisano y Shuen, y la Teoría de Creación del Conocimiento de Nonaka y Takeuchi. También se tuvieron en cuenta los lineamientos del Consejo Nacional de Acreditación (CNA) de Colombia tanto para programas como instituciones. Está estructurado por cuatro Subsistemas - Dinámicos: Talento Humano, Investigación e Innovación, Académico Administrativo y Reconocimiento Social. La validación del modelo en un programa de Medicina mostró la pertinencia de SIDIGCIES, con las exigencias establecidas a nivel nacional e internacional para la acreditación de programas y de instituciones. Se logró el diseño de 92 indicadores para la medición distribuidos en cada uno de los subsistemas y de siete instrumentos para cada uno de los actores del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje debidamente validados, contando de esta manera con herramientas fiables de medición de la gestión del capital intelectual.

Abstract The results of the design and validation of an Intellectual Capital (CI) management model for the quality of IES, Colombia 2014-2016 are shown. Applied research, mixed-nature. The qualitative approach was from the confrontation of the theory with the specific conditions of the object addressed (its characteristics and needs) which allowed the design of the model. The quantitative data approach was statistical. The population corresponds to the educational actors (teachers, students, administrative and management) of the medicine program, a total of 2139. The sampling was stratified and to determine the size of each of the stratum, took into account the population variances of the same and opted to use the criterion of Neyman's Affixation. For data analysis, they were presented in frequency distribution tables, with range and confidence interval measurements at 95 % (CI-95 %). Also, to observe the relationship between the variables (aspects) and the actors, a simple correspondence analysis was performed. All information was processed in the R-CRAN program. Seven surveys were designed which were validated by experts in higher education, who qualified coherence with the objectives of the study, the shape of the instrument and the clarity of the questions. The analysis of theories on intellectual capital allowed the design of the systemic-dynamic model of management of intellectual capital for the quality of institutions of higher education-SIDIGCIES, is based on three theories: Theory of dynamic capacities in the business world, of Teece, Pisano and Shuen; And, Theory of knowledge creation of Nonaka and Takeuchi. The guidelines of the National Accreditation Council (CNA) of Colombia were also taken into account for both programs and institutions. It is structured by four dynamic subsystems: human talent, research and innovation, academic administration and Social recognition. Its name is due to the way the management of intellectual capital in the IES must work, which requires an interconnected system, whose relationship is developed in a dynamic and non-static way when it is constantly moving, constantly improving and Adjustments, in constant internal interaction in each one of its elements and with the external medium. It is precisely the continuous interaction between the members of the Organization and other external agents in a careful way, which leads to the creation of new knowledge. Around the dynamic subsystems the elements that make possible the promotion and distribution of knowledge are undulating, they are: tacit knowledge, explicit knowledge, organizational knowledge and inter-organizational knowledge. In turn, the dynamic subsystems are influenced by four elements that directly affect their integral behavior and the achievement of the objectives of the IES. Without them, is not possible effective management of intellectual Capital; these are: Financial condition, national and international context, ethical-Legal aspects and physical infrastructure and material resources. The validation of the model in a medical program showed the relevance of SIDIGCIES, with the national and international requirements established for the accreditation of programs and institutions. We achieved the design of 92 indicators for measurement, distributed in each of the subsystems with this is possible a comprehensive analysis of their reality and not fractionally. Seven instruments were also designed for the actors of the teaching-learning process duly validated, counting in this way with reliable tools of measurement of the management of the CI SIDIGCIES, that allows the systematic and interdisciplinary study, oriented to identify the intellectual resources to share, employ, keep and protect them at the individual, organizational, social and global levels. It is a tool that will orient the proper management of the CI, will motivate the recognition of the value of the human talent for the production of the intangibles that there are produced, towards the recognition of the quality by the society and the State.

Aproximación teórica a un modelo de gestión económico-ambiental para la rehabilitación minera / Theoretical approach to a model of economic and environmental management for mining rehabilitation

La rehabilitación minera es uno de los mecanismos implementados para equilibrar la degradación en las áreas minadas y en varios países son descritos como importantes instrumentos en las políticas públicas. Su objeto es asegurar la corrección de los impactos ambientales negativos y de grandes envergaduras, dándole un uso final a los terrenos rehabilitados. La actividad minera de níquel es uno de los sectores más importantes de la economía nacional cubana, dado el nivel de aportaciones que genera al Producto Interno Bruto. Esta actividad, por su naturaleza, tiende a ser no sustentable pues impacta devastadoramente los ecosistemas ubicados en el yacimiento. Es por ello que existe una necesidad inmediata de proponer una solución desde las diferentes ciencias, fundamentalmente las ciencias económicas. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo incorporar las dimensiones económicas, ambientales y sociales en el proceso de rehabilitación minera, a través de la concepción de un modelo de gestión que contribuya al logro del desarrollo sustentable. Se realiza un análisis documental de bibliografía científico-técnica especializada, el cual refleja los problemas ambientales que afectan al municipio de Moa por el desarrollo de la minería de níquel. Como resultado se propone un modelo de gestión medioambiental para la rehabilitación minera que permita aprovechar adecuadamente el escenario afectado por este tipo de actividad en aras de disminuir la afectación de los ecosistemas y elevar la calidad de vida de los pobladores.

Mining rehabilitation is one of the mechanisms implemented to balance degradation in mined areas and it is described in several countries as an important instrument in public policies. Its purpose is to ensure the correction of negative and large scale environmental impacts, giving a final use to the rehabilitated land. Nickel mining activity is one of the most important sectors of the Cuban national economy, due to the level of contributions that it generates to Gross Domestic Product. This activity, because of its nature, tends to be unsustainable because it devastates the ecosystems located in the deposit. That is why there is an immediate need to propose a solution from the different sciences, specifically from the Economic Sciences. The objective of this paper is to incorporate the economic, environmental and social dimensions in the mining rehabilitation process through the conception of a management model that contributes to the achievement of sustainable development. A documentary analysis of specialized scientific and technical literature was carried out which reflects the environmental problems that affect the Municipality of Moa due to the strip mining of nickel. As a result, an environmental management model for mining rehabilitation is proposed that allows taking adequate advantage of the scenario affected by this type of activity in order to reduce the impact of ecosystems and increase the quality of life of the inhabitants.

Propuesta de modelo de gestión de innovación para una empresa de ventas al consumidor final / Proposal of innovation management model for a final consumer sales company / Proposta de modelo de gestão de inovação para uma empresa de vendas ao consumidor final

Resumen Introducción: En el artículo se realiza el planteamiento de un modelo conceptual para la gestión de la innovación en una empresa de ventas al consumidor final Objetivos: Identificar patrones o consensos que permitan determinar cuál es el modelo adecuado de la gestión para la innovación en una empresa de venta al consumidor final, un modelo que fortalezca los procesos de la innovación, que permita a las empresas mejorar su posición competitiva y elevar su desempeño de innovación. Materiales y métodos: Para tal efecto se realizó un análisis de la literatura especializada a través de ecuaciones de búsqueda en la base de datos Scopus en modelos para la gestión de la innovación arrojando un total de 41 variables clave, posteriormente se generaron tres encuestas con preguntas cerradas en escala Likert las cuales se aplicaron a actores en innovación en empresas de ventas al consumidor final con el fin de priorizar las variables del modelo, ubicarlas dentro del concepto de entradas, proceso de transformación y salidas y priorizar los prototipos de modelos de gestión de innovación propuestos. Resultados: De acuerdo con el análisis de la información encontrada se definieron 26 variables críticas del modelo para este tipo de empresas, entre las más importantes se resaltan: co-working, capacidad digital con foco en consumidor, innovación abierta, análisis de información de cliente y consumidor, tendencias tecnológicas enfocadas en consumidor y visión a largo plazo de innovación. Conclusiones: De acuerdo con la revisión de artículos, patentes, documentos técnicos se encontraron un total de 41 variables relacionadas con un modelo de gestión de innovación de las cuales las 26 variables fueron priorizadas por los actores como altamente importantes en el modelo sugerido para empresas de venta al consumidor final, además, los lineamientos y metodología aplicada en el trabajo realizado, permiten tener mayor claridad sobre la propuesta a futuro de diseños de modelos específicos en gestión de la innovación para determinado sector.

Abstract In the article proposes a conceptual model for the management of innovation in a sales company to the final consumer, the objective of de paper is to identify patterns or consensus that allow to determine which is the appropriate model of management for innovation in a sales company to the final consumer, a model that strengthens innovation processes, which allows companies to improve their competitive position and raise its innovation performance, for that effect, an analysis of specialized literature was made through search equations in the database Scopus regarding management innovation models, throwing a total of 41 key variables. Later, three surveys were generated with closed questions in scale Likert which were applied to experts in innovation in sales companies to the final consumer in order to prioritize the variables of the Model, locate them within the concept of inputs, process transformation and outputs, and prioritize the prototypes of proposed innovation management models, according to the analysis of the information, 26 critical variables of the model were found and defined for this type of companies. Amongst the most important are: co-working, digital capacity with a focus on consumers, open innovation, customer and consumer information analysis, consumer-focused technology trends and long-term innovation vision. a total of 41 variables related to an innovation management model were found, of which the 26 variables were prioritized by the actors as highly important in the model suggested for a sales companies to the final consumer, in addition, the guidelines and methodology applied in the work done, allow to have greater clarity about the future proposal of designs of specific models in innovation management for a given sector.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta a abordagem de um modelo conceitual para a gestão da inovação numa empresa de vendas ao consumidor final. O objetivo do artigo é identificar patrões ou acordos que permitam determinar qual é o modelo adequado da gestão para a inovação numa empresa de venda ao consumidor final, que fortaleça os processos da inovação, que permita ás empresas melhorar sua posição competitiva e elevar seu desempenho de inovação; para tal efeito realizou-se um análise da literatura especializada através de equações de pesquisa na base de dados Scopus em modelos para a gestão da inovação jogando um total de 41 variáveis chave, posteriormente geraram-se três pesquisas com questões fechadas na escala Likert que aplicaram-se em atores de inovação em empresas de vendas ao consumidor final com o fim de priorizar as variáveis do modelo, coloca-las no conceito de entradas, processo de transformação e saídas e priorizar os protótipos de modelos de gestão de inovação propostos. Segundo o análise da informação encontrada definiram-se 26 variáveis críticas do modelo para este tipo de empresas, entre as mais importantes destacam-se: co-working, capacidade digital com foco no consumidor, inovação aberta, análise de informação de cliente e consumidor, tendências tecnológicas focadas no consumidor e visão ao longo prazo de inovação. Um total de 41 variáveis foram encontradas no modelo de gestão de inovação das quais 26 variáveis foram priorizadas pelos atores como altamente importantes no modelo sugerido para empresas de venta ao consumidor final, além, os lineamentos e metodologia aplicada no trabalho realizado, permitem ter maior claridade sobre a proposta para futuro de desenhos de modelos específicos na gestão da inovação para determinado setor.

Las políticas institucional y científico-tecnológica del Centro de Inmunología y Productos Biológicos de Camagüey / The institutional and scientific-technological policies of Camagüey’s Center of Immunology and Biological Products

La tercera etapa de la política cubana de ciencia y tecnología marcó la creación del Centro de Inmunología y Productos Biológicos en 1994. El carácter empresarial de la actividad científica y la tendencia en la política de la ciencia hacia la innovación delinearon la política institucional del Centro, con cambios en las estructuras física, organizativa y funcional. El reconocimiento del factor territorial en la política de ciencia e innovación tecnológica y la necesaria introducción de los resultados fueron condicionantes políticas trascendentales para que la política científica institucional se centrará en solucionar los problemas del diagnóstico médico. Las medidas adoptadas crearon nuevas estructuras y modos de operación. El Centro cumple con su encargo social a través de proyectos de obtención de productos biológicos. La evaluación de los indicadores de desempeño de la actividad científica convirtió al Centro en objeto de la investigación y la innovación.

The third stage of the Cuban policy for science and technology marked the creation of the Center of Immunology and Biological Products in 1994. Both the scientific activity’s managerial character and the scientific policy’s trend towards innovation defined the Center’s institutional policy, changing the physical, organizational, and functional structures. Both the acknowledgement of the territorial aspect of the policy for science and technological innovation and the necessary introduction of results became greatly political conditions to focus the institutional scientific policy on solving medical diagnosis problems. Measures were put into effect, creating new structures and ways of action. The Center’s social responsibility is achieved through projects for obtaining biological products. The evaluation of the scientific activity made the Center an object of research and innovation.