Résumé
Purpose: The purpose of this present study was to observe the morphological variations of glenoid process ofadult human scapulae by subjective evaluation, because morphologic variants of adult glenoid process play animportant role in various shoulder joint pathologies especially dislocations with fractures of the glenoid cavitywhich is also quite common.Materialsand Methods: Two hundred sixty adult dry scapulae (127 right & 133 left) from the osteology museumof department of Anatomy, belonging to Indian population of unknown sex & age were obtained for the morphologicpattern of glenoid cavity by subjective evaluation. We have examined the presence of notch in the glenoidprocess of each scapulae& according to the presence of notch, we evaluated the bones for the morphologicalclassification as pear; inverted comma & oval shaped glenoid process. Our observations were compared withother osteological studies performed on different other population groups.Results: Out of total 260 scapulae, 187 bones showed notch in the margin of the glenoid cavity.Most of the boneswithout a notch were termed as oval shaped (73 scapulae) glenoid & rest of the bones were of pear shapedvariety. Among the pear shaped glenoid, 113 scapulae showed pear shaped cavity with slight notch; 71 scapulaeshowed an inverted comma shaped glenoid. Not only the basic morphology, we have also reported some of thescapulae with special morphologic features like a very prominent infraglenoid tubercle; presence of foramen inthe glenoid cavity &highly special nodular glenoid cavity.Conclusions: Though glenoid cavities showed highly variable morphological pictures, but the clinicians shouldbe well versed with the normal appearance & anatomic variants of glenoid cavities on dry bones, so that they caninterpret its morphology on radiographs and MRI scans. Our results of this subjective evaluation may be of helpas baseline data for theclinicians especially for the orthopaedic surgeons for the diagnosis &treatment modalitiesof shoulder dislocations & fracture.
Résumé
Background: The purpose of the study was desired to investigate and observe the variations in the morphology ofspleen in human fetuses. The spleen is the largest secondary lymphoid organ, in the fetal stage it also performsthe role of haematopoiesis. It acts as a blood filter, and also acts as storage site for iron, erythrocytes, andplatelets.Materials and Methods: This study has been carried out on spleen of 40 formalin preserved human fetuses (19males and 21 females) of different gestational ages, in the Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College,Haldwani over a period of two years (i.e. 2014- 2016), with due regards on ethical grounds. Various grossparameters of spleen such as its location, shape, relations, notches & fissures and ligaments were observed andthe results were statistically analyzed.Results: Spleens in all the fetuses was located in the left hypochondrium. 60% of the fetal spleens were wedgeshaped. While stomach was related to the spleen in all the gestational ages, kidney and left colic flexure were notrelated to the spleen in the early age of the fetus. Liver and left adrenal gland also showed relations with the fetalspleen. Maximum number of notches was present in the superior border followed by inferior border and lateralpole. Fissures were also seen in 11 spleens.Conclusion: Knowledge about prenatal ontogenesis of the spleen will help to understand the mechanisms ofpathology in the organ and create methods of diagnosis and prevention.
Résumé
Background: This study deal with the morphology of spleen regarding to shape, notches, and fissure on superior, inferior and diaphragmatic, visceral surface and compared with different study done previously. Methods: This study was done in the department of Anatomy, Chattishgarh Institute of Medical Science, Bilaspur, C.G. India. The study was done on 50 formalin fixed human middle age cadaveric spleen. The spleen was observed grossly and photograph was taken. The data was displayed in tabulated form. Results: The present study was done on 50 formalin fixed human cadaveric spleen, out of which 23(46%) spleen showed wedge shape, 19 (38%) spleen showed tetrahedral shape, 8(16%) spleen showed triangular shape. Among 50 spleen 35 (70%) exhibit notches on the superior border ,4(8%) exhibit notches on the inferior border, 6 (12%) exhibit no notches on either border of spleen, 5(10%) exhibit notches on the both border of spleen, 3 (6%) having fissures on the diaphragmatic surface of spleen . Notches on the superior border are commonly observed but it varies between 1 to 6 and in majority of spleen, it exhibits 1-3 notches respectively. Conclusion: This study provide knowledge about shape, notches, fissures of spleen hence this study useful for clinicians, surgeon, anatomist, radiologist for proper diagnosis and treatment of disease.
Résumé
Background: Hypermobility of Atlanto-Occipital joints give rise to symptoms related to vascular compromise viz syncope, vertigo, transient impairment of visual field, altered consciousness. Surgical management of congenital anomalies of craniovertebral junction requires a precise identification of underlying pathophysiological condition. For this reason variation in superior articular facets of atlas vertebrae in terms of its morphology should be known. Method: The morphology of 100 atlas vertebrae had been studied and observations of total 200 facets were noted. Measurements were taken with a vernier callipers and a compass. Result :In the present study, typical oval, elongated or kidney shaped outline was found in 74.5% facets. Constrictions or notches were present on 48% facets. Complete separation (4.5%) is suggestive of tendency towards possible restriction of movement at atlanto-occipital joint as part of evolutionary changes. Roughly circular pressure facets had been observed in 78% of vertebrae indicating possibly greater pressure at this site during movement at atlanto-occipital joint.Conclusion: Knowledge of this variation in craniovertebral junction is of significant importance for Neurosurgeons and Orthopaedic surgeons doing various surgeries in this region.