Konjac Mannan Oligosaccharides enhanced intestinal barrier function to improve alcoholic nervous injury / 中国药理学通报

Aim Excessive cerebral inflammation caused by chronic alcohol intake is an important risk factor for central nervous system injury. The purpose of this study was to explore the protective effect of konjac mannan oligosaccharide (KMOS) on central nervous system inflammation in alcohol-fed mice and its mechanism. Methods The chronic alcohol fed model of C57BL/6J mice was established using Gao-binge method. And the different doses of KMOS were gavaged every day for 6 weeks. The neuronal damage and microglia activation were evaluated in cerebral cortex and hippocampus. The damage of colon tissue was assessed and serum LPS concentrations were measured. In vitro, Caco-2 cells were stimulated with LPS to establish intestinal mucosal injury model. Results Chronic alcohol intake can cause brain neuron damage in mice, and different doses of KMOS effectively reduced the activation state of microglia, decreased the expression of inflammatory factors caused by the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and alleviated neuronal damage in the brain tissue of alcohol-fed mice. The results of colon tissue analysis showed that the use of KMOS effectively reduced the concentration of endotoxin LPS in serum of alcohol-fed mice, alleviated the pathological injury and inflammatory response of colon tissue, and enhanced the expression of Occludin in intestinal tissue. In vitro experiments also showed that KMOS significantly inhibited the inflammatory reaction of Caco-2 cells exposed to alcohol and increased the expression of Occludin protein. Conclusions KMOS treatment effectively inhibited intestinal inflammation caused by alcohol intake, repaired intestinal barrier to prevent the entry of intestinal LPS into brain tissue, decreased the activation of microglia, and then improved brain neuron damage. KMOS had the potential to prevent alcoholic nerve injury.

Síntesis de glicoconjugados de albúmina sérica bovina y oligosacáridos de quitosano para el análisis de adhesión bacteriana / Synthesis of glycoconjugates of bovine albumin and chitosan oligosaccharides for the analysis of bacterial adhesion / Síntese de glicoconjugados de albumina serica bovina e oligossacarídeos de quitosana para análise de adesão bacteriana

Resumen El aumento de la resistencia a los antibióticos por parte de bacterias patógenas ha motivado la búsqueda de alternativas para disminuir su utilización. Dentro de las opciones propuestas se encuentra la terapia de antiadherencia, en la cual se utilizan moléculas análogas a los glicoepítopes que son reconocidos por las bacterias para impedir la unión de éstas al tejido celular. En este estudio se llevó a cabo la obtención de glicoconjugados por medio de la reacción de Maillard partiendo de albúmina sérica bovina (BSA) y oligosacáridos de quitosano (oligosacáridos sin ultrafiltrar, ultrafiltrados y ultrafiltrados acetilados), en proporción 1:1 (p/p) a tres temperaturas de incubación (50, 60 y 70 °C) por 30 min. La caracterización de los conjugados sintetizados se realizó utilizando electroforesis (SDS-PAGE), espectroscopía de infrarrojo y espectroscopía de fluorescencia. Se realizaron ensayos de reconocimiento usando aglutinina de germen de trigo (WGA) y bacterias [Escherichia coli (K88ac y K88+)]. La caracterización por medio de electroforesis y espectroscopía de infrarrojo evidenció la unión de los oligosacáridos de quitosano a la estructura de la BSA. Además, los ensayos evidenciaron el reconocimiento de las moléculas sintetizadas tanto por la lectina WGA como por las bacterias. Los glicoconjugados sintetizados sin ultrafiltrar ni acetilar mostraron resultados muy favorables en el reconocimiento por ambas bacterias, lo que constituye una ventaja práctica, ya que su implementación a mayor escala reduciría costos de producción

Abstract The increase in antibiotic resistance by pathogenic bacteria has motivated the search for alternatives to reduce the use of antibiotics. Among these alternatives is anti-adhesion therapy, in which molecules that mimic the glycoepitopes that recognise bacteria are used to prevent their binding to cellular tissue. In this study, glycoconjugates were obtained by means of the Maillard reaction starting from bovine serum albumin (BSA) and chitosan oligosaccharides (unfiltered oligosaccharides, ultrafiltered and acetylated ultrafiltered), in a ratio of 1:1 (w/w) at three incubation temperatures (50, 60 and 70 °C) per 30 min. The characterisation was performed using the techniques of electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), infrared spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. Recognition assays were performed using wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and Escherichia coli bacteria (K88ac and K88+). Characterisation by electrophoresis and infrared spectroscopy demonstrated the binding of chitosan oligosaccharides to the structure of BSA. In addition, the tests showed the recognition of the molecules synthesised by both the WGA lectin and the E. coli bacteria. The glycoconjugates synthesised without ultrafiltration or acetylation showed very favourable results in recognition with both bacteria, which is an advantage, since its implementation on a larger scale would reduce production costs.

Resumo O aumento da resistência aos antibióticos por bactérias patogênicas tem motivado a busca de alterna­tivas para reduzir seu uso. Entre essas alternativas está a terapia anti-adesão, na qual são utilizadas moléculas análogas aos glicoepítopos que são reconhecidas pelas bactérias para impedir sua união ao tecido celular. Neste estudo, os glicoconjugados foram obtidos por meio da reação de Maillard a partir de albumina sérica bovina (BSA) e oligossacarídeos de quitosana (oligossacarídeos não ultra­filtrados, ultrafiltrados e acetilados ultrafiltrados), na proporção de 1:1 (p/p) em três temperaturas de incubação (50, 60 e 70 °C) durante 30 min. A caracterização dos conjugados sintetizados foi realizada utilizando a eletroforese (SDS-PAGE), espectroscopia de infravermelho e espectroscopia de fluorescência. Os ensaios de reconhecimento foram realizados utilizando aglutinina de germe de trigo (WGA) e bactérias [Escherichia coli (K88ac e K88+)]. A caracterização por meio de eletroforese e espectroscopia de infravermelho demonstrou a união dos oligossacarídeos de quitosana à estrutura da BSA. Além disso, os testes evidenciaram o reconhecimento das moléculas sintetizadas tanto pela lectina WGA quanto pelas bactérias. Os glicoconjugados sintetizados sem ultrafiltração ou acetilação apresentaram resultados muito favoráveis no reconhecimento por ambas as bactérias, o que é uma vantagem, visto que sua implementação em maior escala reduziria custos de produção.

Analysis on Sugar Spectrum Difference Between Wild-simulated and Transplanted Astragali Radix / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo establish the characteristic sugar spectrum of polysaccharides， oligosaccharides and monosaccharides of wild-simulated and transplanted Astragali Radix， and find out the difference of the sugar spectrum between the two， so as to provide a basis for quality evaluation of Astragali Radix. MethodThe relative molecular weight distribution of polysaccharides from 18 batches of wild-simulated Astragali Radix and 12 batches of transplanted Astragali Radix were characterized by high performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detection（HPLC-ELSD） to establish the characteristic chromatograms of two kinds of polysaccharides. The difference in the peak area ratio of APS-Ⅱ， a polysaccharide component with a relative molecular weight of 10 kDa， in two kinds of Astragali Radix was analyzed， and the critical value of peak area ratio of APS-Ⅱ was determined by receiver operating characteristic（ROC） curve. At the same time， APS-Ⅱ was partially acid-hydrolyzed by trifluoroacetic acid（TFA） to establish characteristic spectra of two kinds of oligosaccharides from Astragali Radix based on HPLC-ELSD， and the characteristics of differential oligosaccharides were found by principal component analysis（PCA） and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA）. Two kinds of APS-Ⅱ were completely acid-hydrolyzed by TFA and derivatized to establish characteristic spectra of two kinds of monosaccharides from Astragali Radix based on HPLC， PCA and OPLS-DA were performed on the peak area ratio of two kinds of monosaccharides to explore the differences in the composition of two kinds of APS-Ⅱ monosaccharides. ResultThe characteristic sugar spectrum of polysaccharides from Astragali Radix showed that the peak area ratio of APS-Ⅱ was the main difference， and the peak area of APS-Ⅱ of wild-simulated and transplanted Astragali Radix were 89.17%-97.17% and 80.14%-91.96%， respectively. The ROC curve determined the critical value of 92.28% for the difference of APS-Ⅱ peak area ratio of the two kinds of Astragali Radix. The multivariate analysis of APS-Ⅱ oligosaccharides revealed that the peak area ratio of oligosaccharides with polymerization degree≥10 was the main difference， which ranged from 11.835%-19.092% for wild-simulated products and 2.778%-7.017% for transplanted products. The results of monosaccharide characteristic sugar spectrum analysis showed that both Astragali Radix species consisted of six monosaccharides， and glucose and arabinose were the differential monosaccharide fractions. The peak area ratios of glucose and arabinose in wild-simulated products were 85%-93.9% and 2.7%-5.8%， respectively， while those of transplanted products were 74.3%-87.3% and 5.3%-10.7%， suggesting that the structures of the two polysaccharide fractions APS-Ⅱ of Astragali Radix may be different. ConclusionThe difference of sugar spectrum between two kinds of Astragali Radix may be related to the content and structure of APS-Ⅱ， and this study may provide a reference for the study of carbohydrates in Astragali Radix and the quality evaluation of medicinal materials.

Multicellular coupling fermentation for 3'-sialyllactose conversion using N-acetyl-glucosamine and lactose / 生物工程学报

Sialyllactose is one of the most abundant sialylated oligosaccharides in human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which plays an important role in the healthy development of infants and young children. However, its efficient and cheap production technology is still lacking presently. This study developed a two-step process employing multiple-strains for the production of sialyllactose. In the first step, two engineered strains, E. coli JM109(DE3)/ pET28a-BT0453 and JM109(DE3)/pET28a-nanA, were constructed to synthesize the intermediate N-acetylneuraminic acid. When the ratio of the biomass of the two engineered strains was 1:1 and the reaction time was 32 hours, the maximum yield of N-acetylneuraminic acid was 20.4 g/L. In the second step, E. coli JM109(DE3)/ pET28a-neuA, JM109(DE3)/ pET28a-nst and Baker's yeast were added to the above fermentation broth to synthesize 3'-sialyllactose (3'-SL). Using optimal conditions including 200 mmol/L N-acetyl-glucosamine and lactose, 150 g/L Baker's yeast, 20 mmol/L Mg2+, the maximum yield of 3'-SL in the fermentation broth reached 55.04 g/L after 24 hours of fermentation and the conversion rate of the substrate N-acetyl-glucosamine was 43.47%. This research provides an alternative technical route for economical production of 3'-SL.

Synthesis of cello-oligosaccharides which promotes the growth of intestinal probiotics by multi-enzyme cascade reaction / 生物工程学报

Soluble cello-oligosaccharide with 2-6 oligosaccharide units is a kind of oligosaccharide with various biological functions, which can promote the proliferation of intestinal probiotics such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus paracei. Therefore, it has a regulatory effect on human intestinal microbiota. In this study, a Cc 01 strain was constructed by expressing cellodextrin phosphorylase (CDP) in Escherichia coli. By combining with a previously constructed COS 01 strain, a three-enzyme cascade reaction system based on strains COS 01 and Cc 01 was developed, which can convert glucose and sucrose into cello-oligosaccharide. After optimization, the final titer of soluble cello-oligosaccharides with 2-6 oligosaccharide units reached 97 g/L, with a purity of about 97%. It contained cellobiose (16.8 wt%), cellotriose (49.8 wt%), cellotetrose (16.4 wt%), cellopentaose (11.5 wt%) and cellohexose (5.5 wt%). When using inulin, xylo-oligosaccharide and fructooligosaccharide as the control substrate, the biomass (OD600) of Lactobacillus casei (WSH 004), Lactobacillus paracei (WSH 005) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (WSH 006) on cello-oligosaccharides was about 2 folds higher than that of the control. This study demonstrated the efficient synthesis of cello-oligosaccharides by a three-enzyme cascade reaction and demonstrated that the synthesized cello-oligosaccharides was capable of promoting intestinal microbial proliferation.

Inhibition of CoCl2-induced glycolysis in HUVEC cells by heparin-derived oligosaccharides and its mechanism / 中国药科大学学报

@#In this paper, cobalt chloride was used to stimulate human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) to establish a model of abnormal hypoxic injury, to investigate the effect of heparin-derived oligosaccharides (HDO) on glycolysis in HUVEC cells and its molecular mechanism.The experiment was divided into the control group (FBS-free DMEM medium), the model group (FBS-free DMEM medium +50 μmol/L CoCl2), and the HDO group (modeling+0.01, 0.1, 1 μmol/L HDO).Firstly, a biochemical kit was used to detect the effects of HDO on glucose uptake and lactic acid accumulation in HUVEC cells, then Western blot and qPCR were used to detect the effects of HIF-1α, GLUT-1 and LDHA gene transcription and protein expression, and finally, PI3K/Akt signaling pathway was detected.The results showed that HDO inhibited glucose uptake and lactate production, down-regulated the expression of HIF-1α, GLUT-1, and LDHA, and affected the activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.HDO could regulate the glycolysis level of HUVEC cells by inhibiting the activation of the PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α signaling axis.

Antidepressant Effects of Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides in Chinese Medicine： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Depression is a common psychiatric disease that seriously affects the physical and mental health and quality of life of patients， and has become one of the major global disease burdens. The etiology of depression is intricate， and despite extensive research， its pathogenesis remains inconclusive， resulting in various hypotheses of its onset mechanisms. Presently， the primary approach for clinically treating depression involves the utilization of selective inhibitors targeting the reuptake of monoamine neurotransmitters within the central nervous system. However， these drugs are generally characterized by delayed onset of action， limited efficacy and obvious resistance. Recently， researchers have gradually turned their attention to the development of antidepressant drugs with novel mechanisms. Notably， as a category of abundantly available active ingredients in Chinese medicine， numerous pharmacological studies have demonstrated that oligosaccharides and polysaccharides possess promising antidepressant properties， such as Morindae Officinalis Radix oligosaccharides， Polygalae Radix oligosaccharide esters， Poria polysaccharides and Astragali Radix polysaccharides. Their pharmacological mechanisms are various， including enhancing the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain， inhibiting the hyperactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis（HPA axis）， increasing the expression of neurotrophic factors（NTF）， regulating immune-inflammatory responses and modulating the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Therefore， oligosaccharides and polysaccharides from Chinese medicine have become a vital source of safe and effective novel antidepressant candidates due to the potential to improve depression through integrated regulatory effects. This article aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic review of recent progress to contribute to the elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides derived from Chinese medicine.

Estrategia regulatoria del desarrollo de Quimi-Hib®, vacuna conjugada semisintética contra Haemophilus influenzae tipo b

Introducción: Quimi-Hib®, una vacuna cubana obtenida por síntesis química y única en el mundo, requirió una estrategia regulatoria específica, porque no hay guía con las pautas requeridas para su producción y control. Objetivo: Caracterizar la estrategia regulatoria de la etapa precomercialización de Quimi-Hib® en Cuba. Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo-retrospectivo de requisitos para el registro sanitario de la vacuna cubana. Se establecieron siete pasos estratégicos para abarcar los estándares reguladores vigentes y futuros, con base en opiniones de expertos para la adopción de decisiones. El punto de partida fue la guía de la OMS, aplicable a vacunas anti-Hib de origen natural. Resultados: La estrategia regulatoria se desarrolló a partir de las 15 recomendaciones de esta guía, 11 de ellas se extrapolaron a la vacuna cubana y cuatro no, pero se consideraron sus fundamentos para desarrollar cuatro requerimientos aplicables a la vacuna semisintética. Se adicionaron otros seis, tres a solicitud de la Autoridad Reguladora Nacional de Cuba y tres obtenidos de la literatura relevante disponible. Estos 21 requerimientos completan el paquete regulador, resultado de la estrategia desarrollada para esta vacuna y la posterior aprobación de su registro sanitario y comercialización. Conclusiones: La estrategia regulatoria desarrollada en este trabajo permitió definir un conjunto de recomendaciones que suple la carencia de regulaciones internacionales y contribuyó a la obtención segura del registro sanitario de la vacuna Quim-Hib® que podría generalizarse a otras vacunas con características similares.

Introduction: Quimi-Hib®, a Cuban vaccine obtained by chemical synthesis and unique in the world, required its own regulatory strategy because there is no guideline on the requirements for its production and control. Objective: To characterize the regulatory strategy of the pre-launch phase of Quimi-Hib® in Cuba. Material and Methods: Descriptive-retrospective study of the requirements for the approval of the Cuban vaccine. Seven strategic steps were established to cover current and future regulatory standards based on expert advice for decision making. The starting point was the WHO´s guideline, which applies to anti-Hib vaccines of natural origin. Results: The regulatory strategy was developed based on the 15 recommendations of the aforementioned guideline, 11 of which were extrapolated to the Cuban vaccine and four of which were not, but served as the basis for the development of four requirements with similar rationale that apply to the semisynthetic vaccine. Six additional requirements were added, three of which were requested from the Cuba's National Regulatory Authority and three of which were obtained from the available relevant literature. These 21 requirements complete the regulatory package, the result of the strategy developed for this vaccine and the subsequent approval for marketing authorization and commercialization. Conclusions: The regulatory strategy compensates for the lack of specific guidelines for synthetic Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines and thus contributed to the approval of the first vaccine of this type. The regulatory strategy is flexible because it includes update requirements throughout the vaccine life cycle, and expert consensus was considered in its development.

The protective effects of disialyllacto-N-tetraose of neonatal intestinal barriers in the prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis / 中国新生儿科杂志

Objective:To study the expression of zonula occludens-1(ZO-1) in neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and to explore the effects of disialyllacto-N-tetraose (DSLNT), a compound extracted from human milk, on the intestinal barriers in rat model of NEC.Methods:(1) Human study: From Feb 2013 to Dec 2020, the pathological samples of ileum tissue from 21 neonates (12 patients with NEC and 9 with intestinal atresia) from Pathology Department of our hospital were collected. The expressions of ZO-1 in these samples were examined using immunohistochemistry (IHC) method. (2) Animal study: A total of 28 newborn rats were randomly assigned into control group ( n=8), NEC group ( n=10) and DSLNT+NEC group ( n=10). Experimental NEC model was established based on hypoxia (95%N 2 10 min) /cold exposure (4 ℃ 10 min) three times a day for consecutive 3 days. DSLNT+NEC group were fed with formula+DLSNT (300 μmol/L) during hypoxia/cold exposure. All the surviving rats were sacrificed at the end of the experiment (72 h) and the terminal ileum tissues were collected. Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) staining was used to evaluate tissue damage and Western blotting was used to determine the expressions of ZO-1. (3) Cellular study: Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to establish a cellular inflammation model in human intestinal epithelial cell lines (Caco-2) and DSLNT (300 μmol/L) was applied to this model. Thiazolyl blue assay was used to examine cell viabilities and immunofluorescence assay was used to detect ZO-1 expression. The effects of DSLNT on cell growth and tight junctions of Caco-2 cells were analyzed. Results:(1)Human study: The villi of mucous layer of the lesion were damaged in NEC patients. ZO-1 expressions at the epithelial junction of NEC patients were decreased compared with intestinal atresia patients and non-lesion intestines of NEC patients. (2)Animal study: Apical extrusion, necrosis and shedding of epithelial cell were seen at the lesions in NEC group. The expression of ZO-1 in NEC group was significantly lower than the control group and DSNLT+NEC group ( P<0.05).DSNLT+NEC group had higher survival rates (8/10 vs. 6/10) and lower ileum inflammatory pathological scores [2.0(1.0, 2.8) vs. 3.5(3.0, 4.0)] than NEC group. (3) Cellular study: Caco-2 cells exposed to LPS showed inhibited cell growth and decreased ZO-1 immunofluorescence staining. Caco-2 cells in the DSLNT+LPS group showed better viability than LPS group and were comparable with the control group. The expression of ZO-1 was significantly increased in the DSLNT+LPS group. Conclusions:Tight junction injury of the intestinal epithelial cell is an important characteristic of NEC. ZO-1 is a potential target for the prevention and treatment of NEC. DSLNT may protect the neonatal intestines by modulating the expression of ZO-1 and keeping tight junction integrity.

Advances in the preparation of alginate oligosaccharides and its biological functions / 生物工程学报

Alginate is a group of polyuronic saccharides that are widely used in pharmaceutical and food industry due to its unique physicochemical properties and beneficial health effects. However, the low water solubility and high viscosity of alginate hampered its application. Alginate oligosaccharide (AOS) is a decomposition product of alginate and has received increasing attention due to its low molecular weight, high water solubility, safety, and non-toxicity. The wide-ranging biological functions of AOS are closely related to its structural diversity. AOS with distinct structures and biological functions can be obtained by different methods of preparation. This review summarized the biological functions of AOS reported to date, including anti-tumor, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, prebiotic, and anti-diabetes. The preparation of AOS, as well as the relationship between the structure and biological functions of AOS were discussed, with the aim to provide a reference for further development and application of AOS.

Disialyllacto-N-tetraose improves intestinal homeostasis of metabolic microenvironment to prevent the pathological development of necrotizing enterocolitis in neonatal rats / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To investigate the effects of disialyllacto-N-tetraose (DSLNT) on low molecular weight metabolic profile of intestinal contents in neonatal rats with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), in an attempt to explore the protective mechanism of DLSNT on intestinal tract of neonates.Methods:Immediately after birth, SD rats were randomly divided into the control group, the NEC group and the NEC+ DSLNT group according to random number tale method.All rats were hand-fed by special formula milk.Rats in the NEC group and NEC+ DSLNT group were exposed to hypoxia (950 mL/L nitrogen, 10 min, thrice per day) and cold stress (4 ℃, 10 min, thrice per day) for continuous 3 days to establish rodent NEC model.Rats in the NEC+ DSLNT group were hand-fed with special formula containing 300 μmol/L DSLNT.All rats were sacrificed after 72 h, and intestinal contents were collected from ileum and colon, followed by untargeted metabolomic determination with the ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography Q extractive mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QE-MS) method.The terminal ileum was examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining.The metabolome data were analyzed with multivariable analysis using SIMCA 14.1.The metabolites that met both variable importance in the projection (VIP) >1 in the orthogonal partial least squares analysis (OPLS-DA) model and P<0.05 in the t-test were screened as differential metabolites between groups. Results:DSLNT reduced the incidence of NEC and pathological scores of ileum tissue from neonatal rats with NEC [3.0(2.0, 3.0) scores vs.1.0(1.0, 2.0) scores, P<0.01], and also significantly suppressed inflammatory infiltration.OPLS-DA model based on the metabolome data determined by UHPLC-QE-MS could perform effective discrimination between the NEC group and the control group, as well as the NEC+ DSLNT group and the NEC group.There were 64 differential metabolites between the NEC group and the control group (VIP value>1 and P<0.05 for the OPLS-DA model). These metabolites included docosahexaenoic acid (+ 288.0%, P=0.028), xanthine (+ 372.1%, P=0.007), L-arginine (+ 233.1%, P=0.027), L-leucine (+ 232.7%, P=0.015), N-acetylneuraminic acid (-41.6%, P=0.014), and so forth.These metabolites were associated with 34 metabolic pathways.Among them, such 6 pathways as arginine biosynthesis, arginine and proline metabolism were the most disturbed pathways affected by NEC.There were 15 diffe-rential metabolites in between NEC+ DSLNT group and NEC group, which included D-mannose (-73.5%, P=0.032), xanthine (-63.4%, P=0.008), linoleic acid (+ 137.9%, P=0.047), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (+ 278.2%, P=0.005), and so forth.These metabolites were mapped to 7 metabolic pathways, among them, linoleic acid metabolism pathway was the most relevant differential pathway affected by DSLNT.There were 8 overlapped meta-bolites in both comparison strategies, and the variation trend of these overlapped metabolites in the NEC group was significantly reversed by DSLNT supplementation. Conclusions:DSLNT could significantly attenuate the NEC pathological damage caused by hypoxia/cold stress in neonatal rats.This protective effect is associated with the improvement of the metabolic profile of intestinal contents caused by NEC and the modulation of the linoleic acid metabolic pathway.The early preventive supplementation of DSLNT is of great significance in maintaining neonatal intestinal homeostasis and preventing the process of NEC.

Research progress on the effects of human milk oligosaccharides on infant intestinal flora / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Infancy is the most critical period for the formation and development of intestinal flora, which is an important stage for the rapid succession and stable colonization of intestinal flora involved in the health and establishment and improvement of the immune system.Breast milk is rich in human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which can effectively promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the infant intestine.It inhibits the invasion of pathogen, improves the composition of the intestinal flora, increases its diversity, and promotes the growth and development of the infant.This study mainly reviews the research status of HMOs and its influence on the infant intestinal flora.

Enzymatic preparation of manno-oligosaccharides from locust bean gum and palm kernel cake, and investigations into its prebiotic activity

BACKGROUND: Manno-oligosaccharides (MOS) is known as a kind of prebiotics. Mannanase plays a key role for the degradation of mannan to produce MOS. In this study, the mannanases of glycoside hydrolase (GH) families 5 Man5HJ14 and GH26 ManAJB13 were employed to prepare MOS from locust bean gum (LBG) and palm kernel cake (PKC). The prebiotic activity and utilization of MOS were assessed in vitro using the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum strain. RESULTS: Galactomannan from LBG was converted to MOS ranging in size from mannose up to mannoheptose by Man5HJ14 and ManAJB13. Mannoheptose was got from the hydrolysates produced by Man5HJ14, which mannohexaose was obtained from LBG hydrolyzed by ManAJB13. However, the same components of MOS ranging in size from mannose up to mannotetrose were observed between PKC hydrolyzed by the mannanases mentioned above. MOS stability was not affected by high-temperature and high-pressure condition at their natural pH. Based on in vitro growth study, all MOS from LBG and PKC was effective in promoting the growth of L. plantarum CICC 24202, with the strain preferring to use mannose to mannotriose, rather than above mannotetrose. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of mannanases and mannan difference on MOS composition was studied. All of MOS hydrolysates showed the stability in adversity condition and prebiotic activity of L. plantarum, which would have potential application in the biotechnological applications.

Oligosacáridos y polisacáridos no digeribles: una fuente de salud para los adultos mayores / Non-digestible oligosaccharides and polysaccharides: a source of health for older people

RESUMEN Los adultos mayores son especialmente vulnerables a sufrir enfermedades asociadas al tracto gastrointestinal, ya que el envejecimiento conlleva naturalmente a un desbalance en la diversidad y cantidad de los microorganismos presentes en el intestino. Por ello, la suplementación de su dieta con oligosacáridos y polisacáridos no digestibles (OPND) ha cobrado gran relevancia científica. Esto, con el propósito de prevenir y revertir, en parte, los cambios negativos en la microbiota intestinal derivados del envejecimiento. Se ha observado que la suplementación de OPND en adultos mayores genera variados beneficios, entre los que destacan una mejora en el sistema inmune, una mayor absorción de calcio, reducción en la incidencia de alergias, reducción de la constipación y una disminución en los niveles de glicemia y colesterol sanguíneos. Debido a que, los efectos del consumo de OPND en adultos mayores han sido escasamente discutidos en la literatura científica en idioma castellano, el propósito de esta revisión es abordar el tema haciendo énfasis en la realidad chilena y latinoamericana. Ello, con miras a fomentar la incorporación de OPND en alimentos y programas de alimentación dirigidos específicamente a personas de la tercera edad.

ABSTRACT Since aging naturally leads to an imbalance in the diversity and quantity of microorganisms present in the intestine, older people are particularly vulnerable to diseases associated with the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, supplementing the diet of elderly persons with non-digestible oligosaccharides and polysaccharides (OPND) has gained scientific relevance. Supplementation aims to prevent and (partially) revert the negative changes in intestinal microbiota due to aging. It has been observed that OPND supplementation in older adults provides several benefits, including an improvement in the immune system, increased calcium absorption, a reduction in the incidence of allergies, a reduction in constipation and a decrease in blood levels of cholesterol and glucose. Because the effects of OPND supplementation in older adults has been scarcely discussed in the scientific literature in the Spanish language, the purpose of this review is to address the issue with emphasis on the Chilean and Latin-American reality. The article promotes the incorporation of OPND in processed food and feeding programs specifically designed for older people in Latin America.

Extraction of oligosaccharides and phenolic compounds by roasting pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis from spent coffee ground

Spent coffee ground (SCG) is the waste generated during the preparation of instant coffee and is the sourceof industrially valuable organic compounds. In this article, SCG was pretreated by roasting at 150°C for 30minutes and heated with water at 90°C for extracting carbohydrates and phenolic compounds, after which1.0% (w/w) β-mannanase was applied for the hydrolysis of pretreated SCG. SCG is characterized in terms ofits total sugar content by the anthrone–sulfuric assay and phenolic compounds by Folin−Ciocalteu’s procedure.In this study, the total sugar increased by 14.79% (w/w) by the roasting process, and subsequently enzymatichydrolysis increased the total sugar yield up to 17.43% (w/w) compared to the untreated SCG, i.e., 10.24%(w/w). The reducing sugar was estimated by the dinitrosalicylic acid method and the end product increased to106.10 (mg Glucose/g) from the initial content 5.32 (mg Glucose/g raw SCG). The total phenolic compoundincreased to 291.86 (mg Gallic acid/g lyophilized material), which was a 6.39-fold increase compared to thenative SCG (45.68 mg Gallic acid/g). These results point to the valuable compounds present in SCG, can beenhanced by combining the roasting pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis, and can be utilized in the foodand biotech industries.

Identification of Morindae Officinalis Radix root cortex and woody core based on UPLC characteristic chromatogram and chemical pattern recognition method / 中草药

Objective: A method for identification of root cortex and woody core of Morindae Officinalis Radix (MOR) was established based on Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) characteristic chromatogram and chemical pattern recognition technique. Methods: Using UPLC technique, the characteristic chromatograms of iridoids and oligosaccharides of root cortex and woody core of MOR were established, combined with the similarity analysis, variance analysis, cluster analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) methods for chemical pattern recognition research. Results: The UPLC characteristic chromatograms of iridoids and oligosaccharides of different parts of MOR were established, and 12 and 20 common characteristic peaks were confirmed, respectively. The UPLC characteristic chromatograms of root cortex and woody core of MOR were obviously different. Conclusion: UPLC characteristic chromatograms of iridoids and oligosaccharides of MOR combined with chemical pattern recognition analysis method can reflect the difference of root cortex and woody core of MOR integrally, comprehensively and truly, which provides more sufficient basis for the necessity of removing woody core from MOR.

Prebiotics in the Infant Microbiome: The Past, Present, and Future / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

Recent advances in the bio-production of human milk oligosaccharides 2'-FL and 3-FL / 生物工程学报

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are important immunoactive components found in breast milk. Scientific research proves that HMOs are significantly beneficial for infant health. 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) is the major component of HMO, which obtained growing attentions from food industry. Besides, 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL) is another important fucosyllactose and it has a similar synthetic route comparing to 2'-FL. Thus, research of the two HMO components has interactive effects for each other. Recently, numerous publications are available for 2'-FL and 3-FL. The microbial cell factory is able to massively produce fucosyllactose via an efficient way, which will show considerable influences in dairy industry. In this paper, we review recent studies on 2'-FL and 3-FL, and discuss their prospects according to published literature and patents.

Low FODMAPs diet for functional abdominal pain disorders in children: critical review of current knowledge / Dieta com baixo teor de FODMAPs para distúrbios de dor abdominal funcional em crianças: revisão crítica do conhecimento atual

ABSTRACT Objective: This narrative review aimed to provide practitioners a synthesis of the current knowledge on the role of a low Fermentable Oligosaccharides Disaccharides Monosaccharides and Polyols diet in reducing symptoms associated with functional abdominal pain disorders in children. This review is focused on the pathophysiology, efficacy and criticism of low Fermentable Oligosaccharides Disaccharides Monosaccharides and Polyols diet in children. Sources: Cochrane Database, Pubmed and Embase were searched using specific terms for Fermentable Oligosaccharides Disaccharides Monosaccharides and Polyols diet interventions and functional abdominal pain disorders. Summary of the findings: In children, only one Randomized Control Trial and one open-label study reported positive results of low Fermentable Oligosaccharides Disaccharides Monosaccharides and Polyols diet; one Randomized Control Trial showed exacerbation of symptoms with fructans in children with Irritable Bowel Syndrome; no effect was found for the lactose-free diet whilst fructose-restricted diets were effective in 5/6 studies. Conclusions: In children there are few trials evaluating low Fermentable Oligosaccharides Disaccharides Monosaccharides and Polyols in functional abdominal pain disorders, with encouraging data on the therapeutic efficacy particularly of fructose-restricted diet. Additional efforts are still needed to fill this research gap and clarify the most efficient way for tailoring dietary restrictions based on the patient's tolerance and/or identification of potential biomarkers of low Fermentable Oligosaccharides Disaccharides Monosaccharides and Polyols efficacy, to maintain nutritional adequacy and to simplify the adherence to diet by labeling Fermentable Oligosaccharides Disaccharides Monosaccharides and Polyols content in commercial products.

RESUMO Objetivo: Nos últimos anos, foram feitos esforços consideráveis para esclarecer o papel da dieta com baixo teor de oligossacarídeos fermentáveis, dissacarídeos, monossacarídeos e polióis (FODMAPs) para o tratamento de distúrbios gastrintestinais funcionais (DGIFs). Esta revisão narrativa teve como objetivo fornecer aos profissionais uma síntese do conhecimento atual sobre o papel de uma dieta com baixo teor de FODMAPs (BFM) na redução dos sintomas associados a distúrbios funcionais de dor abdominal (DFDA) em crianças. Esta revisão está focada na fisiopatologia, eficácia e crítica da dieta BFM em crianças. Fontes: O banco de dados Cochrane, Pubmed e Embase foram pesquisados com o uso dos termos específicos para intervenções na dieta FODMAP e DFDA. Resumo dos achados: Em crianças, apenas um estudo controlado randomizado e um estudo aberto relataram resultados positivos da dieta BFM; um estudo controlado randomizado mostrou exacerbação dos sintomas com frutanos em crianças com síndrome do intestino irritável; nenhum efeito foi encontrado para a dieta livre de lactose, enquanto dietas com restrição de frutose foram eficazes em 5/6 estudos. Conclusões: Existem poucos estudos que avaliam BFM em DFDA em crianças, com dados encorajadores sobre a eficácia terapêutica, particularmente de dietas com restrição de frutose. Esforços adicionais ainda são necessários para preencher essa lacuna de pesquisa e esclarecer a maneira mais eficiente de adaptar as restrições dietéticas com base na tolerância do paciente e/ou identificação de biomarcadores potenciais de eficácia da BFM, para manter a adequação nutricional e simplificar a adesão à dieta, ao incluir informações sobre conteúdo de FODMAPs em rótulos de produtos comerciais.

Hidratos de carbono complejos en la leche materna: los oligosacáridos (Parte 1) / Complex carbohydrates in breast milk: oligosaccharides (Part 1)

Los oligosacáridos de la leche materna (HMOs) son unas 200 moléculas distintas sintetizadas y secretadas por la glándula mamaria a partir de lactosa a la que diversos enzimas unen monosacáridos simples (glucosa, galactosa, n-acetil galactosamina, fucosa y ácido siálico). Estas uniones y sus diferentes orientaciones espaciales generan una gran diversidad de estructuras químicas y de funcionalidades. La concentración de los HMOs es mayor en el calostro (± 25 g/L), está relacionada con la duración del embarazo y la lactancia: disminuyen progresivamente hasta la mitad de los niveles iniciales. La genética materna influye en el perfil de algunos HMOs; el gen FUT2, que codifica la síntesis de la fucosiltransferasa 2 (FUT2) condiciona el llamado carácter secretor en 75-85% de las mujeres y hace que los antígenos del grupo ABO(H) sean secretados en los líquidos orgánicos (saliva, lágrimas, semen). La ausencia de actividad del gen FUT2 condiciona el carácter no-secretor (15-25% de las mujeres). La actividad del gen FUT3 condiciona la actividad de la fucosiltransferasa 3 (FUT3) que se asocia con el grupo sanguíneo Lewis+ mientras que su ausencia caracteriza a los portadores como Lewis 0. Los HMOs son absorbidos a nivel del intestino como trazas (1%) pero incluso en esas cantidades ejercerían efectos sistémicos.

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a family of some 200 different molecules synthesized by the mammary gland. At the core is a molecule of lactose, which is linked by different enzymes to glucose, galactose, n-acetyl galactosamine, fucose or sialic acid. These linkages and their different spatial orientation generate, besides the possibilities of numerous chemical structures, the potential for different spatial isomers. The concentration of HMOs in human milk depends on pregnancy and breastfeeding duration. They are highest in colostrum (± 25 g/L) and decrease over time to half this initial level. Maternal genetics modifies the concentration and profile of some oligosaccharides. For example, the FUT2 gene codifies the synthesis of fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2) whose activity generates the secretor status for antigens of the ABO(H) blood group in organic fluids (saliva, milk, tears, semen) among 75-85% of the carriers of the trait. The absence of activity of the FUT2 gene conditions the non-secretor status (15-25% of women). The FUT3 gene regulates the activity of the fucosyltransferase 3 (FUT3) that is associated with the Lewis blood group. Traces of HMOs (1%) are absorbed in the intestinal tract, however, they exert important systemic effects even at low concentrations.