The success of implementing the National Food Security Act depends entirely on the efficient functioning of the Public Distribution System, A review

India is a developing country which characterize by large amount of population and geographical area, unemployment rate,poverty etc. In India there has a system of food distribution through Public Distribution System to solve the problem ofstarvation, to help the poor rural and urban people. Govt. does this function under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food andPublic Distribution. The Govt. able to success to help poor people by providing subsidized food at a very low price. Throughthis article we review the effectiveness of Public Distribution System and also show the improvements in Public DistributionSystem to reach the poor section

PD-S15 fusion protein specifically target PD-1 and rapidly expands NK/T cells / 中国肿瘤生物治疗杂志

@#Objective: To investigate the function of anti-PD-1 (scFv)/IL-15/IL-15Rα-sushi fusion protein (PD-S15) to specifically bind to PD-1 in vitro and to explore its effect on NK/T cell proliferation. Methods: The human anti-PD-1 (scFv) gene sequence and human IL-15/IL-15Rα-sushi fusion gene sequence were synthesized chemically. The recombinant expression plasmid pUC57-PD-S15 was constructed by enzyme digestion and ligation of the two target genes, and then transiently transfected into HEK293T cells by lipofectamineTM 2000. The supernatants of cell culture medium were acquired, and the expression of PD-S15 fusion protein in cell culture supernatants was detected by Wb assay. PBMCs and TILs were cultured in mediums with different proportion of PD-S15/X-VIVOTM15, respectively. Then, the capacity of PD-S15 fusion protein to bind to PD-1 in vitro and its effect on the proliferation of PBMCs and the proportion of CD3+CD8+, CD3+CD4+ and CD3-CD56+ subsets were detected by flow cytometry. The effect of PD-S15 fusion protein on the proliferation of TILs was detected by cytometry. Results: The successful construction of pUC57-PD-S15 eukaryotic expression plasmid was confirmed by double enzyme digestion and sequencing, and then successfully transfected into HEK293T cells. The relative molecular weight of the target protein was approximately 55 000, and was in line with expectations. PD-S15 fusion protein could specifically combine with PD-1 in vitro (P<0.05) and stimulate NK/T cell proliferation (P<0.05). Compared with classical TILs culture method, the efficiency of activation and amplification of T cells in vitro by PD-S15 culturemethodwasbetter (P<0.01). Conclusion: PD-S15 fusion protein can specifically target PD-1 and rapidly expand NK/T cells in vitro, which lays a foundation for the selective expansion of CD8+PD-1+ antigen-specific T lymphocytes from tumor tissues and even peripheral blood.

Utilization Trend of Partial Nephrectomy for the Treatment of Renal Cell Carcinoma in Korea: An Multicenter study using URO-PDS

PURPOSE: Partial nephrectomy has a similar oncologic outcome to radical nephrectomy while reducing cardiac and metabolic morbidity. However, previous studies reported that partial nephrectomy had been underutilized. The purpose of this study is to analyze trends in the use of partial nephrectomy in Korea and evaluate which individual factors and hospital factor influenced the operative approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using URO-PDS database, 11560 patients underwent nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma between 2006 and 2010 were identified. International Classification of Disease (ICD-9) diagnosis codes were applied to target subject of interest. Logistic regression was applied to identify determinants of partial nephrectomy. RESULTS: Over the study period, the proportion of partial nephrectomies has steadily increased from 9.4% in 2006 to 30.4% in 2010 (p<0.001). Deviation of utilization in partial nephrectomy has been observed based on the area (p<0.001) and type of surgery (p<0.001). Individual of younger age, as well as male, were more likely to be treated with partial nephrectomy (p<0.001 for each). Furthermore, Patient treated at hospitals with higher nephrectomy volume were more prone to be treated with partial nephrectomy (p<0.001 for each). CONCLUSIONS: Partial nephrectomies have been increasingly performed over the study period but are still underutilized.

Prenatal music stimulation facilitates the postnatal functional development of the auditory as well as visual system in chicks (Gallus domesticus).

Rhythmic sound or music is known to improve cognition in animals and humans. We wanted to evaluate the effects of prenatal repetitive music stimulation on the remodelling of the auditory cortex and visual Wulst in chicks. Fertilized eggs (0 day) of white leghorn chicken (Gallus domesticus) during incubation were exposed either to music or no sound from embryonic day 10 until hatching. Auditory and visual perceptual learning and synaptic plasticity, as evident by synaptophysin and PSD-95 expression, were done at posthatch days (PH) 1, 2 and 3. The number of responders was significantly higher in the music stimulated group as compared to controls at PH1 in both auditory and visual preference tests. The stimulated chicks took significantly lesser time to enter and spent more time in the maternal area in both preference tests. A significantly higher expression of synaptophysin and PSD-95 was observed in the stimulated group in comparison to control at PH1-3 both in the auditory cortex and visual Wulst. A significant inter-hemispheric and gender-based difference in expression was also found in all groups. These results suggest facilitation of postnatal perceptual behaviour and synaptic plasticity in both auditory and visual systems following prenatal stimulation with complex rhythmic music.

Regeneração óssea guiada e instalação simultânea de implantes utilizando a técnica do PDS II / Guided-bone regeneration and simultaneous implant placement using the PDS II technique

A obtenção do reparo ósseo pode ser prejudicada pela invasão de células fibroblásticas na loja cirúrgica, o que resulta em tecido conjuntivo cicatricial. A utilização de biomateriais como barreiras evita, ou até mesmo impede, a invasão de fibroblastos, permitindo maior intervalo de tempo para que as células osteoprogenitoras se alojem na área do defeito e promovam a neoformação óssea. No entanto, o problema está em criar e manter um espaço suficiente, entre a membrana e o defeito ósseo, para que ocorra a regeneração. Este trabalho teve como objetivo apresentar e discutir o resultado clínico da utilização de um fio de sutura de reabsorção lenta, o PDS II, como um arcabouço, de maneira a criar e manter o espaço necessário. Por ter a capacidade de resistir à tensão por várias semanas, se manteve convexo no local desejado, sustentando o tecido gengival, tempo suficiente para permitir colonização, organização e proteção do tecido neoformado.

Bone repair can be compromised by invading of fibroblast cells into the surgical chamber, resulting in scar connective tissue. The use of biomaterials as barriers avoids or even impedes fibroblast invasion, giving more time for osteoprogenitor cells to lodge in the defect area and promote bone neoformation. However, the problem is how to create and maintain sufficient space between the membrane and bone defect, so that regeneration can occur. The purpose of this work was to present and discuss the clinical result of PDS II technique, a slow resorption suture, as a dome device for creating and maintaining the necessary space. Because it can resist tension for several weeks, it remains convex in the desired place, supporting the gingival tissue long enough to allow colonization, organization, and protection of the newly formed tissue.

A practical approach to the understanding and teaching of RNA silencing in plants

Gene silencing, also called RNA interference (RNAi) is a specific mechanism of RNA degradation involved in gene regulation, development and defense in eukaryotic organisms. It became an important subject in the teaching programs of molecular biology, genetics and biotechnology courses in the last years. The aim of this work is to provide simple and inexpensive assays to understand and teach gene silencing using plants as model systems. The use of transient and permanent transgenic plants for expressing reporter genes, like those derived from jellyfish green fluorescent protein (gfp) encoding gene, provides a nice, colorful and conclusive image of gene silencing. Three experimental approaches to evidence RNA silencing are depicted. In the first approach gene silencing is demonstrated after transient expression of reporter genes in non-transgenic plants. In the second, silencing is triggered against a reporter gene stably integrated into a transgenic plant. The third approach involves the triggering of RNA silencing against endogenous genes using viral vectors. In addition we illustrate systemic gene silencing showing how the silencing signal is spread over a plant and finally it is also demonstrated the suppression of gene silencing. The first group of experiments is recommended to be tough on undergraduate courses, the following two sections are recommended for graduate courses. Hopefully, it will help students to understand this important phenomenon and to unravel the importance of gene silencing as a key gene regulation mechanism and as a molecular and biotechnological tool.

Preparation and Quality Control of Potassium Dehydroandrographolide Succinate Hollow Suppository / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To prepare Potassium dehydroandrographolide succinate(PDS)hollow suppository and establish a method for its quality control.METHODS:The PDS hollow suppository was prepared with semisynthesis fatty acid glyceride as ground substances and PEG300 or 1,2 propylene glycol as disperse medium.The content of PDS was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry at a detection wavelength of 251nm.RESULTS:The linear concentration range of PDS was 6.0～50.0?g?mL-1(r=0.999 9,n=5).The two kinds of PDS hollow suppository were all up to the quality standard.CONCLUSION:This method is reasonable in design and feasible in technology.

Operative Treatment in Midshaft Fractures of Clavicle using Reconstruction Plate and Interfragmentary PDS Suture

PURPOSE: We are reporting the result of comminuted midshaft fractures of clavicle treated by reconstruction plate fixation and PDS augmentation easily fixing butterfly fragments with minimal soft tissue dissection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed 42 cases of operatively treated displaced comminuted midshaft fractures of clavicle at our hospital from March, 2001 to May 2004 whom were followed up for more than one year after the operation. According to Robinson classification, we grouped simple fractures as group A, and comminuted fractures as group B. Internal fixation using reconstruction plate has been chosen for type A fracture. Type B has been treated by reconstruction plate fixation with PDS augmentations. Shoulder function, union time and complications has been studied according to the fracture type retrospectively. RESULTS: All cases had complete bone union with average union time of 8.6 weeks for type A and 8.9 weeks for type B. Weitzman functional evaluation did not show significant differences. CONCLUSION: PDS augmentation in comminuted midshaft fracture of clavicle easily fix the butterfly fragments with least soft tissue damage and lessen the bone graft. Therefore it considered to be one of the available treatment methods for comminuted midshaft fracture of clavicle.

CLINICAL STUDY ABOUT ENDOSCOPIC TREATMENT OF PANCREATIC DUCTAL STONES / 解放军医学杂志

To evaluate the effect of endoscopic treatment of pancreatic ductal stones (PDS), 31 patients with PDS treated in our hospital from January 1998 to Octomber 2001 were analyzed retrospectively. PDS were successfully extracted in 10 patients by endoscopic papillotomy (EPT) or endoscopic pancreatic sphincterotomy (EPS). In 2 patients, one was treated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and endoscopic retrograde pancreatic drainage (ERPD), another with EPS and ESWL, the PDS were all disappeared in 6 months. Fourteen patients with pancreatic ductal stricture were treated with ERPD, and 4 with EPS+ERPD. However, 4 patients were subjected to operation for pancreatic carcinoma and recurrent symptom. Only one of them failed owing to severe pancreatic ductal stricture. The success rate of the procedure was 96 8%, and the remission rate of abdominal pain was 90% shortly after operation and 70 4% in the follow up interval. The body weight and pancreatic exocrine function were also improved. But the stent occlusion was found in 3 patients and their stents were changed. So endoscopic therapy such as EPS, ESWL, and ERPD are effective and safe methods in treatment of PDS.

Arthroscopic Reduction of Bony Avusion of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament from the Tibia using Pull-out PDS

No abstract available.

Influence of Sijunzi Decoction in various dosages on digestive and immune function of mice with Pi-deficiency syndrome / 中草药

Objective To study the influence and the optimal dosages of Sijunzi Decoction (SJZD) on treating digestive and immune function of mice with Pi-deficiency syndrome (PDS). Methods The experimental model of mice with PDS was induced by rhubarb decoction. Then the mice were treated with three dosages of SJZD (12.5, 25, and 37.5 g/kg), respectively. The body weight, body temperature, mean retention time of chyme in digestive tract, gastric emptying velocity, gastrin and motilin levels, and visceral index of mice were measured. Results Being compared with the normal group, the PDS mice showed a slower growth of body weight and a lower body temperature, a shorter mean retention time of chyme in digestive tract and faster gastric emptying velocity, a lower gastrin content, and a higher motilin content. Also splenic and thymus indexes were found to follow a downtrend in the PDS mice. Three dosages of SJZD showed a restoration effect on the above all indexes, and the high dosage was the most effective one, especially. Conclusion The high dosage (37.5 g/kg) of SJZD possibly is the optimal dosage on treating the digestive and immune diseases of PDS mice.

Influences of Suture Materials on Corneal Astigmatism After Cataract Surgery

While advancements in microsurgical technique and suture material have led to meticulous wound closure in cataract surgery, excessive postoperative corneal astigmatism may delay visual recovery and compromise the ultimate optical outcome. Greater efforts to prevent and control surgically induced astigmatism have been made recently since the introduction and popularized use of intraocular lenses. Control of astigmatism has been attempted with intraoperative variations in the size, location, and type of incision, the selection of suture material, attention to suture depth and technique, the use of preplaced sutures to facilitate wound closure, and most recently, the application of surgical keratometers. We reviewed follow up records to evaluate and compare the influences on corneal astigmatism after extracapsular cataract extraction(ECCE) with intraocular lens implant in 100 cases of polyglactin 9l0(vicryl) group and 50 cases of polydioxanone (PDS) group, and results were as follows; 1. In planned ECCE group, mean corneal refractive power changes was -0.14D +/- 0.47 in vicryI group and -0.17D +/- 0.78 in PDS group, there was no significant correlation between two. In phacoemulsification(KPE) group, mean corneal refractive power changes was 0.05D +/- 0.49 in vicryl group and 0.27D +/- 0.82 in PDS group. There was no significant correlation between two. 2. In total group, mean corneal refractive power changes was 0.02D +/- 0.48 in vicryl group and 0.08D +/- 0.74 in PDS group. There was no significant correlation between two groups. 3. Mean power of cylindrical lens for correction of astigmatism was -0.76D +/- 0.98 in vicry I group and -0.67D +/- 0.71 in PDS group, there was no significant correlation between two.