Los desencadenantes reflejos en la epilepsia mioclónica juvenil / Reflex triggers in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy

Resumen Introducción : La epilepsia mioclónica juvenil (EMJ) es un síndrome epiléptico de inicio en la infancia y ado lescencia con mioclonías, convulsiones tónico-clónicas generalizadas y ausencias. Los estímulos reflejos como la sensibilidad a la luz o fotosensibilidad, la apertura y cierre palpebral y la inducción por praxias producen descargas epileptiformes y crisis. Estos desencadenan tes reflejos no son todos sistemáticamente estudiados. Objetivo : Examinar los rasgos reflejos en pacientes con EMJ. Métodos : Se evaluaron en forma consecutiva 100 adolescentes y adultos con EMJ que recibían diferentes tratamientos anticrisis. Se realizó un electroencefalogra ma standard con un protocolo de estimulación luminosa intermitente (ELI) y otro para la evaluación de las pra xias a través de una actividad neurocognitiva (ANC). El análisis estadístico fue descriptivo y de correlación. Se consideró significativa una p > 0.05. Resultados : La edad actual fue de 28+/-11 (14-67). Las crisis comenzaron a los 15 años +/-3 (Rango 8-25 años). EL 58% presentaron mioclonías y convulsiones tónico clónicas generalizadas. El 50% recibían ácido valproico y el 31% continuaban con crisis. Descargas epileptiformes en reposo 20%; hiperventilación 30%; apertura y cierre palpebral 12%; respuesta fotoparoxística en la ELI 40%; ANC 23%. Mayor porcentaje de descargas y demora en la realización de la ANC en los que presentaban crisis. El ácido valproico comparado con los otros fármacos no demostró superioridad en el control de las crisis. Conclusiones : Estos hallazgos confirman la importan cia del estudio de los rasgos reflejos para el diagnóstico, seguimiento y el control terapéutico.

Abstract Introduction : Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is an epileptic syndrome with onset in childhood and adolescence with myoclonus, absences, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Reflex stimuli such as sensitivity to light or photosensitivity, eyelid opening and closing, and praxis induction produce epileptiform discharges and seizures. These reflex triggers are not all system atically studied. Objective : Examine reflex features in patients with JME. Methods : One hundred adolescents and adults with JME who received different anti-seizure treatments were evaluated consecutively. A standard electroen cephalogram was performed with an intermittent light stimulation (SLI) protocol and another for the evaluation of praxias through neurocognitive activity (CNA). The statistical analysis was descriptive and of correlation with a p > 0.05. Results : Current age was 28+/-11 (14-67). The seizure began at 15 years +/-3 (Range 8-25 years). They pre sented myoclonus and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in 58%. 50% received valproic acid and 31% continued with seizures. Epileptiform discharges at rest 20%; hy perventilation 30%; eyelid opening and closing 12%; photoparoxysmal response in SLI 40%; CNA 23%. Higher percentage of discharges and delay in performing CNA in those who presented seizures. Valproic acid com pared to other drugs did not demonstrate superiority in seizure control. Conclusions : These findings confirm the importance of studying reflex traits for diagnosis, follow-up, and therapeutic control.

5-Fluorouracil as a targeted lacrimal gland therapy for chronic Stevens-Johnson syndrome: A pilot study

Purpose: The surgical technique of periglandular 5?fluorouracil (5?FU) injection and its effects on the morphology and function of the main lacrimal gland of patients with severe dry eye disease due to Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) are reported. Methods: 5?FU, as a potential antifibrotic agent, is given in the dose of 0.1 ml (50 mg/ml), subconjunctivally into the periglandular fibrosed area of the palpebral lobe of the main lacrimal gland. The injection is given using 30G needle into the subconjunctival plane and not into the substance of palpebral lobe. Results: Eight eyes (eight lobes) of seven chronic SJS patients (mean age, 32.5 years, <5 mm Schirmer) received the injection. All eight lobes demonstrated a visible reduction in the conjunctival congestion and scarring over the lobar area. The mean OSDI scoring improved from 65.3 to 51.1. Three patients with mean pre?injection Schirmer I values of 4 mm showed a mean change of 1 mm at four weeks following a single injection. The tear flow rate per lobe for the above three patients improved from 0.22, 0.12, and 0.16 ?l/min to 0.31, 0.12, and 0.21 ?l/min, respectively. Another patient with pre?injection Schirmer of 4 mm showed no change in tear flow. Three eyes with zero baseline Schirmer values (no visible secretory opening) had no improvement in tearing or ocular surface staining. Conclusion: Local 5?FU injection alters morphology of the conjunctiva overlying the palpebral lobe in SJS patients, but fails to show any significant effect on tear secretion.

Suspensión frontal con aponeurosis temporal en paciente con ptosis palpebral traumática recidivante crónica / Frontal suspension with temporal aponeurosis in a patient with chronic recurrent traumatic eyelid ptosis

La ptosis palpebral es una de las patologías más frecuentes en la consulta de oftalmología, tanto en urgencias como en el ámbito ambulatorio. El trauma del párpado superior puede provocar ptosis o retracción o una combinación de ambos. En este tipo de ptosis palpebral, su resolución mediante tratamiento quirúrgico, existiendo múltiples alternativas de procedimientos que se decidirá de acuerdo con la causas que las originan, así como la severidad de la ptosis. En este trabajo es a propósito de un caso clínico en el cual nos encontramos una paciente con ptosis palpebral traumática recidivante, utilizándose suspensión frontal con aponeurosis de músculo temporal, realizándose una variación de la técnica de Crawford disminuyendo la probabilidad de nueva recidiva

Palpebral ptosis is one of the most frequent pathologies in the ophthalmology consultation, both in the emergency room and in the outpatient setting Trauma to the upper eyelid can cause ptosis or retraction or a combination of both. In this type of eyelid ptosis its resolution by surgical treatment, there are multiple alternatives of procedures that will be decided according to the causes that originate them, as well as the severity of the ptosis, in this work is about a clinical case in which we find a patient with Recurrent Traumatic Palpebral Ptosis, using frontal suspension with aponeurosis of temporal muscle, performing a variation of the Crawford Technique decreasing the probability of recurrence.

Asymmetry of the soft tissue of upper eyelids: a clinical study of young women in Shantou city, Guangdong Province / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective:To measure the partial parameters of the soft tissues of upper eyelid in young women with single eyelid in Shantou City, Guangdong Province, and to explore the asymmetry rate of the left and right palpebral fissure and its regularity.Methods:From March 2018 to July 2019, the Medical Cosmetology Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College measured 108 young women with single eyelid, aged 18-35 years, with an average age of 24.6 years. Before operation, palpebral fissure width (PFW), palpebral fissure height (PFH), palpebral fissure inclination (PFI) and central eyebrow height (CEH) were measured. The resected intra-orbital septum fat pad during the procedure was weighed. Both direct measurement and the photo measurement were used to obtain the average value of the two sets of data for final analysis. We calculated out the incidence rate of asymmetry of each palpebral item.Results:The paired t-test showed that the mean value of PFW was (25.76±1.50) mm on the left and (26.04±1.55) mm on the right ( t=2.93); the mean value of PFH was (9.70±1.15) mm on the left and (9.49±1.05) mm on the right ( t=3.12); the mean value of PFI was (9.77±2.57)° on the left and (9.67±2.28)° on the right ( t=2.01); the mean value of CEH was (12.05±1.61) mm on the left and (12.32±1.69) mm on the right ( t=-2.66); the mean value of the weight of the intra-orbital septum fat pad was (0.20±0.11) g on the left and (0.22±0.12) g on the right ( t=2.29). There were significant differences between the two sets of data (all P<0.05). Conclusions:The asymmetric phenomenon of the upper eyelid is commonly found in Shantou young female undergraduates, in which the PFH in the left is higher than that in the left; the PFW, the CEH, the weight of the intra-orbital septum fat pad in the right more commonly found than that in the left.. This study provides a certain reference for the clinical evaluation of the operation.

Reconstrucción palpebral tras resección tumoral del globo ocular / Palpebral Reconstruction after Tumor Resection of the Eyeball

Los defectos palpebrales creados tras la resección tumoral pueden ser parciales o totales, afectar a la lamela externa, a la interna o a ambas y requerir diferente técnica reconstructiva, simple o compleja. El objetivo es presentar los resultados cosméticos y funcionales en una paciente que se le realzó una técnica combinada para resolver un problema complejo del aparato palpebral después de una enucleación. Se logró un aparato palpebral armónico, en el que sus estructuras tienen orden, funcionabilidad y simetría con el lado contralateral. La reconstrucción de los defectos complejos del aparato palpebral solo es posible con la combinación de varias técnicas. Se logró armonía, simetría contralateral y orden de las estructuras(AU)

The palpebral defects created after tumor resection can be partial or total, affect the external lamella, the internal lamella or both, and require different reconstructive techniques, simple or complex. The objective is to present the cosmetic and functional results in a patient who underwent a combined technique to solve a complex problem of the palpebral apparatus after enucleation. A harmonic palpebral apparatus was achieved, in which its structures have order, functionality and symmetry with the contralateral side. The reconstruction of complex defects of the palpebral apparatus is only possible with the combination of several techniques. Harmony, contralateral symmetry and order of the structures were achieved(AU)

Blefaroplastia inferior transcutánea con fijación muscular orbicular externa en pacientes con deformidades del párpado inferior / Transcutaneous lower blepharoplasty with external orbicularis oculi muscle fixation in patients with lower eyelid deformities

Objetivo: Describir el resultado de la técnica de fijación muscular orbicular externa en la Blefaroplastia inferior. Método: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva, prospectiva en pacientes que asistieron a la consulta de Cirugía Plástica del Hospital "Camilo Cienfuegos" entre enero 2018 a enero 2019, la muestra estuvo constituida por 43 pacientes. Para diagnosticarlos se utilizó la clasificación de Ginsbach, con criterios de exclusión el hábito de fumar. Se tuvo en cuenta variables como edad, sexo, deformidad palpebral inferior, complicaciones en el post operatorio a las 24 h y a los 30 días, y grado de satisfacción de los pacientes intervenidos. Se utilizaron métodos de revisión documental, observación, análisis y síntesis y empírico (encuesta), utilizadas para evaluar los resultados. La investigación se realizó siguiendo procedimientos éticos. Resultados: Mostraron que la mayor cantidad de pacientes estuvo en el grupo edad entre 46-50 años todos femeninos, el exceso de piel y las patas de gallina fueron las deformidades que predominaron. La complicación que se presentó fue el sangramiento posoperatorio resuelto en las primeras horas, 42 pacientes refirieron estar satisfechos. Conclusiones: La blefaroplastia es una técnica que se ha venido modificando junto a la necesidad de brindar procedimientos que ofrezcan seguridad y efectividad, en cuanto a la corrección de deformidades en el parpado inferior, con un adecuado tiempo de recuperación, resultados con menor riesgo de complicaciones(AU)

Objective: To describe the outcome of the external orbicularis oris muscle fixation technique in lower blepharoplasty. Methods: A descriptive, prospective research was conducted in patients who attended the Plastic Surgery consultation of the Hospital "Camilo Cienfuegos" from January 2018 to January 2019, the sample consisted of 43 patients. In order to diagnose them, the Ginsbach classification was used, with smoking as exclusion criteria. Variables such as age, gender, lower palpebral deformity, postoperative complications at 24 h and 30 days, and degree of satisfaction of the operated patients were taken into account. Documentary review, observation, analysis and synthesis and empirical (survey) methods were used to evaluate the results. The research was carried out following ethical procedures. Results: They showed that the greatest number of patients was in the age group between 46-50 years old, all of them female; excess skin and goose bumps were the predominant deformities. The complication that occurred was postoperative bleeding resolved in the first hours, 42 patients reported to be satisfied. Conclusions: Blepharoplasty is a technique that has been modified along with the need to provide procedures that offer safety and effectiveness, in terms of correction of deformities in the lower eyelid, with adequate recovery time, results with lower risk of complications(AU)

Investigation of morphometric measurement of the eyelid and ocular axial position in Mongolian adults / Шинэ санаа Шинэ нээлт

Background@#The shapes of the eye and upper eyelid are distinctive facial landmarks. The palpebral fissure is composed of the free edges of upper and lower eyelids the lateral and medial canthus. Many researchers confirmed that the morphometric characteristics of the palpebral fissure, canthal distance and exophthalmometirc value (EV) vary according to race, ethnicity, age and sex and normative values which may serve as a reference in the index population. Knowledge of normal dimensions, the existence of asymmetry of the palpebral fissure is of value in several clinical specialties including ophthalmology, plastic and reconstructive surgery and traumatology, where it plays a part in the patient evaluation, management and outcomes.@*Methods@#This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Ophthalmological Department, Third State Central Hospital between January 2022 and August 2022. We included participants who are above 18 years, no history of congenital or traumatic craniofacial deformities, any orbital fractures, tumors and surgeries. All measured values that represent eyelid shape and EV were calculated by mean and standard deviation for statistical analysis.@*Results@#A total of 103 participants aged 19-86 were included in the study, of which 44 (42.7%) were male and 59 (57.3%) were female. The distance between the lateral and medial canthus ranged from 20 to 35 mm, and the mean of the right and left side was 28.30+3.23 mm and 28.05+2.99 mm, respectively (p=0.561). The palpebral fissure height ranged from 5 to 13 mm, and the mean of the right and left side was 8.85+1.65 mm and 8.80+1.65 mm, respectively (p=0.816). The mean distance between the lateral canthi were 90.39+5.57 (range: 80-105 mm), whereas the mean distance between the medial canthi were 63.75+4.25 (range: 53-73 mm). The orbital height varied between 27-43 mm (33.73+3.72) and 26-44 mm (33.78+3.73) on the right and left sides, while the orbital width varied between 26-47 mm (36.75+4.53) and 27-45 mm (36.72+4.42) on the right and left sides, respectively. When measuring the exophthalmometric value (EV), the axial position of the eyeball, with the Hertel’s exophthalmometer, it ranged from 8 to 20 mm on both sides (mean value 13.68+3.01 and 13.71+3.00 on the right and left sides, respectively), and there was no statistically significant difference in symmetry (p=0.94).@*Conclusion@#The results are determined different from the findings of Chinese, Korean, Afro-American and Caucasian population based studies. Thus further evaluation is required to represent the normative value of Mongolian index population, that is highly beneficial for clinical assessment, diagnosis and management.

Resultados funcionales de la blefaroplastia superior / Functional results of upper blepharoplasty

Objetivo: Describir los resultados funcionales de la blefaroplastia superior. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo longitudinal prospectivo de 99 pacientes (198 párpados) con diagnóstico de dermatochalasis de párpado superior, algunos asociados a ptosis palpebral y de la ceja, en el Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología "Ramón Pando Ferrer", en el período comprendido de febrero del año 2019 a enero de 2020. Resultados: El 85,8 por ciento fueron del sexo femenino y el 43,5 por ciento eran mayores de 62 años. Predominó la dermatochalasis del párpado superior y la ptosis palpebral en el 68,4 por ciento, así como la dermatochalasis y la ptosis palpebral severa, las cuales representaron el 47,5 y el 50 por ciento respectivamente. En el grupo de 56 a 61 años sobresalió la dermatochalasis del párpado superior y la ptosis de la ceja, con el 61 por ciento. En el 98 por ciento de los casos intervenidos se obtuvo la corrección total de la dermatochalasis del párpado superior, la corrección de la ptosis en el 86 por ciento y de la ceja en el 88 por ciento. No se presentaron complicaciones en el 94 por ciento de los párpados intervenidos. La complicación más frecuente fue el sangramiento, con el 2,5 por ciento. Conclusiones: El abordaje de la ptosis palpebral y de las cejas transblefaroplastia superior logra en la mayoría de los pacientes la corrección total de estas afecciones y de la dermatochalasis. Este procedimiento constituye una herramienta importante para el rejuvenecimiento facial(AU)

Objective: Describe the functional results of upper blepharoplasty. Methods: A prospective longitudinal descriptive study was conducted of 99 patients (198 eyelids) diagnosed with upper eyelid dermatochalasis, in some cases associated to eyelid and eyebrow ptosis. The study was carried out at Ramón Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology from February 2019 to January 2020. Results: Of the total patients studied, 85.8 percent were female and 43.5 percent were aged over 62 years. Upper eyelid dermatochalasis and palpebral ptosis prevailed with 68.4 percent, whereas severe dermatochalasis and palpebral ptosis represented 47.5 percent and 50 percent, respectively. A predominance was found of upper eyelid dermatochalasis and eyebrow ptosis in the 56-61 age group (61 percent). Total correction of upper eyelid dermatochalasis was achieved in 98 percent of the cases intervened, eyelid ptosis correction in 86 percent and eyebrow ptosis correction in 88 percent. No complications appeared in 94 percent of the eyelids intervened. The most common complication was bleeding with 2.5 percent. Conclusions: In most cases, management of palpebral ptosis and upper eyebrow transblepharoplasty achieves total correction of these disorders and dermatochalasis. The procedure is an important tool for facial rejuvenation(AU)

Comparison of two ophthalmic solutions of olopatadine hydrochloride (0.1%) and epinastine hydrochloride (0.05%) on clinical signs of vernal keratoconjunctivitis and side effects of the two drugs

Background: Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a recurrent, bilateral, external, ocular inflammation primarily affecting young adults living in warm dry climates. The objectives of the research was to compare the two ophthalmic solutions of olopatadine hydrochloride (0.1%) and epinastine hydrochloride (0.05%) on clinical signs of vernal keratoconjuntivitis and to determine side effects of both the drugs.Methods: The study was carried out in 40 patients who attended the out-patient department (OPD) Ophthalmology, Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital, Laheriasarai from July 2007 to December 2008.  Forty patients with symptoms of VKC (ocular itching, ropy discharge, papillary hypertrophy, gelatinous thickening and horner-trantas spots were selected and included in our study.Results: Mean score of palpebral hyperemia at 0, 14, 28 and 42 days in olopatadine treated eye were 2.1, 1.4, 0.8 and 0.4 respectively having p value <0.01, and <0.01 and <0.05 respectively, while mean score at same stages in placebo eye were 2.1, 2, 1.9, and 1.5 having value >0.05. Epinastine treated group mean score of palpebral hyperemia were <0.01 and <0.01 respectively in epinastine treated eye whereas in placebo treated eye, mean score were 2.1, 2.0, 1.8 and 1.6 respectively having p value >0.05 in all stages. Statistically insignificant reduction at day 14 while very significant reduction at day 28 and 42 was observed in epinastine treated eye as compared to placebo.Conclusions: The present study had shown that both olopatadine and epinastine were effective in treating clinical signs of VKC as compared to placebo.

Morphometric analysis of the palpebral fissure and canthal distance in Serbian young adults / Análisis morfométrico de la fisura palpebral y la distancia cantal en adultos jóvenes serbios

SUMMARY: Frontaly and anteriorly the orbit is closed by a skin-muscular closure of eyelids. The eyelids limit the palpebral fissure, which is subject to geographical, racial, and age variations. As a part of the face, eyelids and palpebral fissure play a very important role in the attractiveness of the individual, but al so in the diagnosis of certain local and systemic pathological processes. The aim of the study was to perform a morphometric analysis of the palpebral fissure in a young population without pathological conditions and syndromes. The study was conducted on 90 subjects (45 male and 45 female) aged 19.28±0.69 years. Subjects were photographed with a Nikon D3400 camera, and the morphometric parameters were measured with the ImageJ 1.48v software. Statistical analysis of the data was performed in Windows Excel. The measurements in the study were the distance between the mid-points of both pupils, distance between both external canthi, distance between both internal canthi, palpebral fissure width and palpebral fissure height at three points. The average height of the palpebral fissure to the right is 9.35±1.55 mm and to the left is 9.41±1.56 mm. The average width of the palpebral fissure on the right is 27.05±1.71 mm and on the left is 27.18±1.68 mm. It was found that there was some difference in the measured parameters, however, this difference was not statistically significant.

RESUMEN: El músculo orbicular de los ojos se encuentra en la cara, delante de la órbita y debajo de la piel. Los párpados limitan la fisura palpebral, la abertura natural, sujeta a variaciones geográficas, raciales y de edad. Los párpados y la fisura palpebral juegan un papel importante en la estética de las personas, pero también en el diagnóstico de ciertos procesos patológicos locales y sistémicos. El objetivo del estudio fue realizar un análisis morfométrico de la fisura palpebral en una población joven sin enfermedades o condiciones patológicas. El estudio se realizó en 90 sujetos (45 hombres y 45 mujeres) de 19,28 ± 0,69 años. Los sujetos fueron fotografiados con una cámara Nikon D3400, y los parámetros morfométricos se midieron con el software ImageJ 1.48v. El análisis estadístico de los datos se realizó en Windows Excel. Se midieron la distancia entre los puntos medios de ambas pupilas, la distancia entre ambos cantos laterales, la distancia entre ambos cantos mediales, el ancho de la fisura palpebral y la altura de la fisura palpebral en tres puntos. La altura promedio de la fisura palpebral a la derecha fue 9,35 ± 1,55 mm y a la izquierda fue 9,41 ± 1,56 mm. El ancho promedio de la fisura palpebral a la derecha era 27,05 ± 1,71 mm y a la izquierda era 27,18 ± 1,68 mm. Se determinó una diferencia leve en los parámetros medidos, sin embargo, esta diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa.

Miastenia gravis en la infancia: una serie de tres casos / Myasthenia gravis in infancy: a series of three cases

La miastenia gravis es una enfermedad neuromuscular crónica debida a deficiencia de transmisión nerviosa en la unión neuromuscular, de origen generalmente autoinmune en el adulto, que se caracteriza por grados variables de debilidad de los músculos esqueléticos del cuerpo, que aumenta durante los períodos de actividad y disminuye después de períodos de descanso. Sin embargo en la infancia cobran especial relevancia los síndromes miasténicos congénitos, que encuentran su origen en mutaciones de genes que codifican proteínas que juegan papeles clave en el mantenimiento de la transmisión neuromuscular, teniendo edad de inicio, distribución de debilidad y respuesta a tratamiento variables. Se presentan tres casos con el objetivo de describir el comportamiento clínico de la enfermedad y la utilidad de estudios complementarios ya que es de suma importancia su precoz identificación y tratamiento. Palabras claves: Miastenia gravis, test de estimulación repetitiva, ptosis palpebral, unión neuromuscular, pares craneanos

Myasthenia gravis is a chronic neuromuscular disease due to deficiency of nerve transmission in the neuromuscular junction, usually of an autoimmune origin in the adult, which is characterized by varying degrees of weakness of the skeletal muscles of the body, which increases during periods of activity and decreases after periods of rest. In childhood, however, congenital myasthenic syndromes, which find their origin in mutations of genes that encode proteins that play key roles in maintaining neuromuscular transmission, which may have a varying age of onset, distribution of weakness and response to treatment, are particularly relevant. Three cases are presented with the aim of describing the clinical presentation and course of the disease and the usefulness of complementary studies, since its early diagnosis and treatment is of paramount importance.Keywords: Myasthenia gravis, repetitive stimulation test, palpebral ptosis, neuromuscular junction, cranial pairs.

Síndrome de Horner: revision de la literatura / Horner´s Syndrome: literature review

Resumen El Síndrome de Horner (SH) es una condición provocada por un grupo heterogéneo de patologías. Estas tienen en común el daño de la vía simpática. La localización más común de la lesión es a nivel preganglionar, por trauma o cirugías en región cervical, torácica o ápex pulmonar. El diagnóstico es primordialmente clínico mediante la identificación de la triada de miosis, ptosis y anhidrosis. Se confirma con las pruebas para cocaína e hidroximetanfetamina. El tratamiento se lleva a cabo primero con agentes farmacológicos. Los que tienen disminución del campo visual por la ptosis o por razones cosméticas se llevan a tratamiento quirúrgico. En ese caso los abordajes operatorios recomendados para ptosis leve son el procedimiento de Fasanella-Servat, el avance de aponeurosis del elevador y en casos severos el cabestrillo frontal. El objetivo es hacer una revisión de los algoritmos diagnósticos y terapéuticos del SH para lograr un abordaje sistemático debido a las múltiples etiologías que posee.

Abstract Horner Syndrome is a condition caused by a heterogeneous group of pathologies. These have in common the damage of the sympathetic pathway. The most common location of the lesion is at the preganglional level, due to trauma or surgeries in the cervical, thoracic or pulmonary apex region. The diagnosis is primarily clinical by identifying the triad of myosis, ptosis and anhidrosis. It is confirmed with the cocaine and hydroxymethamphetamine tests. Treatment is first carried out with pharmacological agents. Those with diminished visual field due to ptosis or cosmetic reasons are undergoing surgical treatment. In this case, the recommended operative approaches for mild ptosis are the Fasanella-Servat procedure, the elevator aponeurosis advance and, in severe cases, the frontalis sling. The objective is to review the diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms of SH in order to achieve a systematic approach due to the multiple aetiologies it possesses.

Malposiciones palpebrales y su influencia en la topografía corneal previa y posterior a su corrección quirúrgica / Palpebral malpositions and their influence on corneal topography before and after surgical correction

Introducción: las malposiciones palpebrales (ptosis, dermatochalasis superior y ectropión) son de los principales motivos de consulta en el área de cirugía plástica ocular. Aún no hay información concluyente en la literatura sobre los cambios corneales topográficos que se generan con las malposiciones palpebrales y si hay cambios en la topografía corneal posterior a la corrección quirúrgica de estas. Objetivo: determinar los cambios corneales topográficos de los pacientes con malposiciones palpebrales sometidos a corrección quirúrgica. Diseño del estudio: estudio observacional prospectivo longitudinal. Método: pacientes seleccionados por conveniencia a quienes se les realizó corrección quirúrgica de afecciones palpebrales (ptosis, ectropión y dermatochalasis superior) en el Hospital Militar Central de Bogotá entre abril y septiembre de 2019. Se describieron los datos de la topografía corneal previa a la corrección y al mes y tres meses después de esta y la agudeza visual mejor corregida preoperatoria y en la última evaluación postoperatoria realizada. Resultados: se realizó corrección quirúrgica de malposiciones palpebrales a 106 ojos de 54 pacientes. El cilindro medio tuvo un cambio de 0,13 D y el desplazamiento de su eje de 1, 49º. El cambio global en la queratometría media fue de 0,01 D y el grosor corneal central disminuyó 1,5 mcs. En cuanto la agudeza visual mejor corregida hubo un aumento de 0,0415 por escala LogMAR. Conclusión: la cirugía de las malposiciones palpebrales genera cambios topográficos corneales, donde la corrección de ptosis es la que más cambios ocasiona, con persistencia de los cambios a los 3 meses postoperatorio.

Background: palpebral malpositions (ptosis, upper dermatochalasis and ectropion) are the main reasons for consultation in the area of eye plastic surgery. There is still no conclusive information in the literature on the topographic corneal changes that are generated with palpebral malpositions and if there are changes in the corneal topography after surgical correction. Objective: to determine the topographic corneal changes of patients with palpebral malpositions submitted to surgical correction. Study design: longitudinal prospective observational study. Method: patients selected for convenience who underwent surgical correction of palpebral conditions (ptosis, ectropion and upper dermatochalasis) at the Central Militar Hospital of Bogotá between April and September 2019. Corneal topography data prior to correction were described and one month and three months after this and the visual acuity better corrected preoperatively and in the last postoperative evaluation performed. Results: surgical correction of palpebral malpositions was performed in 106 eyes of 54 patients. The middle cylinder had a change of 0,13 D and the displacement of the cylinder axis of 1,49 °. The average global change in mean keratometry was 0,01 D and the central corneal thickness decreased 1,5 mcs. With the best corrected visual acuity there was an increase of 0,0415 per LogMAR scale. Conclusion: palpebral malpositions surgery generates corneal topographic changes, where the correction of ptosis is the one that causes the most changes, with persistence of the changes at 3 months postoperatively.

Síndrome de párpado laxo / The lax eyelid syndrome

RESUMEN El síndrome de párpado laxo es un cuadro que con frecuencia pasa inadvertido. Los síntomas que lo caracterizan son generalmente muy inespecíficos, por lo que a menudo los pacientes son diagnosticados erróneamente con conjuntivitis infecciosa crónica, blefaritis o síndrome del ojo seco, lo que puede llevar a un retraso o falta de tratamiento durante meses o incluso años. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 54 años, atendida en el Servicio de Cirugía Plástica Ocular del Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología "Ramón Pando Ferrer", quien refirió sensación de arenilla, ardor y secreciones. Durante el interrogatorio se constató la presencia de trastornos del sueño y eversión del párpado superior al dormir. Se le diagnosticó un síndrome de párpado laxo y se decidió realizar tratamiento quirúrgico, con el uso de la técnica de acortamiento horizontal del párpado. Al mes de la cirugía se observó la desaparición de toda la sintomatología y un resultado estético muy favorable. Aunque el síndrome del párpado laxo no es potencialmente mortal, puede conducir a condiciones serias que amenazan la visión y ser un indicador de condiciones sistémicas fatales(AU)

ABSTRACT The lax eyelid syndrome is a condition that often goes unnoticed. The symptoms that characterize it are generally very nonspecific, so patients are often misdiagnosed with chronic infectious conjunctivitis, blepharitis, or dry eye syndrome, which can lead to a delay or lack of treatment for months or even years. The case of a 54-year-old patient is presented. The patient was treated at the Ocular Plastic Surgery Service of Ramón Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology and reported gritty sensation, burning and secretions. During the interrogation, the presence of sleep disorders and dislocation of the upper eyelid during sleep was found. The patient was diagnosed with lax eyelid syndrome and it was decided to perform surgical treatment, using the horizontal lid shortening technique. One month after the surgery, the disappearance of all the symptoms and a very favorable aesthetic result were observed. Although lax eyelid syndrome is not life-threatening, it can lead to serious conditions that threaten vision and can be an indicator of fatal systemic conditions(AU)

Trauma palpebral severo / Severe palpebral trauma

RESUMEN La ubicación anatómica de los párpados los predispone a ser dañados frecuentemente por causas traumáticas. Se informa la evolución de un paciente masculino, de 22 años de edad, remitido a la Consulta de Urgencia del Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología "Ramón Pando Ferrer" por presentar trauma palpebral grave en su ojo izquierdo producido por un alambre. Al examen oftalmológico se constató colgajo extenso del párpado superior, que colgaba fijado de la porción temporal. Se comprobó herida horizontal de la aponeurosis del elevador del párpado superior, de bordes anfractuosos, que se extendía a todo el párpado, así como sección del canalículo superior. Se confirmó el diagnóstico de herida avulsiva grave, con afectación del borde libre palpebral y sección del canalículo superior. Se decidió la conducta quirúrgica: reconstrucción palpebral, que incluyó aponeurosis del músculo elevador del párpado superior, canalículo superior con sonda bicanalicular y borde libre palpebral. Durante el seguimiento se constataron buenos resultados estéticos y funcionales. El conocimiento de la anatomía palpebral y una reconstrucción minuciosa de los tejidos palpebrales permiten resultados posquirúrgicos excelentes en un trauma palpebral grave(AU)

ABSTRACT The anatomical location of the eyelids predisposes them to be frequently damaged by traumatic causes. The evolution of a patient aged 22 years is reported, who was referred at Ramón Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology for presenting severe eyelid trauma in his left eye caused by a wire. The ophthalmological examination showed a large flap of the upper eyelid, which hung fixed from the temporal portion. Horizontal wound of the aponeurosis of the upper eyelid elevator, with an abnormal fracture, which extended to the entire eyelid, as well as section of the upper canaliculus, was found. The diagnosis of severe avulsive wound was confirmed, with involvement of the palpebral free edge and section of the upper canaliculus. Surgical behavior was decided: eyelid reconstruction, which included aponeurosis of the upper eyelid lift muscle, upper canaliculus with bicanalicular probe and palpebral free edge. During the follow-up, good aesthetic and functional results were observed. The knowledge of the eyelid anatomy and a thorough reconstruction of the eyelid tissues allow excellent post-surgical results in severe eyelid trauma(AU)

Concordancia entre el diagnóstico clínico y el anatomopatológico de los tumores malignos del párpado / Concordance between clinical and anatomopathological diagnosis of palpebral malignancies

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar la concordancia entre el diagnóstico clínico inicial y el histopatológico de tumores palpebrales malignos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo de pacientes portadores de diferentes tumores palpebrales, atendidos en el Servicio de Cirugía Plástica Ocular del Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología "Ramón Pando Ferrer", en el periodo comprendido de enero a diciembre del año 2016, en el que se describieron las características clínicas y anatomopatológicas, y la concordancia entre ambos diagnósticos. Resultados: Predominó el grupo de 60-79 años de edad (46,1 por ciento), el sexo femenino (51,7 por ciento) y el color de piel blanco (92,6 por ciento) . Las lesiones se presentaron fundamentalmente en el párpado inferior (77,0 por ciento) y las telangectasias constituyeron el signo de malignidad más consistente (56,8 por ciento), con predominio del carcinoma basocelular, seguido del carcinoma espinocelular (81,4 por ciento y 15,2 por ciento, respectivamente). La concordancia entre el diagnóstico clínico y el histopatológico fue de 69,2 por ciento para el carcinoma basocelular; 9,7 por ciento para el espinocelular y 30 por ciento para el sebáceo (índice de Kappa de 0,338; 0,262 y 0,357, respectivamente). Conclusiones: Existe la mayor concordancia entre diagnóstico clínico e histopatológico en el carcinoma basocelular; no así en el resto de los tumores estudiados(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the concordance between the initial and histopathological clinical diagnosis of malignant palpebral tumors. Methods: An observational, descriptive and retrospective study of patients with different eyelid tumors was performed. The patients were treated in the Ocular Plastic Surgery Service of Ramón Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology, in the period from January to December of 2016, during which the clinical and pathological characteristics were described, together with the concordance between both diagnoses. Results: The age group of 60-79 years predominated (46.1 percent), as it was with the female sex (51.7 percent) and the white skin color (92.6 percent). The lesions occurred mainly in the lower eyelid (77.0 percent) and telangiectasia constituted the most consistent sign of malignancy (56.8 percent), with a predominance of basal cell carcinoma, followed by spinocellular carcinoma (81.4 percent and 15, 2 percent, respectively). The concordance between the clinical and histopathological diagnosis was 69.2 percent for basal cell carcinoma; 9.7 percent for the spinocellular carcinoma; and 30 percent for the sebaceous carcinoma (Kappa index of 0.388, 0.262 and 0.357, respectively). Conclusions: There is the greatest concordance between the clinical and histopathological diagnosis in basal cell carcinoma, but not in the rest of the tumors studied(AU)

Reconstrução de pálpebra inferior com uso do retalho de transposição da pálpebra superior de espessura total / Reconstruction of the lower eyelid using a full-thickness upper eyelid transposition flap

Introdução: O melhor método para reconstruir uma unidade anatômica é substituir a área lesada pelos mesmos tecidos. Métodos: Três pacientes que apresentavam carcinomas basocelulares na pálpebra inferior foram submetidos à excisão, seguida de reconstrução imediata com a transposição em espessura total de tecido da pálpebra superior em um só tempo. Resultados: Os pacientes evoluíram quase sem complicações, as pálpebras mantiveram suas funções de fechamento total e proteção do globo ocular. Conclusão: O retalho se mostrou factível e é mais uma alternativa para reconstruir a pálpebra inferior.

Introduction: The best method to reconstruct an anatomical unit is to replace the injured area with the same tissues. Methods: Three patients with basal cell carcinoma in the lower eyelid underwent full-thickness lower eyelid excision, followed by immediate reconstruction with a single-stage fullthickness transposition of the upper eyelid tissue. Results: The patients had almost no complications, and the functions of total closure and protection of the eyeballs of the eyelids were maintained. Conclusion: The flap proved to be feasible and is an alternative choice for reconstruction of the lower eyelid.

Eficacia de la técnica Supramáxima en la corrección de la ptosis palpebral superior moderada y grave / Efficacy of the Supramaximal technique for correction of moderate and severe upper eyelid ptosis

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia de la técnica quirúrgica Supramáxima en la corrección de la ptosis palpebral superior moderada y grave. Métodos: Se realizó un ensayo clínico aleatorizado a simple ciega, en 95 pacientes (119 ojos), provenientes de la Consulta de Oftalmología del Hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras, desde febrero del año 2016 a noviembre de 2017, los cuales recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico con la técnica Supramáxima o la técnica Suspensión al frontal. La eficacia del tratamiento se evaluó en cuanto a: caída del párpado, altura del pliegue palpebral, distancia margen reflejo y satisfacción del paciente. Resultados: El promedio de edad fue de 59,35 años, con leve predominio del sexo femenino (56,8 por ciento) y de la ptosis palpebral grave (51,6 por ciento). La diabetes mellitus fue la enfermedad sistémica más frecuente (56,8 por ciento). La eficacia terapéutica de la TSM fue superior (96,7 por ciento) a la TSF (86,2 por ciento). Se constató una mayor satisfacción del paciente con la TSM (97,9 por ciento). Conclusiones: La técnica quirúrgica Supramáxima es más eficaz que la suspensión al frontal en la corrección de la ptosis palpebral superior moderada y grave(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective: Evaluate the efficacy of the Supramaximal surgical technique for correction of moderate and severe upper eyelid ptosis. Methods: A randomized single-blind trial was conducted with 95 patients (119 eyes) from the Ophthalmology Service of Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital from February 2016 to November 2017. These patients had undergone surgery by either Supramaximal technique or frontal suspension technique. Efficacy of the treatment was evaluated in terms of eyelid ptosis, eyelid crease height, margin-reflex distance and patient satisfaction. Results: Mean age was 59.35 years, with a slight predominance of the female sex (56.8 percent) and of severe eyelid ptosis (51.6 percent). Diabetes mellitus was the most common systemic condition (56.8 percent). The therapeutic efficacy of SMT was higher (96.7 percent) than that of FST (86.2 percent). Patient satisfaction was higher with SMT (97.9 percent). Conclusions: The Supramaximal surgical technique is more effective than frontal suspension for correction of moderate and severe upper eyelid ptosis(AU)

Anastomoses Between Infraorbital Artery And Ophthalmic Artery Within The Orbit

Documentation of contributions from infraorbital artery to branches of the ophthalmic artery are lacking withrespect to the orbit. While there have been sources that suggest anastomoses between the infraorbital artery andophthalmic artery within the orbit, there has been no clear consensus on the location and significance of theseanastomoses. This study aimed to identify and track the course of the infraorbital artery within the orbit and itspossible anastomoses and supply to the orbit. Cadaveric analysis of 19 individuals (38 orbits) revealed acommon pattern of anastomosis between the infraorbital and inferior palpebral arteries (95%; 89% bilaterally)as well as course to the lacrimal sac (91%; 73% bilaterally). These findings demonstrate the significance ofinfraorbital artery supply with respect to the inferior orbit as well as the lacrimal sac, which can prove clinicallyuseful, such as in the context of surgical repair of orbital trauma.