Síndrome de Jadassohn-Lewandowsky. Reporte del primer caso pediátrico en Cuba

El síndrome de Jadassohn-Lewandowsky o paquioniquia congénita tipo 1 pertenece al grupo de las enfermedades raras. A nivel mundial se han descrito hasta la fecha menos de mil casos y el que ahora se publica constituye el primer reporte en la edad pediátrica en Cuba. Es un paciente masculino, de siete años de edad ingresado en el Servicio de Clínicas Pediátricas del Hospital Pediátrico Provincial de Holguín con antecedentes de uñas amarillas e hipertróficas desde los nueve meses de edad. Al examen físico se constató la presencia de distrofia ungueal hipertrófica en las 20 uñas, queratosis folicular en codos, manos y miembros inferiores, queratodermia plantar focal y leucoqueratosis oral. Se identificó un patrón de herencia autosómico dominante. Basado en las características fenotípicas y los antecedentes familiares se clasificó el caso presentado como paquioniquia congénita tipo 1, para la cual aún no existe cura y la terapia génica se encuentra en investigación. Por lo poco común de la enfermedad y ser el primer caso en edad pediátrica en Cuba, se decidió su publicación.

Jadassohn-Lewandowsky syndrome or congenital pachyonychia type 1 belongs to the rare diseases' group. Worldwide, less than a thousand cases have been described to date and the one that is now published constitutes the first pediatric age report in Cuba. A seven-years-old male patient admitted to the Pediatric Clinic Service at the Holguín Provincial Pediatric Hospital with a history of yellow and hypertrophic nails since he was nine months old. The physical examination confirmed the presence of hypertrophic nail dystrophy in all 20 nails, keratosis follicularis on the elbows, hands and lower limbs, focal plantar keratoderma and oral leukokeratosis. An autosomal dominant inheritance pattern was identified. Based on the phenotypic characteristics and family history, the case presented was classified as congenital pachyonychia type 1, for which there is still no cure and gene therapy is under investigation. Due to the rareness of the disease and being the first pediatric age case in Cuba, its publication was decided.

Paquioniquia congénita tipo I o síndrome de Jadassohn- Lewandowsky: un caso de presentación familiar / Congenital pachyonychia type I or Jadassohn-Lewandowsky syndrome: a familial case

La paquioniquia congénita es una rara genodermatosis de herencia autosómica dominante, que produce alteración de la queratinización a nivel de piel, uñas y mucosas. El primer caso fue descrito por Jadassohn y Lewandowsky en 1906, y actualmente afecta a miles de personas en el mundo. El Registro Internacional de Investigación de Paquioniquia Congénita (IPCRR, del inglés, International PC Research Registry) ha identificado a nivel mundial hasta enero de 2020, 977 individuos en 517 familias con paquioniquia congénita, confirmadas genéticamente. Esta condición es considerada en nuestro país como una enfermedad huérfana, y previamente solo hay un reporte en la literatura de un caso en 2009. Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente masculino de 23 años de edad procedente del área rural del municipio de Timbío, Colombia, con historia clínica de distrofia ungueal hipertrófica en todas las uñas de manos y pies, queratodermia palmoplantar y dolor plantar moderado a severo. Además, presentaba leucoqueratosis oral, hiperqueratosis folicular en muslos e hiperhidrosis palmoplantar. No presentaba quistes foliculares ni antecedente de dientes natales. Sus manifestaciones clínicas se catalogaron como propias de la paquioniquia congénita tipo I. Sumado a lo anterior, se identificaron características clínicas similares en otros miembros de la familia en tres generaciones, incluidos un hermano, la madre y la abuela materna, lo cual evidenció un patrón de herencia propio de esta enfermedad.

Pachyonychia congenita is a rare genodermatosis of autosomal dominant inheritance pattern that affects keratinization at the level of skin, nails and mucous membranes. The first case was described by Jadassohn and Lewandowsky in 1906 and it affects thousands of people around the world. The International Pachyonychia Congenita Research Registry (IPCRR) has identified until January 2020, worldwide, 977 individuals in 517 families with pachyonychia congenita genetically confirmed. This condition is considered in our country as an orphan disease and there has only been one previous case report in 2009. We present a case of a 23-year old male patient from the rural area of Timbio, Colombia, with a history of hypertrophic nail dystrophy in all nails and toenails, palmoplantar keratoderma and moderate plantar pain. In addition, he presented oral leucokeratosis, follicular hyperkeratosis in the thighs, and palmoplantar hyperhidrosis. No follicular cysts were present nor history of natal teeth. Clinical manifestations were classified as typical of congenital pachyonychia type I. Furthermore, similar clinical manifestations were identified in other family members from three generations, including his brother, mother and maternal grandmother, a characteristic inheritance pattern of this illness.

Diagnóstico molecular de paquioniquia congénita / Molecular diagnosis of congenital pachyonychia

La paquioniquia congenital (PC) es una genodermatosis poco frecuente, caracterizada por presentar queratodermia palmoplantar dolorosa y debilitante, uñas hipertróficas, hiperqueratosis folicular, quistes epidérmicos, leucoqueratosis oral y ocasionalmente hiperhidrosis, ronquera y dientes natales. Está asociada a mutaciones heterocigotas en los genes que codifican queratinas 6a, 6b, 6c, 16 y 17. Se presenta una familia con dos miembros en dos generaciones afectados por PC: un niño de 2 años de edad con alteración de la coloración, hiperqueratosis de las 20 uñas, con dolor periungueal, múltiples pápulas foliculares color piel en tronco y dientes natales y su madre, con alteración del esmalte dentario, distrofia hipertrófica de las 20 uñas, cromoniquia, queratodermia plantar dolorosa y múltiples esteatocistomas de distribución generalizada.En ambos, se realizó el diagnóstico molecular por secuenciación masiva de exoma clínico, el cual confirmó el diagnóstico clínico y permitió determinar inequívocamente el tipo de PC en el niño, motivo de ésta presentación.

Pachyonychia congenital (PC) is a rare genodermatosis characterized by painful palmoplantar keratoderma, hypertrophic nail dystrophy, follicular hyperkeratosis, epidermal cysts, oral leukokeratosis and, less commonly, palmoplantar hyperhidrosis, hoarseness and natal teeth. PC is caused by mutations in keratin 6a, 6b, 6c, 16 and 17 genes. We report a family with two members in two generations affected by PC: a two-year old boy, presenting abnormal pigmentation and hyperkeratosis of the 20 nails, perionychium pain, multiple skin-colored follicular papules on the trunk and natal teeth. His mother has dental enamel defects, hypertrophic dystrophy of the fingernails and toenails, chromonychia, painful plantar keratoderma and generalized steatocystoma multiplex. We performed the molecular diagnosis by clinical exome massive sequencing which allowed us to confirm the clinical diagnosis and to determine the specific type of PC in our patient.

Você conhece esta síndrome? / Do you know this syndrome?

A paquioníquia congênita é uma rara genodermatose da ceratinização, primeiramente descrita em 1906 por Jadassohn e Lewandowsky. Além de pouco conhecida, a variabilidade fenotípica e as formas oligossintomáticas dificultam o diagnóstico. Relatamos uma família com três gerações afetadas, até recentemente sem diagnóstico. A busca ativa por casos familiares em pacientes com quadro suspeito e a identificação de manifestações peculiares de seus subtipos, como esteatocistoma múltiplo, permitem diagnóstico clínico precoce. Além disso, oportunizam a orientação familiar e de prognóstico ao portador.

Pachyonychia Congenita is a rare genodermatosis of keratinization, first described in 1906 by Jadassohn and Lewandowsky. Besides not being well known, phenotypic variability and oligosymptomatic subtypes make the diagnosis difficult. We report a family with three generations affected, until recently not diagnosed. The active search for familial cases in patients with suspicious manifestations and identification of peculiar characteristics of its subtypes, as multiplex steatocystoma, provide early clinical diagnosis. In addition, nurture the family counseling and informations about prognosis.

Síndrome Paquioníquia Congênita: a importância da atenção odontológica em saúde pública / Pachyonychia Congenita Syndrome: the importance of dental attention in public health

A Síndrome Paquioníquia Congênita é uma doença displásica, autossômica dominante, rara, caracterizada por uma desordem na queratinização. É classificada em dois subtipos: 1 ou Síndrome de Jadassohn-Lewandowsky e 2 ou Síndrome de Jackson-Lawer. A principal característica é a distrofia hipertrófica das unhas associada à hiperhidrose palmoplantar e queratose folicular em áreas de maior atrito. Descreve-se neste artigo, um caso clínico de uma criança de quatro anos, do sexo masculino, leucoderma, que apresentou-se para tratamento na Clínica de Odontologia Preventiva e Social da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia para tratamento. Observou-se ao exame, cistos epidermóides na face, espessamento anormal das unhas das mãos e dos pés, queratose folicular nos joelhos e cotovelos e lesões hiperqueratóticas circundadas por halos inflamatórios na planta dos pés. O exame intrabucal revelou ausência de alguns dentes decíduos na arcada inferior e, após tomadas radiográficas, verificou-se a presença dos germes de todos os dentes permanentes e ausência de dentes decíduos inclusos. Os sinais e sintomas presentes no quadro clínico permitiram classificar a síndrome apresentada pelo paciente em Paquioníquia Congênita do tipo 2. Após a instituição de medidas educativas, preventivas e atenção curativa aplicou-se, para tratamento das disfunções oclusais, os princípios da Reabilitação Neuro-Oclusal e Ortopedia Funcional dos Maxilares visando conquistar espaço funcional e perímetro ósseo, promover a liberdade mandibular e a mastigação bilateral alternada, garantir espaço funcional para língua e remodelação do plano oclusal, por meio da instalação seqüencial de um aparelho simplificado, de um aparelho funcional, de um Planas Simples e de um Planas Composto.

The Pachyonychia Congenita Syndrome is a displasic, dominant autossomic and rare illness, characterized by a clutter in the queratinization. It is classified in two subtypes: 1 or Jadassohn-Lewandowsky Syndrome and 2 or Jackson-Lawer Syndrome. The main characteristic is the hypertrofic dystrophy of the nails associated to the palmoplantar hyperhidrosis and follicular keratosis in areas of bigger attrition. This article describes a clinical case of a four-year-old child, who is male and leucoderma and went through a treatment in the Clinic of Preventive and Social Dentistry of the Federal University of Uberlândia. During the examination process, it could be observed the presence of epidermoid cysts in the face, abnormal thicking of the nails of both hands and feet, follicular keratosis in the knees and elbows and hyperkeratotic injuries surrounded by inflammatory halos in the plant of the feet. The intrabucal examination revealed absence of some deciduous teeth in the inferior jaw and, after X-ray procedures, it was verified the presence of the embryos of all the permanent teeth and absence of enclosed deciduous teeth. The signals and symptoms present in the clinical case allowed the classification of the patient's syndrome as Pachyonychia Congenita type 2. After the application of educative and preventive measures and curative attention, it was applied, for treatment of the occlusal dysfuction, the principles of the Neuro-Oclusion Rehabilitation and Functional Orthopaedic of the Jaws aiming at conquering functional space and osseous perimeter, promoting mandibular freedom and the alternating bilateral chew, guaranteeing functional space for the tongue and the remodelation of the occlusal plain, by means of the sequential installation of a simplified device, of a functional device, of a Simple Plain one and of a Compound Plain.

Paquioniquia congénita: a propósito de un caso / Pachyonichia congenita: a case report

Niña de 08 años de edad, sin antecedentes familiares que desde el nacimiento presenta distrofiaungueal hipertrófica, a los 2 años de edad se agrega hiperqueratosis plantar, cuadro compatible con paquioniquia congénita tipo 1 o de Jadassohn Lewandowsky. No hay tratamiento curativo exitoso. Se reportan terapéuticas desde amputación de las falanges distales, electrocoagulación de la matriz ungueal, medidas ortopédicas, uso de queratolíticos, etc. Según últimas experiencias, la isotretinoina oral seria una buena opción tanto para la distrofia ungueal como para la queratodermiapalmo plantar.

Girl of 08 years of age, unique in her family who from the birth presents/displays hypertrophic ungueal dystrophy, to the 2 years of age adds plantar hiperqueratosis, compatible picture with paquioniquia congenital type 1 or of Jadassohn Lewandowsky. There is no successful curative treatment. They are reported therapeutic from amputation of distales phalanges, orthopaedic electrocoagulaciónof the ungueal matrix, measures, use of queratolíticos, etc. According to you complete experiences, the serious oralisotretinoina a good option as much for the ungueal dystrophy as for queratodermiaplantar.

Nuevos horizontes en el tratamiento de las callosidades plantares de la paquioniquia congénita / New horizons in the treatment of plantar callosities congenital pachyonychia

Los avances recientes en el campo de la terapia génica, tales como el desarrollo de ARN de cadena corta inhibitorios (ARNsi) capaces de silenciar la expresión de alelos mutados dominantes, ofrecen nuevas expectativas para el tratamiento de la queratodermia plantar en pacientes con paquioniquia congénita. Revisamos brevemente las características clínicas de esta entidad y describimos un estudio de fase 1 que arrojó resultados prometedores. Los mismos serían aplicables a todo el campo de las enfermedades monogénicas.

Recent advances in the genetic therapy field like development of short inhibitory RNA (RNAsi) capable of silencing mutant dominant alleles, offer new expectations for treatment of plantar keratoderma in patients with pachyonichya congenita. We briefly review clinical features of this entity and describe a fase 1 study that showed promising results that may be usefull for the whole monogenic diseases field.