Species diversity and spatial distribution of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from La Isla Amazon Park, Napo Province, Ecuador / Diversidad de especies y distribución espacial de mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) del Parque Amazónico La Isla, provincia de Napo, Ecuador

Abstract Introduction: Vector-borne diseases are prevalent in the Amazon and Coastal regions of Ecuador. However, there is a scarcity of mosquito ecology studies in these areas. The most recent list of species reported for the country comprises 8 tribes, 22 genera, and 200 species. Objectives: To document the Culicidae species found in La Isla Amazon Park, Napo, Ecuador, including those with epidemiological significance; and to analyze their composition, abundance, and diversity, focusing on larval habitats during the dry and rainy periods. Methods: We evaluated different larval habitats, considering collection duration as the primary criterion. We used CDC and Shannon traps to collect adult mosquitoes during both rainy and dry periods. To assess sampling effort, we used accumulation curves and non-parametric estimators of species richness, while we employed Hill numbers to determine diversity. Additionally, we used the Berger-Parker and Pielou indices to evaluate species dominance and evenness. We conducted cluster analysis and ANOSIM tests to assess the similarity between habitats and the differences in taxonomic composition between periods. Results: We collected a total of 802 individuals from 15 species and 4 taxonomic units, 5 genera, and 4 tribes. Notably, this may be the first records of Wyeomyia felicia Dyar & Núñez Tovar and Culex derivator Dyar & Knab from Ecuador. Additionally, the presence of Culex dunni Dyar and Psorophora ferox von Humboldt (both recognized as vectors) was correlated with increased rainfall. Conclusions: The abundance of mosquitoes, including potential vector species, increased during the rainy season, indicating a higher risk of pathogen transmission. However, the relationship between rainfall amount and diversity patterns is not well-defined.

Resumen Introducción: Las enfermedades vectoriales son prevalentes en las regiones amazónica y costera de Ecuador. Sin embargo, hay una escasez de estudios de ecología de mosquitos en estas áreas. En el país se ha reportado 8 tribus, 22 géneros y 200 especies. Objetivos: Documentar las especies de Culicidae encontradas en el Parque Amazónico La Isla, Napo, Ecuador, incluyendo aquellas con importancia epidemiológica; y analizar su composición, abundancia y diversidad, enfocándose en los hábitats de las larvas durante los períodos seco y lluvioso. Métodos: Evaluamos diferentes hábitats larvarios, con la duración de la recolecta como criterio. Las trampas CDC y Shannon recolectaron mosquitos adultos durante los períodos seco y lluvioso. Evaluamos la riqueza de especies con curvas de acumulación y estimadores no paramétricos, mientras que determinamos la diversidad con los números de Hill. Además, utilizamos los índices de Berger-Parker y Pielou para evaluar la dominancia y la uniformidad de las especies. Realizamos análisis de conglomerados y la prueba ANOSIM para evaluar la similitud entre hábitats y estaciones, así como las diferencias en la composición taxonómica, respectivamente. Resultados: Recolectamos un total de 802 individuos de 15 especies y 4 unidades taxonómicas, 5 géneros y 4 tribus. Este podría ser el primer registro de Wyeomyia felicia Dyar & Núñez Tovar y Culex derivator Dyar & Knab en Ecuador. Además, la presencia de Culex dunni Dyar y Psorophora ferox von Humboldt (ambos potenciales vectores) se correlacionó con el aumento de las precipitaciones. Conclusiones: El aumento de la abundancia de mosquitos durante el periodo lluvioso indica un mayor riesgo de transmisión de patógenos. Sin embargo, la relación entre la cantidad de precipitaciones y los patrones de diversidad no está bien definida.

List of bats register at high altitudes in Río Abiseo National Park

We present a list of bats collected above 2000 meters in Río Abiseo National Park. Sixteen bat species belonging to the Phyllostomidae and Vespertilionidae families were collected during four expeditions between 1987 and 1990. Twelve species were found within expected altitudinal ranges, but four exceeded their previously reported maximum altitudinal ranges. A comparison with other bat lists from other localities at similar altitudes is presented.

Se presenta una lista de murciélagos colectados por encima de los 2000 m en el Parque Nacional Río Abiseo. Dieciséis especies de murciélagos pertenecientes tanto a las familias Phyllostomidae y Vespertilionidae fueron colectadas durante cuatro expediciones realizadas entre 1987 y 1990. Doce especies fueron encontradas dentro de los rangos altitudinales esperados, pero cuatro excedieron su altitud máxima previamente reportada. Se presenta una comparación con otras listas de murciélagos de otras localidades a altitudes similares.

El pueblo indígena mapuche en argentina, 1992-2022: treinta años de revitalización de la identidad, movilizaciones e interpelación al estado

El pueblo mapuche es uno de los grupos originarios de mayor importancia y nivel de conocimiento público en los países del Cono Sur de América del Sur, tanto en Chile como en Argentina, con crecientes conflictos con propietarios privados y algunos niveles estatales. Nos proponemos abordar las movilizaciones y repercusiones públicas de este pueblo a partir del accionar de sus movimientos y comunidades asentados en la zona del Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi y áreas aledañas, en la región cordillerana de las provincias de Neuquén y Río Negro, en la Patagonia argentina. Daremos cuenta del recorrido en este periodo de 1992 hasta el presente, en el cual el pueblo mapuche se va transformando en un sujeto social y político. Analizaremos estos aspectos a la luz de las diversas transformaciones socioeconómicas y los efectos de la aplicación de las diferentes políticas públicas y legislaciones.

The Mapuche people are one of the most important and publicly known indigenous groups in the Southern Cone countries of South America, both in Chile and Argentina, and they have increasingly taken part in conflicts with private landowners and some levels of government. This article addresses the mobilizations and public repercussions of the actions of the Mapuche people, looking into their movements and communities set in the Nahuel Huapi National Park and surrounding areas, in the mountainous region of the provinces of Neuquén and Río Negro, in Argentine Patagonia. We will account for the period between 1992 and the present, during which the Mapuche people become a social and political subject. We will analyze these aspects in the light of the various socioeconomic transformations and the effects of the application of different public policies and legislations.

Ex situ culture of coral species Porites lobata (Scleractinia: Poritidae) and Pocillopora damicornis (Scleractinia: Pocilloporidae), Costa Rica: first assessment and implications

Introduction: Coral reefs worldwide decline has prompted coral restoration as a viable strategy to rewild vulnerable, foundational coral species. Stony corals are now propagated by thousands in both in-water and ex situ (land-based) coral nurseries, the latter being unexplored in Costa Rica, despite their potential benefits as a reef management tool. Objective: To analyze the viability of ex situ culturing of the Pacific reef-building corals Porites lobata and Pocillopora damicornis at Parque Marino del Pacífico (PMP), Puntarenas, Costa Rica, aquaculture facilities. Methods: From May to October 2018 a total of 180 coral fragments were kept in an aquaculture recirculated system. Survival, growth, and fragment yield in relation to culture medium (physicochemical parameters) were recorded. Results: Survival and growth rate varied between species and culture tanks. On average, surviving P. lobata fragments (68.89 %) placed in Tank 1 (T1) grew 216 %, while fragments placed in Tank 2 (T2) had a survival rate of 71.11 % and an increase of 277 % in live tissue area. P. damicornis fragments survival, basal and crown area percentage increase were: 71.11 %, 980 % and 366 % in T1, and 100 %, 976 % and 287 % in T2. Although fragments survival and growth were net positive, the yield in terms of culture was low, due to culture conditions in the tanks not meeting coral culture optimal requirements. Conclusions: Survival and growth of both species varied depending on the tank in which they were placed. Survival was similar to that found in other ex situ studies and growth was similar to those reported in the wild, however culture performance in terms of yield was low. Aquaculture systems at PMP constitute a good base for the cultivation of corals, however for the culture effort to achieve maximum yield, current systems must be optimized according to the requirements of the target coral species.

Introducción: El declive mundial de los arrecifes de coral, ha impulsado a la restauración coralina como una estrategia viable para recuperar especies de coral fundacionales, en estado vulnerable. Los corales pétreos se propagan por miles, tanto en viveros subacuáticos como ex situ (en tierra). Siendo el segundo método poco explorado en Costa Rica, a pesar de sus potenciales beneficios como medida como herramienta de manejo arrecifal. Objetivo: Analizar la viabilidad del cultivo ex situ de las especies de coral constructoras de arrecifes Porites lobata y Pocillopora damicornis en el módulo de acuicultura del Parque Marino del Pacífico (PMP), Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Métodos: Desde el 17 de mayo hasta el 17 de octubre de 2018, se mantuvieron un total de 180 fragmentos de coral en un sistema de recirculación de acuicultura. Se registraron la supervivencia, el crecimiento y el rendimiento de los fragmentos en relación con el medio de cultivo (parámetros fisicoquímicos). Resultados: La tasa de supervivencia y crecimiento varió entre especies y tanques de cultivo. En promedio, los fragmentos de P. lobata supervivientes (68.89 %) colocados en el tanque 1 (T1) crecieron un 216 %. En contraste con los fragmentos colocados en el tanque 2 (T2) que mostraron una tasa de supervivencia del 71.11 % y un aumento del 277 % en el área de tejido vivo. En el caso de P. damicornis, los porcentajes de supervivencia, de aumento del área basal y del área de la corona fueron: 71.11 %, 980 %, y 366 %, y 100 %, 976 %, y 287 % para los fragmentos colocados en T1 y T2, respectivamente. Aunque la supervivencia y el crecimiento de los fragmentos fueron positivos, el rendimiento en términos de cultivo fue bajo, debido a que las condiciones en los tanques no cumplían con las condiciones ideales para el cultivo de corales. Conclusiones: La supervivencia y el crecimiento de ambas especies variaron en función del tanque en el que se colocaron. La supervivencia fue similar a la observada en otros estudios ex situ y el crecimiento fue similar al reportado en la naturaleza, pero el rendimiento del cultivo fue bajo. Los sistemas de acuicultura del PMP constituyen una buena base para el cultivo de corales, sin embargo, para que el esfuerzo de cultivo alcance un máximo de rendimiento, los sistemas actuales deben optimizarse en función de los requisitos de las especies de coral objetivo.

Floristic data to support conservation in the Amazonian canga / Dados florísticos para apoiar a conservação nas cangas amazônicas

Abstract Canga is an environment of great natural and economic value because it harbours a considerable number of endemic species on a substrate that is rich in iron ore. In the Amazon, this open vegetation type grows on top of isolated outcrops in a dense forest matrix found in the Carajás region, in southeastern Pará. Of these outcrops, the Parque Nacional dos Campos Ferruginosos (PNCF) is the only area of Amazonian canga with a strict protection status. Therefore, industrial activity in the region needs to implement mitigation actions to ensure species and habitat conservation. The objective of this study is to complement and review the floristic list of this recently created protected area, enabling us to compare the floristic similarity between it and other 14 Amazonian canga outcrops found outside the conservation units of full protection in the region. This data provides a basis to understand the floristic and phylogenetic complementarity of those patches to support conservation action. For this, six field trips were carried out in the Serra da Bocaina and two in the Serra do Tarzan, respectively, in order to increase the sampling efforts in PNCF and to obtain a more comprehensive plant list. Floristic composition was investigated using multivariate analyses (non-metric multidimensional scaling and unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean) and phylogenetic structure across studied areas. We added 159 species to the floristic list of the PNCF and the results of the analyses showed that all 16 areas (n.b. PNCF comprises two of these sites) have an overall floristic similarity of 42%, with the least similar areas at 35% and the most similar at 50%. The different micro-habitats found in each study site highlight the high beta diversity of the Amazonian canga sites, making each area unique. Therefore, even if the Parque Nacional dos Campos Ferruginosos does not harbour all the species found in the other Amazonian canga sites, it is strategic for the conservation of the vegetation on ferruginous outcrops in the Amazon, protecting its biodiversity, different habitats, and associated ecosystem services.

Resumo Canga é um ambiente de grande valor natural e econômico por abrigar um número considerável de espécies endêmicas sobre substrato rico em minério de ferro. Na Amazônia, esse tipo de vegetação aberta cresce sobre afloramentos isolados em uma matriz de floresta densa encontrada na região de Carajás, no sudeste do Pará. Dentre esses afloramentos, o Parque Nacional dos Campos Ferruginosos (PNCF) é a única área de canga Amazônica que apresenta o status de proteção integral permanente. Dessa forma, a atividade industrial presente na região necessita implementar ações de mitigação para assegurar a conservação de espécies e habitats relacionados às cangas. O objetivo deste estudo é complementar e revisar a lista florística dessa área protegida, recentemente criada, permitindo comparar a sua similaridade florística com outros 14 afloramentos de cangas Amazônicas localizados fora de unidades de conservação de proteção integral encontradas na região. Tais dados fornecem subsídio para entender a complementaridade florística e filogenética desses fragmentos para apoiar ações de conservação. Para isso, foram realizadas seis viagens de coleta à Serra da Bocaina e à Serra do Tarzan, respectivamente, para aumentar o esforço amostral no PNCF e obter uma lista de plantas mais abrangente. A composição florística foi investigada por meio de análises multivariadas (non-metric multidimensional scaling and unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean) e estrutura filogenética nas áreas estudadas. Nós adicionamos 159 espécies na lista florística do PNCF e os resultados das análises demonstraram que todas as 16 áreas (n.b. o PNCF compreende duas dessas áreas) têm uma similaridade florística total de 42%, com áreas menos similares de 35% e as mais similares de 50%. Os micro-habitats encontrados em cada área de estudo evidenciam a alta diversidade beta das áreas de cangas Amazônicas, o que as tornam únicas. Portanto, ainda que o Parque Nacional dos Campos Ferruginosos não abrigue todas as espécies encontradas em outras áreas de cangas Amazônicas, ele é estratégico para a conservação dos afloramentos ferruginosos na Amazônia, protegendo a sua biodiversidade, os diferentes habitats e os serviços ecossistêmicos associados.

Mating behavior of the long-legged cricket Eidmanacris meridionalis Desutter-Grandcolas, 1995 (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae)

ABSTRACT Pair-formation, courtship, copulatory, and post-copulatory behaviors of Eidmanacris meridionalis Desutter-Grandcolas, 1995, were described under laboratory conditions and compared with congeneric species and other Phalangopsidae crickets whose mating behavior has been previously studied. Field observations for the species are also reported. Mating behaviors were observed in E. meridionalis couples: they first remained motionless, and then began walking through the arena screening the substrate. Mating behavior started with antennal contact, followed by males positioning themselves in front of females, that, when receptive, mounted on the males back and started feeding on metanotum secretions of the males. Copulation (female-above-male position) started with the engaging of copulatory structures and stopped with couple detachment. The end-to-end position was observed once, right after couple detachment. Males always remained with the spermatophore, which was eaten after removal or, alternatively, left in the substrate. The main differences in mating behavior of Eidmanacris species regard the mating position and the duration of the reproductive stages, suggesting that other reproductive repertoires can be observed in the genus since 27 species have not yet been studied in regards their reproductive behavior. We can also assume that the morphological, genetic, and chemical diversity found among the species of Phalangopsidae reflects in the behaviors of pair-formation, courtship, copulation, and post-copulation, leading to a diversity of copulation positions, duration of the stages, methods of attracting partners and parental investment. The description of Phalangopsidae mating patterns can provide important information for future evolutionary and phylogenetic studies, apart from useful for distinguishing cryptic species.

Anadenanthera colubrina (Fabaceae) logs in the Atlantic Forest biome: first host plant for Thoracibidion lineatocolle (Col: Cerambycidae) and a new host for Temnopis megacephala (Col: Cerambycidae) / Troncos de Anadenanthera colubrina (Fabaceae) no bioma da Mata Atlântica: primeira planta hospedeira de Thoracibidion lineatocolle (Col: Cerambycidae) e uma nova planta hospedeira para Temnopis megacephala (Col: Cerambycidae)

Wood-boring beetles develop in live trees and dead wood, performing ecological services such as decomposition and regulation of forest resources. Species of the Cerambycidae family, widely distributed in the world, bore into the trunks of trees and dead wood in native and cultivated areas. The objective is to report the first host plant for Thoracibidion lineatocolle (Thomson, 1865) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and a new host plant for Temnopis megacephala (Germar, 1824) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest biome. Three logs, with one-meter-long by 20 cm in diameter, were cut from the trunk of a healthy Anadenanthera colubrina (Fabaceae) tree in October 2013 and tied in the understory at 1.5m high in the Rio Doce State Park, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The logs, exposed in the forest, were each removed after 40, 80 and 120 days and stored individually in a cardboard box in the "Laboratório de Campo do Projeto de Ecologia de Longa Duração (PELD-CNPq)" in the Rio Doce State Park. A total of 94 individuals of T. lineatocolle and 228 of T. megacephala emerged from the A. colubrina logs. This is the first report of a host plant for T. lineatocolle and a new host plant for T. megacephala.

Besouros broqueadores se desenvolvem em árvores vivas e madeira morta, realizando serviços ecológicos como decomposição e regulação de recursos da floresta. Espécies da família Cerambycidae, amplamente distribuídas no mundo, perfuram o caule de árvores e madeira morta em áreas nativas e cultivadas. O objetivo é relatar a primeira planta hospedeira de Thoracibidion lineatocolle (Thomson, 1865) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) e uma nova planta hospedeira para Temnopis megacephala (Germar, 1824) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) no bioma da Mata Atlântica brasileira. Três toras, com um metro de comprimento por 20 cm de diâmetro, foram cortadas de uma árvore sadia de Anadenanthera colubrina (Fabaceae) em outubro de 2013 e amarradas no sub-bosque a 1,5m de altura no Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. As toras, expostas na floresta, foram removidas, cada uma, após 40, 80 e 120 dias e armazenadas, individualmente, em caixas de papelão no "Laboratório de Campo do Projeto de Ecologia de Longa Duração (PELD-CNPq)" no Parque Estadual do Rio Doce. Um total de 94 indivíduos de T. lineatocolle e 228 de T. megacephala emergiu das toras de A. colubrina. Esse é o primeiro registro de uma planta hospedeira para T. lineatocolle e o de uma nova planta hospedeira para T. megacephala.

Seasonal distribution and habitat use preference of Barking deer (Muntiacus vaginalis) in Murree-Kotli Sattian-Kahuta National Park, Punjab Pakistan / Distribuição sazonal e preferência de uso de habitat de veados-latidos (Muntiacus vaginalis) no Parque Nacional Murree-Kotli Sattian-Kahuta, Punjab Paquistão

Microhabitat factors associated with the habitat of barking deer (Muntiacus vaginalis) were examined and compared between summer and winter seasons. Habitat characteristics and preferred habitat were measured by locating direct and indirect signs. To quantify the habitat utilization of barking deer, each selected study site was sampled for floral diversity from 2015 to 2017. Quadrats were deployed along transect lines to determine seasonal distribution. Barking deer were not evenly distributed across vegetation types in the study area; they occurred more often in the broad-leaved forest than in Chir pine forest, at an elevational range of 550-850 m, in thick vegetation on steep slopes. The most preferred habitat included trees and shrubs with 30% and 69% cover, respectively. Barking deer avoided thicker tree cover, possibly as it hinders movement and escape from predators. No significant difference (χ2 = 6.37, df = 3, p = 0.19) in seasonal vegetation cover was recorded.

Fatores de micro-hábitat associados ao hábitat do veado (Muntiacus vaginalis) foram examinados e comparados entre as estações de verão e inverno. As características do hábitat e o hábitat preferido foram medidos, localizando sinais diretos e indiretos. Para quantificar a utilização do hábitat de cervos-latidos, cada local de estudo selecionado foi amostrado para a diversidade floral de 2015 a 2017. Quadrats foram implantados ao longo de linhas de transecto para determinar a distribuição sazonal., Veados-latidos não foram distribuídos uniformemente pelos tipos de vegetação na área de estudo; ocorreram com mais frequência na floresta de folhas largas do que na floresta de pinheiros Chir, em uma faixa de elevação de 550-850 m, em vegetação densa, em encostas íngremes. O hábitat mais preferido incluía árvores e arbustos com 30% e 69% de cobertura, respectivamente. O veado-latido evitou uma cobertura de árvores mais espessa, possivelmente porque impede o movimento e a fuga de predadores. Nenhuma diferença significativa (χ2 = 6,37; df = 3; p = 0,19) na cobertura vegetal sazonal foi registrada.

Anadenanthera colubrina (Fabaceae) logs in the Atlantic Forest biome: first host plant for Thoracibidion lineatocolle (Col: Cerambycidae) and a new host for Temnopis megacephala (Col: Cerambycidae) / Troncos de Anadenanthera colubrina (Fabaceae) no bioma da Mata Atlântica: primeira planta hospedeira de Thoracibidion lineatocolle (Col: Cerambycidae) e uma nova planta hospedeira para Temnopis megacephala (Col: Cerambycidae)

Wood-boring beetles develop in live trees and dead wood, performing ecological services such as decomposition and regulation of forest resources. Species of the Cerambycidae family, widely distributed in the world, bore into the trunks of trees and dead wood in native and cultivated areas. The objective is to report the first host plant for Thoracibidion lineatocolle (Thomson, 1865) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and a new host plant for Temnopis megacephala (Germar, 1824) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest biome. Three logs, with one-meter-long by 20 cm in diameter, were cut from the trunk of a healthy Anadenanthera colubrina (Fabaceae) tree in October 2013 and tied in the understory at 1.5m high in the Rio Doce State Park, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The logs, exposed in the forest, were each removed after 40, 80 and 120 days and stored individually in a cardboard box in the "Laboratório de Campo do Projeto de Ecologia de Longa Duração (PELD-CNPq)" in the Rio Doce State Park. A total of 94 individuals of T. lineatocolle and 228 of T. megacephala emerged from the A. colubrina logs. This is the first report of a host plant for T. lineatocolle and a new host plant for T. megacephala.

Besouros broqueadores se desenvolvem em árvores vivas e madeira morta, realizando serviços ecológicos como decomposição e regulação de recursos da floresta. Espécies da família Cerambycidae, amplamente distribuídas no mundo, perfuram o caule de árvores e madeira morta em áreas nativas e cultivadas. O objetivo é relatar a primeira planta hospedeira de Thoracibidion lineatocolle (Thomson, 1865) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) e uma nova planta hospedeira para Temnopis megacephala (Germar, 1824) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) no bioma da Mata Atlântica brasileira. Três toras, com um metro de comprimento por 20 cm de diâmetro, foram cortadas de uma árvore sadia de Anadenanthera colubrina (Fabaceae) em outubro de 2013 e amarradas no sub-bosque a 1,5m de altura no Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. As toras, expostas na floresta, foram removidas, cada uma, após 40, 80 e 120 dias e armazenadas, individualmente, em caixas de papelão no “Laboratório de Campo do Projeto de Ecologia de Longa Duração (PELD-CNPq)” no Parque Estadual do Rio Doce. Um total de 94 indivíduos de T. lineatocolle e 228 de T. megacephala emergiu das toras de A. colubrina. Esse é o primeiro registro de uma planta hospedeira para T. lineatocolle e o de uma nova planta hospedeira para T. megacephala.

Seasonal distribution and habitat use preference of Barking deer (Muntiacus vaginalis) in Murree-Kotli Sattian-Kahuta National Park, Punjab Pakistan / Distribuição sazonal e preferência de uso de habitat de veados-latidos (Muntiacus vaginalis) no Parque Nacional Murree-Kotli Sattian-Kahuta, Punjab Paquistão

Microhabitat factors associated with the habitat of barking deer (Muntiacus vaginalis) were examined and compared between summer and winter seasons. Habitat characteristics and preferred habitat were measured by locating direct and indirect signs. To quantify the habitat utilization of barking deer, each selected study site was sampled for floral diversity from 2015 to 2017. Quadrats were deployed along transect lines to determine seasonal distribution. Barking deer were not evenly distributed across vegetation types in the study area; they occurred more often in the broad-leaved forest than in Chir pine forest, at an elevational range of 550-850 m, in thick vegetation on steep slopes. The most preferred habitat included trees and shrubs with 30% and 69% cover, respectively. Barking deer avoided thicker tree cover, possibly as it hinders movement and escape from predators. No significant difference (χ2 = 6.37, df = 3, p = 0.19) in seasonal vegetation cover was recorded.

Fatores de micro-hábitat associados ao hábitat do veado (Muntiacus vaginalis) foram examinados e comparados entre as estações de verão e inverno. As características do hábitat e o hábitat preferido foram medidos, localizando sinais diretos e indiretos. Para quantificar a utilização do hábitat de cervos-latidos, cada local de estudo selecionado foi amostrado para a diversidade floral de 2015 a 2017. Quadrats foram implantados ao longo de linhas de transecto para determinar a distribuição sazonal., Veados-latidos não foram distribuídos uniformemente pelos tipos de vegetação na área de estudo; ocorreram com mais frequência na floresta de folhas largas do que na floresta de pinheiros Chir, em uma faixa de elevação de 550-850 m, em vegetação densa, em encostas íngremes. O hábitat mais preferido incluía árvores e arbustos com 30% e 69% de cobertura, respectivamente. O veado-latido evitou uma cobertura de árvores mais espessa, possivelmente porque impede o movimento e a fuga de predadores. Nenhuma diferença significativa (χ2 = 6,37; df = 3; p = 0,19) na cobertura vegetal sazonal foi registrada.

Anadenanthera colubrina (Fabaceae) logs in the Atlantic Forest biome: first host plant for Thoracibidion lineatocolle (Col.: Cerambycidae) and a new host for Temnopis megacephala (Col.: Cerambycidae)

Abstract Wood-boring beetles develop in live trees and dead wood, performing ecological services such as decomposition and regulation of forest resources. Species of the Cerambycidae family, widely distributed in the world, bore into the trunks of trees and dead wood in native and cultivated areas. The objective is to report the first host plant for Thoracibidion lineatocolle (Thomson, 1865) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and a new host plant for Temnopis megacephala (Germar, 1824) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest biome. Three logs, with one-meter-long by 20 cm in diameter, were cut from the trunk of a healthy Anadenanthera colubrina (Fabaceae) tree in October 2013 and tied in the understory at 1.5m high in the Rio Doce State Park, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The logs, exposed in the forest, were each removed after 40, 80 and 120 days and stored individually in a cardboard box in the Laboratório de Campo do Projeto de Ecologia de Longa Duração (PELD-CNPq) in the Rio Doce State Park. A total of 94 individuals of T. lineatocolle and 228 of T. megacephala emerged from the A. colubrina logs. This is the first report of a host plant for T. lineatocolle and a new host plant for T. megacephala.

Resumo Besouros broqueadores se desenvolvem em árvores vivas e madeira morta, realizando serviços ecológicos como decomposição e regulação de recursos da floresta. Espécies da família Cerambycidae, amplamente distribuídas no mundo, perfuram o caule de árvores e madeira morta em áreas nativas e cultivadas. O objetivo é relatar a primeira planta hospedeira de Thoracibidion lineatocolle (Thomson, 1865) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) e uma nova planta hospedeira para Temnopis megacephala (Germar, 1824) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) no bioma da Mata Atlântica brasileira. Três toras, com um metro de comprimento por 20 cm de diâmetro, foram cortadas de uma árvore sadia de Anadenanthera colubrina (Fabaceae) em outubro de 2013 e amarradas no sub-bosque a 1,5m de altura no Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. As toras, expostas na floresta, foram removidas, cada uma, após 40, 80 e 120 dias e armazenadas, individualmente, em caixas de papelão no Laboratório de Campo do Projeto de Ecologia de Longa Duração (PELD-CNPq) no Parque Estadual do Rio Doce. Um total de 94 indivíduos de T. lineatocolle e 228 de T. megacephala emergiu das toras de A. colubrina. Esse é o primeiro registro de uma planta hospedeira para T. lineatocolle e o de uma nova planta hospedeira para T. megacephala.

Seasonal distribution and habitat use preference of Barking deer (Muntiacus vaginalis) in Murree-Kotli Sattian-Kahuta National Park, Punjab Pakistan

ABSTRACT Microhabitat factors associated with the habitat of barking deer (Muntiacus vaginalis) were examined and compared between summer and winter seasons. Habitat characteristics and preferred habitat were measured by locating direct and indirect signs. To quantify the habitat utilization of barking deer, each selected study site was sampled for floral diversity from 2015 to 2017. Quadrats were deployed along transect lines to determine seasonal distribution. Barking deer were not evenly distributed across vegetation types in the study area; they occurred more often in the broad-leaved forest than in Chir pine forest, at an elevational range of 550-850 m, in thick vegetation on steep slopes. The most preferred habitat included trees and shrubs with 30% and 69% cover, respectively. Barking deer avoided thicker tree cover, possibly as it hinders movement and escape from predators. No significant difference (2 = 6.37, df = 3, p = 0.19) in seasonal vegetation cover was recorded.

RESUMO Fatores de micro-hábitat associados ao hábitat do veado (Muntiacus vaginalis) foram examinados e comparados entre as estações de verão e inverno. As características do hábitat e o hábitat preferido foram medidos, localizando sinais diretos e indiretos. Para quantificar a utilização do hábitat de cervos-latidos, cada local de estudo selecionado foi amostrado para a diversidade floral de 2015 a 2017. Quadrats foram implantados ao longo de linhas de transecto para determinar a distribuição sazonal., Veados-latidos não foram distribuídos uniformemente pelos tipos de vegetação na área de estudo; ocorreram com mais frequência na floresta de folhas largas do que na floresta de pinheiros Chir, em uma faixa de elevação de 550-850 m, em vegetação densa, em encostas íngremes. O hábitat mais preferido incluía árvores e arbustos com 30% e 69% de cobertura, respectivamente. O veado-latido evitou uma cobertura de árvores mais espessa, possivelmente porque impede o movimento e a fuga de predadores. Nenhuma diferença significativa (2 = 6,37; df = 3; p = 0,19) na cobertura vegetal sazonal foi registrada.

A new species of Podanotum Torres & Johnson, 1996 (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) from northern Peru / Una nueva especie de Podanotum Torres & Johnson, 1996 (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) en el norte de Perú

Abstract We describe a new species of the genus Podanotum Torres & Johnson, 1996, Podanotum pajaten Farfán, Cerdeña & Bálint sp. nov. from northern Peru, associated with the Andean treeline ecotone adjacent to cloud forest and wet grassland at 3200 m above sea level. Description of this new species is based on one female adult and is distinguishable from its congeners by the combination of the following morphological characters: dorsal wing pale blue, forewing discoidal line present on ventral side, hindwing tailed, and ostium bursae distally toothed. Podanotum pajaten sp. nov. is separated geographically from the closest spatial species, P. glorissimum Bálint & Wojtusiak, 2002, by approximately 100 km to the south, and represents the second species described for Peru. An identification key to all known species of Podanotum is provided, stating their distributions by country.

Resumen Se describe una nueva especie del género Podanotum Torres & Johnson, 1996, Podanotum pajaten Farfán, Cerdeña & Bálint sp. nov. del norte de Perú, asociada al ecotono andino entre bosque nublado y pastizal húmedo a 3,200 metros de altitud. La descripción de esta nueva especie está basada en una hembra adulta que se distingue de sus congéneres por la combinación de los siguientes caracteres morfológicos: vista dorsal de las alas de color azul pálido, línea postdiscal del ala anterior presente en vista ventral, cola corta en ala posterior, y parte distal del ostium bursae dentada. Podanotum pajaten sp. nov. está separada geográficamente de la especie espacialmente más cercana, P. glorissimum Bálint & Wojtusiak, 2002, por aproximadamente 100 km hacia el sur, y representa la segunda especie descrita de Perú. Una clave de identificación es presentada para todas las especies conocidas de Podanotum, con indicación de los países de ocurrencia.

Composition and distribution of fishes from the Perequê-Açu river basin, Paraty, Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil / Composição e distribuição de peixes da bacia do rio Perequê-Açu, Paraty, Rio de Janeiro, Sudeste do Brasil

Abstract The large number of less-known coastal drainages in the Atlantic Forest still represents an important gap in the knowledge of ichthyofauna. It is evaluated the taxonomic diversity, frequency and constancy of occurrence, and the distribution of species in the various segments of the Perequê-Açu river basin, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Twelve sampling campaigns resulted in 13,423 individuals, belonging to seven orders, 10 families, 21 genera, and 23 native species. Cyprinodontiformes and Siluriformes represented about 87.2% of the total abundance, mainly due to the contribution of Phalloceros anisophallos and Schizolecis guntheri, which account for 63.2% of the total sampled individuals. The analysis of constancy of occurrence reveals that 78.3% of the drainage species are residents, with approximately 93% of the residents of the Carrasquinho River sub-basin. The Sertões River sub-basin had the largest number of species in total: 18. The rarefaction curve did not reach an asymptote, although Chao 2 and bootstrap estimate the richness of 23.9 species and 23.7 species, respectively. The results of PERMANOVA, PCoA, and SIMPER indicate that the fish composition along the catchment is not homogeneous. The conservation status of species is also discussed, regionally, nationally, and globally.

Resumo O grande número de drenagens costeiras pouco estudadas na Mata Atlântica ainda representa uma lacuna importante no conhecimento da ictiofauna. Avalia-se aqui a diversidade taxonômica, frequência e constância de ocorrência e a distribuição das espécies nos vários segmentos da bacia do rio Perequê-Açu, estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Doze campanhas de amostragem resultaram em 13.423 indivíduos, pertencentes a sete ordens, 10 famílias, 21 gêneros e 23 espécies nativas. Cyprinodontiformes e Siluriformes representaram cerca de 87,2% da abundância total, devido sobretudo à contribuição de Phalloceros anisophallos e Schizolecis guntheri, que respondem por 63,2% do total de indivíduos amostrados. A análise de constância de ocorrência revela que 78,3% das espécies da drenagem são residentes, sendo cerca de 93% dos residentes da sub-bacia do rio Carrasquinho. A sub-bacia do rio Sertões apresentou o maior número de espécies no total: 18. A curva de rarefação não atingiu uma assíntota, embora Chao 2 e bootstrap estimem a riqueza de 23,9 espécies e 23,7 espécies, respectivamente. Os resultados de PERMANOVA, PCoA e SIMPER indicam que a composição dos peixes ao longo da bacia hidrográfica não é homogênea. Discute-se, ainda, o status de conservação das espécies, regional, nacional e globalmente.

Arthropods at the Interface between Monoculture and Native Forest

Abstract The current study has investigated whether arthropod richness in soybean monoculture (Glycine max) decreases, whereas the abundance, mainly of herbivores, increases as distance from Parque Nacional do Iguaçu (PNI) increases. Active and passive arthropod collections were performed at different distances (5, 50, 300 and 600 m) from PNI. Arthropod richness in agricultural area decreased as distance from PNI increased. Results have shown that Conservation Units can act as source of ecosystem services for surrounding monocultures. The presence of pollinators in collections has confirmed the important role played by protected natural areas in agriculture, since they contribute to this economic activity by providing ecosystem services such as pollination.

A new species of Phylloptera Serville, 1831 (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Phaneropterinae) from southern Brazil and lectotype designation for Phylloptera picta Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891

Abstract Here we describe a new katydid species, Phylloptera jaci sp. nov., from the Iguaçu National Park, a large Atlantic Forest protected remnant in southern Brazil. This is the first record of a species of Phylloptera of the picta species group both for Brazil and the Atlantic Forest. We also designate the lectotype for Phylloptera picta, from Peru, and present a complementary description of this species. An occurrence map for the species of Phylloptera of the picta species group are also presented.

Cordiluroides Albuquerque (Diptera: Muscidae): new species and key to the Neotropical genus

Abstract Here we describe three new species of Cordiluroides Albuquerque, one striking new species from Brazil, Minas Gerais, C. albitarsata sp. nov., and two from Peru, Cuzco, C. inca sp. nov. and C. wayqechensis sp. nov. Additionally, photographs from the types of C. listrata Albuquerque, 1954, C. megalopyga Albquerque, 1954 and C. insularis (Williston, 1896) are included. With the new species, Cordiluroides is now known from 11 species exclusively distributed in the Neotropical region with records from Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Saint Vincent, and Peru. We give an updated identification key to species from the Neotropical region. Finally, we describe for the first time the external morphology and genitalia of the Cordiluroides species using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images.

Fenología de Crescentia alata (Bignoniaceae) en Guanacaste, Costa Rica

Los estudios fenológicos generan información que contribuye con el conocimiento de las relaciones entre especies y componentes abióticos de los ecosistemas, disponibilidad de alimento para animales y regeneración de cobertura boscosa. Crescentia alata es una especie arbórea abundante en el bosque tropical seco (BTs); su importancia ecológica, cultural y económica ha sido ampliamente reconocida y por eso existe interés en reproducir esta especie, pero antes es necesario conocer detalladamente su desarrollo fenológico. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la fenología de C. alata en el BTs de Costa Rica. Se seleccionaron 20 árboles reproductivos en el Parque Nacional Santa Rosa para observar las siguientes fenofases: follaje, floración y fructificación por 14 meses entre 2015 y 2016. Esta especie produjo más follaje en junio, máxima floración en junio y octubre y mayor número de frutos maduros en enero. Los patrones fenológicos en C. alata se relacionaron con factores climáticos comunes, sobre todo precipitación, temperatura y humedad relativa. Los resultados más relevantes de este estudio podrían contribuir a la propagación, el manejo adecuado y la conservación de esta especie.

Phenological studies generate information that contributes knowledge on relationships of species and abiotic components of ecosystems, availability of food for animals and regeneration of forest cover. Crescentia alata is an abundant tree species in tropical dry forests; its ecological, cultural and economic importance has been widely recognized and for this reason there is an interest in reproducing this species, but previously it is necessary to understand its detailed phenological development. The aim of this work was to describe C. alata phenology in dry Costa Rican forests. Twenty reproductive trees were selected at the Santa Rosa National Park to observe phenophases (leaf flushing, flower production, and fructification) during 14 months from 2015 to 2016. Most foliage was observed in June, maximal floration in June and October, and the highest ripe-fruit number in January. Phenological patterns in C. alata were related to common climatic factors as rainfall, temperature, and relative humidity; other factors considered were wind speed, and sun radiation. The most significant phenological data registered for C. alata in this work may contribute to a better management and conservation of this species.

Time partitioning among jaguar Panthera onca, puma Puma concolor and ocelot Leopardus pardalis (Carnivora: Felidae) in Costa Rica's dry and rainforests / Separación temporal del jaguar Panthera onca, puma Puma concolor y ocelote Leopardus pardalis (Carnivora: Felidae) en los bosques tropicales húmedos y secos de Costa Rica

Abstract Segregation of daily activity patterns is considered an important mechanism facilitating the coexistance of competing species. Here, we evaluated if temporal separation existed among jaguar (Panthera onca), puma (Puma concolor) and ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) and if their activity patterns were related to that of a particular prey. We used camera trap records to estimate the activity schedules of these predators and their prey. We used the coefficient of overlapping (Δ; ranging from 0 to 1) to quantify the temporal interactions between predators and prey, and calculated confidence intervals from bootstrap samples. Strong temporal overlap occurred among the three felids (Δ = 0.63 - 0.82) in both dry and rainforests. However, a greater temporal separation was observed between the closest competitors (jaguar and puma, puma and ocelot). Jaguar and puma had a strong temporal overlap with medium and large-sized prey, while ocelots' activity matched that of smallsized prey. High overlapping coefficients among the felids suggest that temporal segregation is not the main mechanism facilitating their coexistence in these areas. However, fine-scale or spatiotemporal differences in their activity patterns might contribute to their coexistence in tropical environments.(AU)

Resumen La segregación de los patrones de actividad diaria es considerado un importante mecanismo para la coexistencia de especies competidoras. En este estudio, evaluamos si existía separación temporal entre el jaguar (Panthera onca), puma (Puma concolor) y ocelote (Leopardus pardalis), y si sus patrones de actividad se relacionaban con los de sus presas potenciales. Utilizamos registros de cámaras trampa para estimar los patrones de actividad de los felinos y sus presas. Usamos el coeficiente de traslape (Δ; de 0 a 1) para cuantificar las interacciones temporales entre depredadores y presas y calculamos los intervalos de confianza mediante bootstrapping. Observamos un fuerte traslape temporal (Δ= 0.63-0.82) entre los felinos tanto en el bosque seco como en el lluvioso. La mayor segregación temporal ocurrió entre los competidores más cercanos (jaguar y puma, puma y ocelote). El jaguar y el puma tuvieron un fuerte traslape con las presas medianas y grandes, mientras que el ocelote se traslapó con presas más pequeñas. Los altos coeficientes de traslape entre los felinos sugieren que la segregación temporal no es el mecanismo principal de coexistencia en estos sitios. Sin embargo, pequeñas diferencias en los patrones de actividad (e.g. picos de actividad desfasados) podrían contribuir a su coexistencia en ambientes tropicales.(AU)

Intra- and inter-annual variation in a seagrass meadow on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica: 2009-2015 / Variación intra e inter anual en una pradera de pastos marinos en la costa caribeña de Costa Rica: 2009-2015

Abstract Seagrass beds are an important ecosystem on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. At Cahuita National Park (CNP) a seagrass bed at Perezoso has been monitored continually since 1999 within the CARICOMP program. Thalassia testudinum is the dominant seagrass species, in some cases mixed with Syringodium filiforme. The results from the 2009 to 2015 monitoring period are presented here, and contrasted with data before 2009. Total (above and below ground tissue) mean biomass of T. testudinum was higher (1 255.4 ± 146.0 gm-2) than biomass before 2009, with an increasing tendency. However, productivity (1.5±0.59 gm-2d-1) and turnover rate (4.3 ± 1.22 %d-1) were lower than previous monitoring periods. In this period, mean leaf area diminished considerably (4.9 ± 2.30 m2), but leaf area index (LAI) increased (1.9 ± 0.80 m2leafm-2) in comparison to prior monitoring. Productivity, density, turnover rate, LAI and biomass showed intra-annual variations; while mean biomass of T. testudinum did not vary significantly among years. No correlations were found between water salinity, temperature and clarity with seagrass measurements. However, most seagrass parameters were strongly correlated with precipitation. These results highlight the effect of external environmental agents acting on the ecosystem. CNP presents a long-term stable seagrass meadow. However, there are indirect signals, such as high biomass and above-ground biomass proportion, along with low productivity and LAI, which point to a nutrient increment in Perezoso's seagrass bed. To continue protecting this seagrass bed, it is necessary to improve monitoring methods, and seagrass beds should be included in national conservation policies and monitoring programs. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(3): 1149-1161. Epub 2018 September 01.

Resumen Los lechos de pastos marinos son un ecosistema importante en la costa caribeña de Costa Rica. En el Parque Nacional Cahuita (PNC), un lecho de pastos marinos en Perezoso ha sido monitoreado continuamente desde 1999 dentro del programa CARICOMP. Thalassia testudinum es la especie dominante, en algunos casos mezclada con Syringodium filiforme. Se presentan los resultados del período de monitoreo del 2009 al 2015. La biomasa promedio de T. testudinum fue mayor (1 255.4 ± 146.0 gm-2) que la biomasa antes de 2009, mostrando una tendencia creciente. Sin embargo, la productividad (1.5 ± 0.59 gm-2d-1) y la tasa de recambio (4.3 ± 1.22 %d-1) fueron inferiores a los períodos de monitoreo previos. En este período, el área foliar media disminuyó considerablemente (4.9 ± 2.30 m2), pero el Índice de Área Foliar (LAI) aumentó (1.9 ± 0.80 m2 hoja m-2) en comparación con el monitoreo previo. El promedio de la productividad, la densidad, la tasa de recambio, el LAI y la biomasa mostraron variaciones intra-anuales, mientras que la biomasa promedio de T. testudinum no varió significativamente entre los años, lo que representa un período estable. Ningún parámetro del agua de mar (salinidad, temperatura o turbiedad) se correlacionó con los parámetros del pasto marino. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los parámetros del pasto marino estaban fuertemente correlacionados con la precipitación. Estos resultados ponen en evidencia el efecto de factores ambientales externos sobre el ecosistema. El PNC tiene condiciones estables a largo plazo en las que se establece el pasto marino sin que haya evidencia de pérdida de biomasa. Sin embargo, hay señales indirectas; como el aumento de la biomasa y de la proporción de biomasa sobre el sustrato, así como una baja productividad y LAI; que apuntan a un incremento de nutrientes en el lecho de pastos marinos de Perezoso. Para continuar protegiendo este lecho marino, es necesario mejorar la calidad del agua y los métodos de monitoreo, además de incluir a estos hábitats en las políticas nacionales de conservación.