A força dos partidos "fracos" / The strength of weak parties / La force des partis faibles

The aim of this article is to fill some gaps in research on the Brazilian electoral arena. The current literature, by neglecting the study of party organization, ends up overlooking fundamental questions for understanding how the electoral process works. This study addressed two questions: How do Brazilian parties work? What is the impact of party organization on a party's decision to launch or withhold a candidate in a given election? We intend to show that the parties have more life than many studies on our political system tend to show. This partisan life helps understand one of the central aspects of the electoral arena, that is, how pre-election coordination occurs.

Dans cet article, le but est de combler certaines lacunes dans les études de la scène électorale brésilienne. La littérature habituelle, en laissant de côté l'analyse de l'organisation des partis, néglige certaines questions de fond sur le fonctionnement du processus électoral. On s'efforce ici de répondre à deux questions: Comment les partis brésiliens fonctionnent-ils? Quel est l'impact de l'organisation des partis sur leur décision de proposer un nom de candidat à une élection donnée? On cherche ici à montrer que les partis ont plus de vitalité que ce que la plupart des études sur le système politique brésilien estiment. La vie des partis aide à mieux comprendre l'un des aspects principaux de la scène électorale, c'est-à-dire comment se fait la coordination pré-électorale.

Developing the social evaluation strategy and the study framework for public hospitals as seen from the social governance perspective / 中华医院管理杂志

Social governance is a novel form of public administration made based on the analysis and judgment for the power pattern in the course of social administration, a model advocated in the premise of a clearly positioned relationship among the government, marketplace, society and citizens.Social evaluation is an effective carrier and means leveraging the social governance theory, which has found extensive and outstanding use in such issues as expression of public interests and responsibilities,and in tackling sharp social problems. The authors called into play the scenario analysis based on public hospital management reforms with the social governance theory. In addition, they explored social governance at home and abroad as well as the theories, meaning and progress of social evaluation, and analyzed the pathways and probes in social evaluation and governance in the fields in question. On such basis, the paper proposed to explore and develop the social evaluation strategies and study framework for public hospitals in terms of healthcare management, aiming at building the social governance system and policies for public hospitals.