Hipodermóclise como tecnologia integrativa ao processo infusional em crianças / Hypodermoclysis as an integrative technology for the infusion process in children / Hipodermoclisis como tecnología integradora para el proceso de infusión en niños

Objetivo: Identificar as evidências científicas acerca da efetividade e da segurança da hipodermóclise em comparação à via intravenosa, no processo de infusão de fluidos, para reidratação de crianças até 10 de idade, com leve a moderada desidratação, nos contextos hospitalares e domiciliares. Métodos: Revisão sistemática conduzida conforme as recomendações do Instituto Joanna Briggs®, com protocolo publicado e registrado. A busca foi realizada em cinco recursos informacionais diferentes (bases de dados, literatura cinzenta, referências dos estudos). Todo o processo de seleção foi conduzido por revisores independentes. Resultados: Foram identificados 1410 estudos e dois foram incluídos na análise. Devido a heterogeneidade dos estudos não foi possível a realização da meta-análise. Os desfechos analisados foram volume total de líquido infundido, alteração da desidratação conforme escala de Gorelick e peso, número de tentativas para inserção do cateter, e eventos adversos. Conclusão: Demonstra-se benefícios do uso da hipodermóclise como prática integrativa ao processo de infusão de fluidos em crianças, porém com baixo nível de evidência. Novas pesquisas com alta qualidade metodológica serão promissoras para sua implementação no cuidado ao paciente pediátrico. (AU)

Objective: To identify scientific evidence about the effectiveness and safety of hypodermoclysis compared to the intravenous route, in the fluid infusion process, for rehydration of children up to 10 years of age, with mild to moderate dehydration, in hospital and home settings. Methods: Systematic review conducted according to the recommendations of the Joanna Briggs® Institute, with a published and registered protocol. The search was performed in six databases, five gray literature databases, and references of the included studies. The entire selection process was conducted by independent reviewers. Results: 1410 studies were identified and two were included in the analysis. Due to the heterogeneity of the studies, it was not possible to carry out the meta-analysis. The outcomes analyzed were total volume of fluid infused, change in dehydration according to the Gorelick scale and weight, number of attempts to insert the catheter, and adverse events. Conclusion: Benefits of the use of hypodermoclysis as an integrative practice in the fluid infusion process in children are demonstrated, but with a low level of evidence. New research with high methodological quality will be promising for its implementation in pediatric patient care. (AU)

Objetivo: Identificar evidencia científica sobre la efectividad y seguridad de la hipodermoclisis en comparación con la vía intravenosa, en el proceso de infusión de líquidos, para la rehidratación de niños hasta los 10 años de edad, con deshidratación leve a moderada, en el ámbito hospitalario y domiciliario. Métodos: Revisión sistemática realizada de acuerdo con las recomendaciones del Instituto Joanna Briggs®, con protocolo publicado y registrado. La búsqueda se realizó en seis bases de datos, cinco bases de datos de literatura gris y referencias de los estudios incluidos. Todo el proceso de selección fue realizado por revisores independientes. Resultados: Se identificaron 1410 estudios y se incluyeron dos en el análisis. Debido a la heterogeneidad de los estudios, no fue posible realizar el metanálisis. Los resultados analizados fueron el volumen total de líquido infundido, el cambio en la deshidratación según la escala y el peso de Gorelick, el número de intentos de insertar el catéter y los eventos adversos. Conclusión: Se demuestran los beneficios del uso de la hipodermoclisis como práctica integradora en el proceso de infusión de líquidos en niños, pero con un bajo nivel de evidencia. Nuevas investigaciones con alta calidad metodológica serán prometedoras para su implementación en la atención del paciente pediátrico. (AU)

Teorias de enfermagem utilizadas em pediatria / Nursing theories used in pediatrics / Teorías de enfermería utilizadas en pediatría

Objetivo: Mapear as teorias de enfermagem utilizadas nos diferentes contextos de assistência à criança e ao adolescente. Métodos: Revisão de escopo de acordo com a metodologia do Instituto Joanna Briggs, que incluiu estudos primários, publicados em inglês, espanhol e português, sem restrição de tempo, e disponibilizados nas bases de dados MEDLINE, WOS, BDENF, SCOPUS, CINAHL e SCIELO. Resultados: Foram incluídos nesta revisão 53 artigos, os quais evidenciaram 17 teorias de enfermagem aplicadas aos mais diversos contextos pediátricos, como hospitalização, terapia intensiva, cuidados para doenças crônicas e promoção da saúde. A teoria mais utilizada para direcionar o cuidado foi a Teoria da Adaptação de Roy. São várias as experiências exitosas no campo da pesquisa e prática assistencial com a utilização das teorias de enfermagem. Conclusão: Diferentes teorias de enfermagem embasam o cuidado de enfermagem pediátrica; e a escolha de cada teoria deve ser norteada por um propósito explícito ou assunto de interesse dos autores, com base em suas expectativas pessoais e nas evidências científicas. Por meio deste estudo foi possível vislumbrar o potencial de cada teoria para subsidiar a prática da enfermagem pediátrica. (AU)

Objective: To map the Nursing theories used in the different contexts of assistance to children and adolescents. Methods: Scoping review according to the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and included primary studies, published in English, Spanish and Portuguese, with no time restrictions, and made available in the MEDLINE, WOS, BDENF, SCOPUS, CINAHL and SCIELO databases. Results: A total of 53 articles were included in this review, which evidenced 17 Nursing theories applied to the most varied pediatric contexts, such as hospitalization, intensive care, care for chronic conditions, and health promotion. The theory most used to direct care was the Roy's Adaptation Theory. There are several successful experiences in the field of research and care practice with the use of Nursing theories. Conclusion: Different Nursing theories support pediatric Nursing care; and the choice of each theory must be guided by an explicit purpose or subject of interest to the authors, based on their personal expectations and on the scientific evidence. Through this study it was possible to glimpse the potential of each theory to support pediatric Nursing practice. (AU)

Objetivo: Mapear las teorías de Enfermería utilizadas en los diferentes contextos de atención a la niñez y adolescencia. Métodos: Revisión de alcance según la metodología del Joanna Briggs Institute que incluyó estudios primarios, publicados en inglés, español y portugués, sin restricciones de tiempo, y disponibles en las bases de datos MEDLINE, WOS, BDENF, SCOPUS, CINAHL y SCIELO. Resultados: En esta revisión se incluyeron un total de 53 artículos, que evidenciaron 17 teorías de enfermería aplicadas a los más variados contextos pediátricos, como hospitalización, cuidados intensivos, cuidados de enfermedades crónicas y promoción de la salud. La teoría más utilizadas para dirigir el cuidado fue la Teoría de la Adaptación de Roy. Existen varias experiencias exitosas en el campo de la investigación y la práctica asistencial con el uso de las teorías de Enfermería. Conclusión: Diferentes teorías de Enfermería sustentan la atención de Enfermería pediátrica; y la elección de cada teoría debe estar guiada por un propósito explícito o tema de interés para los autores, con base en sus expectativas personales y en la evidencia científica.A través de este estudio se pudo vislumbrar el potencial de cada teoría para sustentar la práctica de la Enfermería pediátrica. (AU)

Accesibilidad, disponibilidad y asequibilidad de medicamentos para Niños con Enfermedad Renal Crónica en Guatemala / Access, availability and affordability of medications for children with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease in Guatemala

El artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la disponibilidad, acceso y asequibilidad de los medicamentos para niños con Enfermedad Renal Crónica (ERC) en tratamiento con hemodiálisis (HD) en un país de bajos a medianos ingresos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal para determinar los medicamentos más utilizados en una unidad de hemodiálisis pediátrica, incluyendo el nombre del medicamento, dosis, frecuencia, forma farmacéutica y vía de administración. Dos farmacias dentro del perímetro del hospital, una pública y una privada, fueron consultadas para determinar el costoy disponibilidad de medicamentos genéricos y de marca. De un total de 30 pacientes de la unidad de hemodiálisis, 22 expedientes fueron revisados. En general 94% de marca se encontraban disponibles en las farmacias consultadas en comparación a un 52% de los medicamentos genéricos. En farmacias públicas, 41% de medicamentos de marca y 29% de medicamentos genéricos se encontraban disponibles. El costo promedio para un mes de tratamiento con medicamentos de marca adquiridos en una farmacia privada era de $495.00 vs $299.00 en una farmacia pública. Para medicamentos genéricos, el costo promedio correspondía a $414.00 y $239.00 en farmacias privadas y públicas respectivamente. En promedio, los medicamentos de marca adquiridos en una farmacia privada requieren 41 días de trabajo en un mes a comparación de 25 días si se adquieren en una farmacia pública. Los medicamentos genéricos adquiridos en farmacias privadas corresponden a 34 días de trabajo vs 20 días en farmacias públicas. En general existió un acceso limitado a medicamentos genéricos y los medicamentos poseen un costo general más elevado a comparación de otros países lo que implica un posible impacto en la adherencia terapéutica y los padecimientos secundarios de la ERC en los pacientes pediátricos en Guatemala. Esta realidad se puede aplicar a otros países de bajos a medianos ingresos.

This article aims to analyze the availability, access, and affordability of medications for children with advanced Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) treated with hemodialysis (HD) in a low to middle income country (LMIC). A cross- sectional chart review was carried out to determine the most common medications used in an HD pediatric unit, including medication name, dose, frequency, dosage form, and route of administration. Two pharmacies within the hospital perimeter, one public and one private, were consulted to determine medication cost and availability for generic and brand-name equivalents. From 30 patients attending the HD unit, 22 records were reviewed. Overall, 94 % of brand name medications were available at pharmacies consulted, versus and 52% of generic medications. In public pharmacies, 41% of brand name, and 29% of generic medications were available. The average cost for a full month´s treatment for brand name drugs in the private pharmacy was 495.00 USD versus 299.00 USD in the public pharmacy. For generic drugs, the average cost was 414.00 USD, and 239.00 USD in private and public pharmacies respectively. On average, brand-name drugs in the private pharmacy cost 41 days' wages versus 25 in the public pharmacy. Generic drugs in the private pharmacy cost 34 days' wages versus 20 in the public pharmacy. Overall, there was limited access to generic medications, medications had an overall high cost compared to other countries both of which have the potential to impact treatment adherence and overall outcomes of CKD5 pediatric patients in Guatemala. This reality can be translated to other LMIC.

Cambios en Mecánica Respiratoria en Usuarios Pediátricos en Ventilación Mecánica Post Cirugía de Cardiopatía Congénita Sometidos a Kinesiología Respiratoria versus Succión Endotraqueal. Revisión Estructurada / Changes in Respiratory Mechanics in Pediatric Users on Mechanical Ventilation Post Congenital Heart Disease Surgery Undergoing Respiratory Kinesiology versus Endotracheal Suction. Structured Review

Introducción. Las cardiopatías congénitas (CC) en Chile corresponden a la segunda causa de muerte en menores de 1 año, requiriendo cirugías paliativas y/o correctivas el 65% de estas. En el post operatorio frecuentemente se utiliza ventilación mecánica invasiva (VM) y succión endotraqueal (SET) para remover secreciones. Sin embargo, la kinesiología respiratoria (KTR) ha mostrado mejoras significativas en la distensibilidad toracopulmonar (Cest) y resistencia de vía aérea (Rva) en otros grupos de usuarios pediátricos y adultos en VM. Objetivo. Comparar los cambios en la Cest y Rva en usuarios pediátricos en VM post cirugía de cardiopatía congénita (CCC) sometidos a KTR versus SET exclusiva. Métodos. Revisión sistemática de estudios publicados en bases de datos PUBMED, PeDro, Scielo y Google Scholar que comparan el uso de KTR ó SET sobre los cambios en mecánica ventilatoria en usuarios pediátricos en VM post cirugía de cardiopatía congénita, limitados a inglés, español y portugués, excluyendo a sujetos con traqueostomía o con oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea. Se utilizó guía PRISMA para la selección de artículos. Se revisaron 397 artículos y se seleccionó 1 artículo extra de los artículos sugeridos. Se eliminó 1 artículo por duplicidad. Por títulos y resúmenes se seleccionaron 2 artículos, los cuales al leer el texto completo fueron retirados debido a que la población no correspondía a cardiópatas. Resultados. El final de artículos seleccionados fue de 0 artículos, debido a lo cual se removió el operador Booleano "NOT", y se removió la población de cardiopatías. De este modo quedaron 2 artículos seleccionados para la revisión cualitativa final donde se compara KTR versus SET, y KTR en kinesiólogos especialistas y no especialistas, mostrando ambos aumento en la Cest y disminución de la Rva a favor de la KTR, hasta los 30 minutos post intervención. Conclusiones. No se encontraron artículos que demuestren cambios en Cest y Rva con el uso de KTR + SET versus SET exclusiva, en usuarios pediátricos ventilados posterior a CCC. Con la remoción de filtros seleccionamos 2 artículos que demuestran aumento de Cest y disminución de Rva en sujetos pediátricos en VM, uno comparando con SET, y por grupos de especialistas y no especialistas en respiratorio. Se sugieren estudios primarios para evaluar los efectos de esta intervención en esta población.

Introduction. Congenital heart diseases (CHD) are the second general cause for children death under 1 year. In Chile, approximately 65% CHD need surgery, could was palliative or corrective. In the postoperative period, invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) is frequently used as a life support method, but it is associated with complications. Tracheal suction (SET) is regularly used to remove secretions; however, respiratory chest physiotherapy (KTR) has shown significant improvements in thoraco-pulmonary compliance and airway resistance in other groups of pediatrics and adult's users in MV. Objetive. to compare changes in thoraco-pulmonary compliance and airway resistance in pediatric subjects under mechanical ventilation after congenital heart disease surgery comparing chest physiotherapy and exclusive tracheal suction. Methods. systematic review of studies published in PUBMED, PeDro, Scielo and Google Scholar databases who compares KTR or SET use on changes in ventilatory mechanics in pediatric users under MV after congenital heart disease surgery, limited to English, Spanish and Portuguese languages, excluding user with tracheostomy or extracorporeal membrane of oxygenation. It was use the PRISMA guide to articles selection. A search was carried out, with a total of 397 articles reviewed (English: PubMed = 3, PeDro = 8, Scholar = 383; Spanish: Scholar = 3, Scielo = 0; and Portuguese: Scielo = 0). One extra article was selected from the suggested articles, and 1 article was eliminated due to duplication. By titles and abstracts, 2 articles were selected, but the population did not correspond to heart disease. Results. the final selected articles were 0 articles. By this reason, it were removed: Boolean operator "NOT", and congenital heart disease population. Thus, 2 articles were selected for the final qualitative review where it was compares KTR versus SET, and KTR by specialist and non-specialist. Both articles shown improvement in compliance and resistance until 30 minutes post intervention. The CC population was in a 40 to 60% range in both studies. Conclusions. it was no found articles that demonstrate changes in compliance and resistance in the airway with the use of KTR + SET versus exclusive SET in pediatric users after CCC connected to MV. After filter remotion, we found 2 studies shown improves in increase compliance and reduce resistance in pediatric user in MV, ones comparing with SET, and the other one comparing between specialists in respiratory pediatric physiotherapy and not specialists. It suggests to made primary clinical studies about this intervention in CC population.

Síndrome de abstinência em Unidade de Tratamento Intensivo Pediátrico: protocolo de revisão sistemática / Abstinence syndrome in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: a systematic review protocol

OBJETIVO: Verificar qual o tratamento mais indicado para a prevenção e redução dos sinais e sintomas de abstinência em crianças criticamente doentes por meio de uma revisão sistemática da literatura mundial. MÉTODO: A revisão sistemática será conduzida conforme a metodologia PRISMA e Cochrane, com registro no PROSPERO, sob o número de ID CRD42021274670, nas respectivas bases de dados PubMed, LILACS, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, CINAHL, Cochrane Database Systematic Review e CENTRAL. As buscas serão realizadas por dois avaliadores independentes, um terceiro realizará o intermédio se necessário. Os dados serão inseridos no programa de software Zotero que irá excluir os artigos duplicados, após o material selecionado será transferido para planilha Excel em instrumento próprio. Os estudos serão classificados quanto ao seu nível de evidência, viés e fator de risco. Os resultados serão analisados e tabulados e discutidos a fim de melhor compreensão dos resultados. Se possível, serão realizadas meta-análises para os resultados agregados.

OBEJECTIVE: To verify the most appropriate treatment for the prevention and reduction of the signs and symptoms of abstinence in critically ill children through a systematic review of the world literature. METHOD: The systematic review will be conducted according to the PRISMA and Cochrane methodology, with registration at PROSPERO, under the ID number CRD42021274670, in the respective databases, PUBMed, LILACS, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, CINAHL, Cochrane Database Systematic Review, and CENTRAL, searches will be carried out by two independent evaluators, and a third party will perform the intermediate if necessary. The data will be entered into the Zotero software program that will delete duplicate articles after the selected material is transferred to an Excel spreadsheet on its instrument. The studies will be classified according to their level of evidence, bias, and risk factors. The results will be analyzed, tabulated, and discussed to understand the results better. If possible, meta-analyzes will be carried out for the aggregated results.

Papel do cirurgião dentista frente aos casos de abuso sexual infantil: uma revisão da literatura / Role of the dental surgeon in cases of child sexual abuse: a literature review

Objetivo:Revisar a literatura a respeito do papel do cirurgião-dentista frente aos casos de abuso sexual infantil, abordando sua importância na identificação e no encaminhamento adequado das vítimas, além de discutir a necessidade de conscientização eimplementação de políticas públicasque abordem o tema.Revisão deliteratura:O ambiente odontológico é um ambiente propício para a identificação de sinais de abusosexual infantil, uma vez que o profissional tem contato direto com a saúde bucal e facial das crianças. Desempenha um papel fundamental ao observar e reportar esses sinais, contribuindo para a identificação precoce e o encaminhamento adequado das vítimas.Discussão:A literatura préviasugere a necessidade de fornecersubsídios teóricos, aprofundados no tema,para contribuir na ampliação do conhecimento nessa área. Sendo importantea conscientização e capacitação do cirurgião-dentista nesse contexto, bem como a criação de políticas públicas que visam umaabordagem multidisciplinarquecontribuaparaa conscientização, prevenção e a promoção de ações voltadas à proteção das crianças e ao combate do abuso sexual infantil.Conclusão:O cirurgião-dentista desempenha um papel fundamental na identificação e no encaminhamento adequado das vítimas de abuso sexual infantil. É essencial que esses profissionais sejam devidamente capacitados e conscientizados sobre a importância desse tema, além de estabelecerem uma rede de colaboração com outros profissionais da saúde e serviços especializados.

Aim:To review the literature regarding the role of the dental surgeon in cases of child sexual abuse, addressing its importance in identifying and properly referring victims, in addition to discussing the need for awareness and implementation of public policies that address the issue. Literature review:The dental environment is a favorable environment for identifying signs of child sexual abuse, since the professional has direct contact with the oral and facial health of children. It plays a key role in observing and reporting these signs, contributing to the early identification and proper referral of victims. Discussion:Previous literature suggests the need to provide theoretical subsidies, in depth on the subject, to contribute to the expansion of knowledge in this area. It is important to raise awareness and training of dentists in this context, as well as the creation of public policies aimed at a multidisciplinary approach that contributes to awareness, prevention and promotion of actions aimed at protecting children and combating child sexual abuse. Conclusion:The dental surgeon plays a key role in identifying and properly referring victims of child sexual abuse. It is essential that these professionals are properly trained and aware of the importance of this topic, in addition to establishing a collaboration network with other health professionals and specialized services.

Manual informativo para a família da criança com leucemia: estudo de recepção / Manual informativo para familias de infantes con leucemia: estudio de recepción / Information manual for the family of the child with leukemia: reception study

Resumo Objetivo Compreender o sentido atribuído à recepção de um manual pelas famílias de crianças com leucemia aguda. Métodos Estudo qualitativo, embasado no referencial teórico do Estudo de Recepção. Foram realizadas entrevistas on-line com famílias de crianças em tratamento de leucemia aguda, em diferentes fases do tratamento e que utilizaram o manual 'Meu filho tem leucemia aguda. E agora?', por trinta dias. O software WebQDA® apoiou a organização dos dados que foram analisados de acordo com a Análise Qualitativa de Conteúdo indutiva. Resultados Participaram nove famílias, representadas por sete mães, um pai e uma avó. Da análise emergiram categorias analíticas relativas ao contexto vivenciado pela família ao receber o manual e a avaliação da linguagem e das ilustrações. O sentido atribuído pela família à recepção do manual, a partir das interações com o mesmo, é 'Ser Fortalecida na Esperança de Cura', que a ajuda a enfrentar as adversidades do tratamento e a mantém otimista em relação ao melhor prognóstico. Conclusão O uso de materiais informativos facilita a comunicação com a equipe, promove a literacia em saúde da família e fortalece sua esperança na cura.

Resumen Objetivo Comprender el sentido atribuido a la recepción de un manual por parte de familias de infantes con leucemia aguda. Métodos Estudio cualitativo, basado en el marco referencial teórico del estudio de recepción. Se realizaron entrevistas virtuales con familias de infantes en tratamiento de leucemia aguda, en diferentes fases del tratamiento, que utilizaron el manual "Mi hijo tiene leucemia aguda. ¿Y ahora?", durante 30 días. Se utilizó el software WebQDA® para organizar los datos, que fueron analizados de acuerdo con el análisis cualitativo de contenido inductivo. Resultados Participaron nueve familias, representadas por siete madres, un padre y una abuela. Del análisis, emergieron categorías analíticas relativas al contexto vivido por la familia al recibir el manual y a la evaluación del lenguaje y de las ilustraciones. A partir de las interacciones con el manual, el sentido atribuido por la familia al recibirlo es "fortalecerse en la esperanza de cura", que los ayuda a enfrentar las adversidades del tratamiento y los mantiene optimistas con relación al mejor pronóstico. Conclusión El uso de material informativo facilita la comunicación con el equipo, promueve la instrucción en salud de la familia y fortalece su esperanza en la cura.

Abstract Objective To understand the meaning attributed to the reception of a manual by families of children with acute leukemia. Methods Qualitative study based on the theoretical framework of the Reception Study. Online interviews were conducted with families of children undergoing treatment for acute leukemia at different stages of treatment and who used the manual 'My child has acute leukemia. How about now?' for thirty days. The WebQDA® software was used in the organization of data analyzed according to the inductive Qualitative Content Analysis. Results Participation of nine families represented by seven mothers, one father and one grandmother. From the analysis, emerged analytical categories related to the context experienced by the family when receiving the manual and to the evaluation of the language and illustrations. The meaning attributed by the family to receiving the manual, based on interactions with it, is 'Having the Hope of Healing Strengthened', which helps them to face the adversities of the treatment and keeps them optimistic about the best prognosis. Conclusion The use of informative materials facilitates communication with the team, promotes the family's health literacy and strengthens their hope for a cure.

Translation and cultural adaptation of the Children's Experiences of Dental Anxiety Measure (CEDAM) to Brazilian Portuguese / Tradução, adaptação cultural e análise das propriedades psicométricas da "Children's Experiences of Dental Anxiety Measure" para uso em crianças brasileiras

Objetivo: A escala Children's Experiences of Dental Anxiety Measure (CEDAM) foi originalmente desenvolvida em Inglês para avaliar importantes aspectos da ansiedade odontológica em crianças. Os objetivos do estudo foram traduzir e realizar a adaptação cultural da CEDAM para o Português Brasileiro. Material e Métodos: A CEDAM consiste de 14 itens, medidos por escala Likert de 3 pontos, que indica a intensidade da ansiedade odontológica. O questionário foi traduzido para o Português Brasileiro, retraduzido para o Inglês, revisado por um Comitê de Especialistas e pré-testado em 10 escolares de oito a doze anos. Resultados: O Comitê Revisor de Especialistas comparou as versões original, traduzida (T1, T2) e retraduzida (BT1, BT2) e recomendou algumas mudanças a fim de obter uma boa compreensão dos itens. No pré-teste, somente a questão 8 não foi compreendida por uma criança, isto é, a versão traduzida foi bem compreendida por mais de 85% dos participantes. Conclusão: A versão brasileira da CEDAM foi culturalmente adaptada para a população avaliada de crianças.(AU)

Objective: The Children's Experiences of Dental Anxiety Measure (CEDAM) was originally developed in English to assess important aspects of dental anxiety for children. The aims of the study were to translate and perform the cultural adaptation of the CEDAM to Brazilian Portuguese. Material and Methods: The CEDAM consists of 14 items, measured by a Likert scale of 3 points, that indicates the intensity of dental anxiety. The questionnaire was translated to Brazilian Portuguese, back-translated to English, reviewed by an Expert Committee and pretested in 10 eight- to twelve-year-old schoolchildren. Results: The Expert Committee Review compared the original, translated (T1, T2) and back-translated (BT1, BT2) versions and recommended some changes in order to achieve good understanding of the items. In the pretest, only question 8 was misunderstood by one child, i.e., the translated version was well-understood by more than 85% of the participants. Conclusion: The Brazilian CEDAM was culturally adapted for the evaluated population of children(AU)

Odontología Pediátrica en Latinoamérica: Celebrando Logros y Desafiando Estereotipos / Odontologia Pediátrica na América Latina: Celebrando conquistas e desafiando estereotipos / Pediatric Dentistry in Latin America: Celebrating Achievements and Challenging Stereotypes¹Presidente de la Sociedad Chilena de Odontopediatría

El siguiente texto reconoce la importancia de nuestra especialidad, y plantea la preocupación por el riesgo de infantilizar nuestro ejercicio al trabajar con niños: somos una profesión científica que debe ejercerse basada en altos estándares de profesionalismo, evitando actuar como niños sólo porque son nuestro sujeto material de estudio. Esto, sin olvidar que debemos adaptarnos al proceso de crecimiento y desarrollo bio-psico-social de nuestros pacientes

O seguinte texto reconhece a importância da nossa especialidade, e levanta a preocupação com o risco de infantilizar nosso exercício ao trabalhar com crianças: somos uma profissão científica que deve ser exercida baseada em altos padrões de profissionalismo, evitando agir como crianças apenas porque são nosso sujeito material de estudo. Isso, sem esquecer que devemos nos adaptar ao processo de crescimento e desenvolvimento bio-psico-social de nossos pacientes.

The following text recognizes the importance of our specialty, and raises concern about the risk of infantilizing our practice when working with children: we are a scientific profession that must be practiced based on high standards of professionalism, avoiding acting like children just because they are our material subject study. This, without forgetting that we must adapt to the process of growth and bio-psycho-social development of our patients.

Dual x-ray absorptiometry monitoring in pediatric short bowel syndrome: an integrative review / Monitorização por absortometria com duplo raio X na síndrome do intestino curto pediátrica: uma revisão integrativa

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the bone health of pediatric patients with short bowel syndrome intestinal failure (SBS-IF). Data source: An integrative literature review was performed using the data published in the MEDLINE-PubMed and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) databases between January 2010 and April 2021, and through a manual search of the reference lists of relevant studies. Studies were included if they assessed bone mineral density by the Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) technique, incorporated pediatric patients (up to 20 years of age) with SBS under parenteral nutrition (PN) and were written in English. Eleven primary sources met the inclusion criteria for this study. Data synthesis: Pediatric patients with SBS-IF under long-term parenteral nutrition experienced frequent changes in bone metabolism, leading to osteoporotic fractures and growth failure. These patients have deficiencies in multiple nutrients, such as calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and vitamin D. Consequently, there are variations in the secretion and regulation of the parathyroid hormone. In addition, the pharmacotechnical limitations related to calcium and phosphorus in the PN solution, use of glucocorticoids, and difficulty performing physical activity are risk factors for the development of metabolic bone disease in pediatric patients with SBS-IF. Conclusions: Low bone mineral density was associated with a high risk of developing osteoporosis, fractures, and growth deficiency in pediatric patients with SBS-IF on PN therapy in the long term.

Objetivo: Analisar a saúde óssea de pacientes pediátricos com síndrome do intestino curto — falência intestinal (SIC-FI). Fontes de dados: Revisão integrativa da literatura usando os dados publicados nas bases de dados Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online/ United States National Library of Medicine (MEDLINE/PubMed) e Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) entre janeiro de 2010 e abril de 2021 e por meio de busca manual nas listas de referências de estudos relevantes. Foram incluídos estudos em inglês que avaliaram a densidade mineral óssea pela técnica de absorciometria de raio X duplo (DXA), incluíram pacientes pediátricos (até 20 anos de idade) com SIC sob terpia nutricional parenteral. Onze fontes primárias preencheram os critérios de inclusão para este estudo. Síntese dos dados: A pesquisa revelou que pacientes pediátricos com SIC-FI sob nutrição parenteral (NP) de longo prazo tiveram alterações frequentes no metabolismo ósseo, levando a fraturas osteoporóticas e falha de crescimento. Esses pacientes apresentam deficiências de múltiplos nutrientes, como cálcio, magnésio, fósforo e vitamina D. Consequentemente, houve variações na secreção e regulação do hormônio da paratireoide. Além disso, as limitações farmacotécnicas relacionadas ao cálcio e fósforo na solução de NP, o uso de glicocorticoides e dificuldade para realizar atividade física são fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de doença óssea metabólica em pacientes pediátricos com SIC-FI. Conclusões: A baixa densidade mineral óssea foi associada a um alto risco de desenvolver osteoporose, fraturas e deficiência de crescimento em pacientes pediátricos com SIC-FI sob terapia nutricional parenteral em longo prazo.

Families' situation of caring for a child with a chronic condition: a mixed methods study / Situación de las familias en el cuidado de un hijo con una enfermedad crónica: un estudio de métodos mixtos / Situação de cuidar de uma criança com condição crônica pelas famílias: estudo de métodos mistos

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the meanings attributed by family members to the situation of caring for a child with a chronic condition (CCC), in the light of the Family Management Style Framework (FMSF). Method: A mixed-methods, parallel-convergent study, guided by the FMSF theoretical framework, using the conceptual component "Definition of the Situation". Fifty-three CCC families took part. Data was collected using a semi-structured interview, a questionnaire to characterize the participants and a Family Management Measure scale. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was carried out on the quantitative data and the qualitative data was subjected to deductive thematic analysis. Results: Family members reported a view of normality in relation to CCC, also verified by the Child's Daily Life scale. However, they indicate the repercussions of the chronic condition on the family, and that they devote more attention and time to meeting the child's care needs, which was also verified in the View of the Impact of the Condition and Management Effort scales. Conclusion: Families have a positive view of the situation of caring for CCC at home, but point out some negative effects, such as the greater time spent caring for the child.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar los significados atribuidos por los familiares a la situación de cuidado de un hijo con una condición crónica (CCC), a la luz del Marco de Estilos de Gestión Familiar (FMSF). Método: Estudio de métodos mixtos, paralelo-convergente, orientado por el marco teórico del FMSF, utilizando el componente conceptual "Definición de la Situación". Participaron 53 familias CCC. Los datos se recogieron mediante una entrevista semiestructurada, un cuestionario para caracterizar a los participantes y una escala de Medida de Gestión Familiar. Se analizaron estadísticas descriptivas e inferenciales para los datos cuantitativos y los datos cualitativos se sometieron a un análisis temático deductivo.. Resultados: Los familiares relataron una visión de normalidad en relación al CCC, verificada también por la escala de Vida Cotidiana del Niño. Sin embargo, señalan las repercusiones de la condición crónica en la familia, y que dedican más atención y tiempo a la atención de las necesidades de cuidado del niño, lo que también fue verificado en las escalas Visión del Impacto de la Condición y Esfuerzo de Gestión. Conclusión: Las familias tienen una visión positiva de la situación de cuidar de CCC en casa, pero señalan algunos efectos negativos, como el mayor tiempo dedicado al cuidado del niño.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os significados atribuídos por familiares a situação de cuidar de uma criança com condição crônica (CCC), à luz do Family Management Style Framework (FMSF). Método: Pesquisa de métodos mistos, do tipo paralelo convergente, orientada pelo referencial teórico FMSF, utilizando o componente conceitual "Definição da Situação". Participaram 53 famílias de CCC. Os dados foram coletados por entrevista semiestruturada, questionário de caracterização dos participantes e escala de Medida de Manejo Familiar. Realizou-se análise estatística descritiva e inferencial dos dados quantitativos e os dados qualitativos foram submetidos à análise temática do tipo dedutiva. Resultados: Familiares referem uma visão de normalidade em relação à CCC, verificada também pela escala Vida Diária da Criança. Contudo, indicam as repercussões da condição crônica na família, e que dedicam maior atenção e tempo para atender às necessidades de cuidado da criança, também verificado nas escalas de Visão do Impacto da Condição e Esforço de Manejo. Conclusão: As famílias possuem uma visão positiva da situação de cuidar das CCC no domicílio, apontando, contudo, alguns efeitos negativos, como é o caso do maior tempo despendido na atenção à criança.

COVID-19 and Personal Protective Equipment-Related Challenges Faced by Pediatric Dentists during patient care: A Qualitative Study

Abstract Objective: To describe the challenges pediatric dentists face while caring for their patients during the pandemic. Material and Methods: A descriptive qualitative study was conducted with purposefully sampled pediatric dentists. Data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews until the content of the collected data reached theoretical saturation. Data were transcribed verbatim, coded, and analyzed using content analyses. Results: Seven participants (four females and three males) between 29 and 50 years participated in the study. Three themes emerged from the analyses: Anxiety and fear; PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) and its impact on care delivery; and 3) Behavior management. Conclusion: Dental care delivery was challenging for pediatric dentists. They experienced high anxiety levels and modified their services according to the recommended guidelines while making accommodations to lessen patients' COVID-19-related anxiety. The additional mandated PPE use affected the communication between the dentists and their patients, affecting their dentist-patient bonding.

Dental pain report in children and genetic polymorphism (rs4818) in Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) gene: a cross- sectional study

Abstract Aim: Polymorphisms in the COMT gene can alter enzymatic functions, raising levels of endogenous catecholamines, which stimulates beta-adrenergic receptors related to pain. This study aimed to evaluate whether a polymorphism in the COMT gene (rs4818) is associated with dental pain in children. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a representative sample of 731 pairs of children and parents randomly selected from a population-based sample of eight-year-old children. Reports of dental pain was evaluated using a question directed at the parents and self-reported pain using the Faces Pain Scale - Revised. Dental caries experience was determined using the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index. For genetic analysis, DNA was obtained from oral mucosa epithelial cells of 352 children randomly selected from the initial sample. Results: Children with the CC genotype had higher odds of reporting moderate to intense pain than those with the GG genotype (OR=3.60; 95% CI=0.80-16.20; p=0.03). These same children had greater odds of parental reports of pain (OR=1.93; 95% CI=0.91-4.08; p=0.02). Moreover, lower schooling of parents/guardians and caries experience in the primary dentition were significantly associated with greater odds of a parental report of dental pain (OR=2.06; 95% CI=1.47-2.91; p<0.001; OR=6.26; 95% CI=4.46-8.78; p<0.001). Conclusions: The rs4818 polymorphism of the COMT gene is associated with dental pain. Children with the C allele are more likely to report higher levels of pain. Clinical Relevance: Even though the experience of pain is subjective and multifactorial, this study raises the hypothesis that there is a genetic predisposition to dental pain that should be considered in clinical practice.

Cuidado domiciliar da criança em uso de traqueostomia: perspectiva dos cuidadores no contexto amazônico / Home care for children using a tracheostomy: caregivers' perspective in the amazon context / Atención domiciliaria a niños con traqueostomía: la perspectiva de los cuidadores en el contexto amazónico

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever a percepção dos cuidadores de crianças traqueostomizadas sobre os desafios no processo de alta para o domicílio no contexto amazônico. Método: estudo descritivo, qualitativo, realizado com 16 cuidadores de crianças traqueostomizadas que vivenciaram a desospitalização, em um Hospital Infantil de Rio Branco - Acre - Brasil. Amostragem definida por saturação, dados coletados com roteiro semiestruturado de agosto a dezembro de 2021, submetidos à Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin. Resultados: a análise resultou em quatro categorias: (1) sentimentos vivenciados com o uso do dispositivo traqueal; (2) cuidados rotineiros com a traqueostomia que os cuidadores julgam importantes; (3) dúvidas e relatos sobre a aspiração traqueal; e (4) condutas diante de intercorrências nas crianças em uso de traqueostomia. Considerações finais: o temor em aprender a técnica de aspiração traqueal e da alta hospitalar reforça a necessidade de educação precoce e contínua dos cuidadores, com foco no atendimento de rotina e de emergência para as crianças traqueostomizadas.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe caregivers' perception of tracheostomized children about the challenges in discharge to their homes in the Amazonian context. Method: A descriptive, qualitative study was conducted with 16 caregivers of tracheostomized children who experienced dehospitalization in a children's hospital in Rio Branco - Acre - Brazil. Saturation-defined sampling, data collected with a semi-structured script from August to December 2021, submitted to Bardin Content Analysis. Results: the analysis resulted in four categories: (1) feelings experienced with the use of the tracheal device; (2) routine tracheostomy care that caregivers consider important; (3) questions and reports about tracheal aspiration; and (4) conduct in the face of complications in children using tracheostomy. Final remarks: the fear of learning the tracheal aspiration technique and of being discharged from the hospital reinforces the need for early and continuous education for caregivers, focusing on routine and emergency care for tracheostomized children.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir la percepción de los cuidadores de niños traqueostomizados sobre los desafíos del alta domiciliaria en el contexto amazónico. Material y método: estudio descriptivo, cualitativo, realizado con 16 cuidadores de niños traqueostomizados que pasaron por la experiencia de des-hospitalización en un Hospital Infantil de Rio Branco - Acre - Brasil. Muestreo definido por saturación, datos recogidos mediante guion semiestructurado de agosto a diciembre de 2021, sometidos al Análisis de Contenido de Bardin. Resultados: el análisis dio lugar a cuatro categorías: (1) sentimientos experimentados con el uso del dispositivo traqueal; (2) cuidados rutinarios con la traqueostomía que los cuidadores consideran importantes; (3) dudas e informes sobre la aspiración traqueal; y (4) comportamiento en caso de complicaciones en niños que utilizan una traqueostomía. Consideraciones finales: el miedo a aprender la técnica de aspiración traqueal y a recibir el alta hospitalaria refuerza la necesidad de una formación precoz y continuada de los cuidadores, centrada en los cuidados rutinarios y de urgencia de los niños traqueostomizados.

Coping familiar no cuidado à criança com síndrome de Down: revisão de escopo / Family coping in caring for children with Down syndrome: a scoping review

RESUMO Objetivo mapear as estratégias de coping que contribuem para o cuidado familiar à criança com síndrome de Down. Métodos revisão de escopo, segundo o método JBI. Foram consultadas seis bases de dados eletrônicas e uma biblioteca virtual com apoio da plataforma Rayyan. Os critérios de elegibilidade foram estudos disponíveis e publicados na íntegra, que abordassem estratégias de coping no cuidado familiar a crianças com síndrome de Down. A análise dos dados foi do tipo narrativa. Resultados foram recuperados 381 registros e 14 permaneceram nesta revisão. Seis estilos de coping foram identificados: manejo das emoções, tomadas de decisão, aquisição de conhecimentos sobre a síndrome de Down e situações que a envolvem, busca de apoio, comunicação intrafamiliar e com profissionais e práticas de espiritualidade. Conclusão para equilibrar as demandas apresentadas pelas crianças e os recursos disponíveis, os integrantes da família precisam adotar estratégias cognitivas e comportamentais para lidar com as adversidades nos cuidados com a criança com síndrome de Down. Contribuições para a prática: o estudo apresenta evidências para nortear enfermeiros e outros profissionais de saúde a guiar famílias na utilização de diferentes formas de enfrentamento diante dos eventos estressores vivenciados por estas.

ABSTRACT Objective to map the coping strategies that contribute to family care for children with Down syndrome. Methods scoping review, using the JBI method. Six electronic databases and a virtual library were consulted with the support of the Rayyan platform. The criteria for eligibility were studies available and published in full, which addressed coping strategies in family care for children with Down syndrome. Data analysis was of the narrative type. Results 381 records were retrieved and 14 remained in this review. Six coping styles were identified: managing emotions, decision-making, acquiring knowledge about Down's syndrome and situations involving it, seeking support, communicating within the family and with professionals, and practicing spirituality. Conclusion in order to balance the demands presented by the children and the resources available, family members need to adopt cognitive and behavioral strategies to deal with the adversities of caring for a child with Down syndrome. Contributions to practice: the study presents evidence to guide nurses and other health professionals to help families use different ways of coping with the stressful events they experience.

Moderate and severe adverse events in pediatrics: characteristics of incidents reported during the COVID-19 pandemic / Eventos adversos moderados y graves en pediatría: características de los incidentes reportados durante la pandemia del COVID-19 / Eventos adversos moderados e graves em pediatria: características dos incidentes notificados durante a pandemia COVID-19

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the characteristics of safety incident reports resulting in moderate and severe harm to pediatric patients in two hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Cross-sectional study conducted in two hospitals in southern Brazil. The sample consisted of 137 notifications from March 2020 to August 2021. The data were collected through the electronic records of the institutions' notification systems and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The most prevalent incidents were related to clinical processes or procedures (41.6%), affecting slightly more females (49.6%) and infants (39.4%). The majority of incidents (48.2%) occurred in inpatient units. The event sector (p=0.001) and the shift (p=0.011) showed statistically significant associations in both hospitals. Conclusion: The characteristics of the notifications are similar between the institutions surveyed, with a low number of moderate and severe incidents.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Verificar las características de los informes de incidentes de seguridad que resultaron en daños moderados y graves a pacientes pediátricos en dos hospitales durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Método: Estudio transversal realizado en dos hospitales del sur de Brasil. La muestra consistió en 137 notificaciones entre marzo de 2020 y agosto de 2021. Los datos se recogieron a través de los registros electrónicos de los sistemas de notificación de las instituciones y se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados: Los incidentes más prevalentes estuvieron relacionados con procesos o procedimientos clínicos (41,6%), afectando ligeramente más a mujeres (49,6%) y lactantes (39,4%). La mayoría de los incidentes (48,2%) se produjeron en unidades de hospitalización. El sector del suceso (p=0,001) y el turno (p=0,011) se asociaron de forma estadísticamente significativa en ambos hospitales. Conclusión: Las características de las notificaciones son similares entre las instituciones encuestadas, con un bajo número de incidentes moderados y graves.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar as características das notificações de incidentes de segurança resultantes em dano moderado e grave em pacientes pediátricos de dois hospitais durante a pandemia COVID-19. Método: Estudo transversal, realizado em dois hospitais no sul do Brasil. A amostra foi composta por 137 notificações correspondentes ao período de março de 2020 a agosto de 2021. Os dados foram coletados pelo registro eletrônico dos sistemas de notificação das instituições e analisados por estatística descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: Os incidentes mais prevalentes foram relacionados aos processos ou procedimentos clínicos (41,6%), acometeram discretamente mais o sexo feminino (49,6%) e lactentes (39,4%). A maioria dos incidentes (48,2%) ocorreram em unidades de internação. O setor do evento (p=0,001) e o turno (p=0,011) obtiveram associação estatística significativa nos dois hospitais. Conclusão: As características das notificações são semelhantes entre as instituições pesquisadas, sendo evidenciado baixo número de incidentes moderados e graves.

Etiological characteristics of viral gastroenteritis in pediatric inpatients under five years old in Shanghai， 2021‒2022 / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo investigate the changes in the pathogen spectrum of viral diarrhea in local pediatric inpatients as well as any variations in genotypes of major pathogens during the COVID-19 control period. MethodsFecal samples were collected from the children <5 years who were hospitalized due to acute gastroenteritis in a pediatric hospital in Shanghai. PCR test was carried out to detect rotavirus， norovirus， sapovirus， astrovirus and enteric adenovirus， and then genotyping was performed for major pathogens. ResultsOut of 546 samples， 37.55% tested positive for virus with the following positive rate ranking： norovirus GⅡ （22.16%）， group A rotavirus （16.12%）， astrovirus （2.93%）， enteric adenovirus （2.38%）， sapovirus （0.92%） and norovirus GⅠ （0.18%）. The predominant genotype within norovirus GⅡ were GⅡ.4［P31］ and GⅡ.4［P16］ with a proportion of 24.79% and 14.05% respectively. The detection rate of GⅡ.4［P31］ dropped significantly over the 2-year period （χ2＝16.140，P<0.001）. In addition， an emerging rotavirus genotype G8P ［8］， which was rarely found nationally， was discovered for the first time locally with an increasing proportion， accounting for 7.95% of all rotavirus positive cases. Phylogenic analysis demonstrated that the representative strains of this genotype were genetically closer to the DS-1-like G8P ［8］ strain found in Southeast Asia. ConclusionThe changes in the prevalence of various norovirus genotypes together with the emergence of rare rotavirus genotype in the local area illustrate the importance of continuous monitoring of viral diarrhea and genotyping of key pathogens. Increased local activity of the rare genotype also adds new parameters in the efficacy evaluation of marketed vaccines and development of potential new vaccines in near future.

Pharmacological characteristics of esketamine and its application progress in pediatric anesthesia / 中国临床药理学与治疗学

Esketamine is an antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and exerts antianxiety, hypnotic, sedative, and analgesic effects by interacting with NMDA receptors, opioid receptors, M - choline receptors, monoamine receptors, adenosine receptors, and other purine receptors. As the more potents isomer of ketamine, it is about twice as potent as ketamine. Compared with ketamine, esketamine has the characteristics of rapid onset and metabolism, strong analgesia, slight respiratory depression, rapid recovery of cognitive function, and low incidence of psychiatric side effects. It has become a new choice of pediatric anesthesia drugs. This article reviews the pharmacological properties of esketamine and its recent application in pediatric anesthesia, and provides reference for the safe use of esketamine in pediatric perioperative period.

Effects of the timing of satisfactory sedation with preoperative oral midazolam on anesthesia induction and recovery in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy / 中国临床药理学与治疗学

AIM: To investigate the effect of the timing of satisfactory sedation with preoperative oral midazolam on anesthesia induction and recovery in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy. METHODS: A total of 147 children undergoing elective adenotonsillectomy, with ASA physical status orⅡ, aged 2-7 years were selected from November 2022 to June 2023 in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University. The children were orally administered 0.5 mg/kg midazolam in preoperative waiting area and were divided into 10-20 min (rapid onset, M1 group) and 21-30 min (slow onset, M2 group) based on the satisfactory sedation time, or equal volume of sugar pear drink orally (blank control group, C group). Children in all three groups received a general anesthesia method of propofol+fentanyl combined with sevoflurane induction and sevoflurane maintenance. The primary outcome measures were the induction compliance checklist (ICC) score and the pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium (PAED) score in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) to assess the occurrence of emergence agitation (EA), and the secondary outcome measures included the parental separation anxiety scale (PSAS), sedation Ramsay score, surgery duration, recovery time, PACU stay time, discharge time, the incidence of perioperative respiratory adverse events (PRAE) and other adverse events in the ward. RESULTS: 147 children were included in the result analysis, with 49 cases in each group. The proportion of perfect induction (ICC=0) were significantly higher in two M groups than that in group C (95.9% vs. 91.8% vs. 61.2%, P=0.001). The maximum and average PAED score in PACU in group M1 showed a significantly higher (6.4±5.0 vs. 4.4 ± 4.1, P=0.029; 5.2 ± 4.5 vs. 3.4 ± 3.6, P=0.030), and the incidence of EA was significantly higher than those in group C (10.2% vs. 30.6%, P=0.022), and increased compared to the group M2 (OR= 0.581, 95%CI 0.231-1.463, P=0.354). There was no statistically significant difference in the maximum and average PAED scores, incidence of EA between group M2 and group C (P>0.05). The Ramsay score and PSAS score in two M groups were higher, PACU stay time and recovery time was longer than those in group C (P0.05). CONCLUSION: Preoperative oral midazolam can improve the ICC and PSAS scores of children during induction, but it also leads to prolonged recovery time and PACU retention time. The rapid onset of midazolam did not result in better induction and recovery quality, but instead increased the incidence of EA and postoperative pain score.

Research on Ethical Sensitivity of Medical Staff and Its Countermeasures: Take Pediatric Medical Staff as an Example / 中国医学伦理学

Ethical sensitivity is a behavioral concept emerging in recent years, which has attracted high attention from all sectors of society. Ethical sensitivity not only affects the clinical decision-making, doctor-patient relationship and medical quality of medical staff, but also provides the possibility to identify, predict and solve ethical problems in clinical. Combined with previous studies, this paper analyzed the current situation of ethical sensitivity of medical personnel in China, and took pediatric medical staff as an example to analyze the factors affecting the ethical sensitivity of medical staff from clinical practice and related theories, including age, working years, occupational categories, education level, work environment, empathy ability, etc. At the same time, this paper analyzed the causes of the ethical sensitivity of medical staff from the perspective of clinical practice and related systems, and put forward corresponding countermeasures, so as to improve the ethical sensitivity of medical staff and help to build a harmonious doctor-patient relationship.