Chemical Composition Analysis of Antibacterial and Anti-inflammatory Functions of Volatile Oils from Pelargonium graveolens L'Herit / 中国生物化学与分子生物学报

The components of volatile oils are generally complex, and they often have the functions of divergent dissolving surface, insecticidal and antibacterial. However, there are few reports on bacteriostasis, anti-inflammation and antioxidation roles of volatile oils of Pelargonium graveolens L'Herit. The volatile oil of Pelargonium graveolens L’Herit. was extracted by steam distillation, and GC-MS and peak area normalization analysis showed that it mainly contained 30 compounds, and the identified components accounted for 90.26% of the total peak area. The volatile oil of Pelargonium graveolens L'Herit. has a certain inhibitory effect on Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, especially on Candida albicans. The diameter of the bacteriostatic zone is 15.55±1.53 mm by using the oxford cup method. Dexamethasone and low, middle and high doses of volatile oils of Pelargonium graveolens L'Herit. were given after the RAW264. 7 cell inflammatory model and was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS = 10.0 μg/mL). ELISA assays showed that it could effectively reduce the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α in inflammatory cells, and the effect of high doses was similar to that of IL-1β and TNF-α in the dexamethasone group. GC-MS was successfully used to determine and identify the chemical constituents of volatile oils from Pelargonium graveolens L'Herit. in this study. We show that the volatile oil of Pelargonium graveolens L'Herit. had certain bacteriostatic activity and effectively reduces the secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α by inflammatory cells. It provides an experimental basis for the development and utilization of volatile oils from Pelargonium graveolens L'Herit.

The anti-candidal activity of Pelargonium graveolens essential oils against clinical isolates of Candida albicans

Objectives: Candida albicans as important opportunistic dimorphic fungi can cause the life threatening infections in humans. In this study, we evaluated the anticandidal activities of six samples of Pelargonium graveolens essential oils against 31 clinical isolates of C.albicans. Materials and methods: The anti-candidal activity was performed by disc diffusion and micro-broth dilution assays. The chemical compositions of essential oils were analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC) apparatus. Results: P. graveolens essential oil samples with citronellol (7.7-43.7%) and geraniol (19.3-48.5%) showed the same anti-candidal activity in two different methods. There is no significant difference between the inhibition zone diameters (19.3-24.1 mm), and the MIC and MFC values (1.06-1.48 and 1.5-1.72 µl/ml) of essential oil samples with different percent of citronellol and geraniol. Conclusion: Therefore, P.graveolens essential oils can be used as anti-candidal agent for further studies.

Objetivos: Candida albicans es un importante hongo dimórfico oportunista que puede llegar a amenazar la vida de pacientes con inmunosupresión. En este estudio se evaluaron las actividades anti-Candida de seis muestras de aceites esenciales de Pelargonium graveolens contra 31 aislamientos clínicos de C. albicans. Materiales y métodos: La actividad anti-Candida se realizó por difusión en disco y ensayos de dilución micro-caldo. La composición química de los aceites esenciales se analizó mediante cromatografía de gases. Resultados: Las muestras de aceite esencial de P. graveolens con citronelol (7,7 a 43,7%) y geraniol (19,3 a 48,5%) mostraron la actividad anti-Candida en dos métodos diferentes. No hubo ninguna diferencia significativa entre los diámetros de la zona de inhibición (19,3-24,1 mm), y valores de MFC (1,06 a 1,48 y de 1,5 a 1,72 l / ml) de muestras de aceites esenciales con diferentes porcentajes de citronelol y geraniol. Conclusión: Los aceites esenciales de P.graveolens se pueden utilizar como agentes anti-Candida para estudios adicionales.

Antibacterial, anti fungal and E. coli DNA cleavage of Euphorbia prostrata and Pelargonium graveolens extract and their combination with novel nanoparticles

As there are a lot of antibacterial and anti-fungal resistant pathogens, researchers attempt to substitute antimicrobial drugs with various medical plants and novel nanoparticles. The present study was conducted to characterize antimicrobial activities of Euphorbia prostrata and Pelargonium graveolens extract alone and in combination with Mn-Ni@Fe3O4-NPs & Mn: Fe (OH)3-NPs on the DNA cleavage of E. coli and also Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus oryzae, and Candida albicans. The effects of antimicrobial activities on above scenarios were evaluated using disc diffusion, MIC, MBC, and E. coli DNA electrophoresis methods. The results showed that the effects of antibacterial assay values of Euphorbia prostrata & Mn: Fe(OH)3 was 21.00 mm for E. coli and while it was 19.5 mm for Euphorbia prostrata & Mn-Ni@Fe3O4 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at a concentration of 100mg/mL. The highest level of DNA cleavage was seen in mixed of Euphorbia prostrata & Mn: Fe(OH)3 nanoparticles. In conclusion, the combination of Euphorbia prostrata and Pelargonium graveolens extracts with nanostructures showed synergic effects on eliminating the bacteria via DNA destruction and others mechanisms. Moreover, the synergistic effect of nanoparticles with plant extracts seems to bring about new choices for the treatment of infectious diseases

Chemical composition, antifungal and antioxidant activity of Pelargonium graveolens essential oil.

The present study describes the chemical composition, antifungal and antioxidant activity of Pelargonium graveolens essential oil. The essential oil profile was determined by GC and GC-MS. The main compounds were citronellol (24.54%), geraniol (15.33%), citronellyl formate (10.66%) and linalool (9.80%). Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFC) were recorded using the microdilution and macrodilution methods. Commercial antimycotic bifonazol was used as a control. The concentration of 0.25-2.5 mg/ml showed fungicidal activity. The most resistant fungi were Mucor mucedo and Aspergillus species. The antioxidant activity of pure essential oil was evaluated by means of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radical assay. The essential oil of P. graveolens was able to reduce DPPH radicals into the natural DPPH-H form, and this activity was dose-dependent. The oil exhibited antioxidant activity and reduced DPPH to 50% at EC50 value of 0.802 mg/ml of oil solution.

Chemical Composition and In vitro Studies of the Essential Oil and Aqueous Extract of Pelargonium graveolens Growing in Jordan for Hypoglycaemic and Hypolipidemic Properties.

Aims: This study aimed to analyze the chemical composition of essential oil of Pelargonium graveolens L. Her. ex Ait. growing in Jordan and to test the efficacy of the leaves aqueous extract and essential oil against pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase (PL), α- amylase and α-glucosidase. Study Design: GC-MS analysis of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation and Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) methods as well as in vitro enzymatic investigations. Place and Duration of Study: Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, between November 2012 and August 2013. Results: The hydrodistilled oil of P. graveolens fresh leaves yielded twenty eight components, accounting for 95.83 % of the total oil content, while thirty seven components were detected from the fresh leaves by SPME (98.86%). Twenty six and thirty one components were identified in the hydrodistilled and SPME oils of the dried leaves amounting to 96.08 % and 97.83 %, respectively. Oxygenated monoterpenes predominated the volatile fractions of the leaves of both methods with citronellol, citronellyl formate and menthone/isomenthone as the major constituents. Similar to orlistat (PL IC50 of 114.0 ± 4.0 ng/mL), P. graveolens extract and volatile oil as well as their purified phyto-constituents inhibited highly substantially in a dose dependent trend PL in vitro (n=3). The P. graveolens extract PL- IC50 was 207.4±15.2 μg/mL. As for their volatile oils’ components, PL- IC50 (%) (V/V) in an ascending order were: menthone; 0.01±0.0 <geraniol; 0.34±0.02 < linalool; 0.7 ± 0.0 < caryophyllene; 1.17±0.12 <P. graveolens oil; 2.93 ± 0.27. Comparable to acarbose, P. graveolens leaves aqueous extracts (AEs) were identified as in vitro potent and efficacious dual inhibitors of α- amylase and α-glucosidase with IC50: 4.6±0.1 mg/mL (p<0.001, n=3). Conclusion: Taken together, P. graveolens leaves, as a nutraceutical modulating gastrointestinal carbohydrate and lipid digestion and absorption, maybe advocated as candidate for obesity-diabetes/metabolic syndrome management.

Comparison of leaf morphology and anatomy among Malva sylvestris ("gerânio-aromático"), Pelargonium graveolens ("falsa-malva") and Pelargonium odoratissimum ("gerânio-de-cheiro") / Comparação da Morfologia e da anatomia foliar entre as espécies Malva sylvestris (gerânio-aromático), Pelargonium graveolens (falsa-malva) e Pelargonium odoratissimum (gerânio-de-cheiro)

Malva sylvestris is generally confused with Pelargonium graveolens and Pelargonium odoratissimum due to similarities in their leaf morphology. The leaves of M. sylvestris have anthocyanins with scientifically proven cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and antioxidant properties. The leaves of P. odoratissimum have essential oil with antibacterial and spasmolytic properties, while the essential oil from P. graveolens has antimicrobial and antifungal activity. The aim of this study was to morpho-anatomically analyze the leaves of these species, indicating differences that can be used to clarify controversies about their use as medicinal plants. To anatomically compare the structure of each plant, samples were observed by Light Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Leaf anatomy among species was quite different. Malva sylvestris showed capitate starry tector trichomes, as well as druses and mucilaginous cells. P. graveolens and P. odoratissimum differed as to trichomes. Both species had tector and glandular trichomes, and P. graveolens is distinguished for the greater height of tector trichomes and less quantity of the latter relative to P. odoratissimum. This study allowed the detection of anatomical differences, assisting in the taxonomy and classification of these species.

Malva sylvestris é comumente confundida com Pelargonium graveolens e Pelargonium odoratissimum devido às semelhanças na morfologia foliar. As folhas de M. sylvestris possuem antocianinas com propriedades citotóxicas, antiinflamatória, antitumoral e antioxidante já comprovadas cientificamente. As folhas de P. odoratissimum apresentam óleo essencial com propriedades antibacteriana e espasmolítica, e o óleo essencial da folha de P. graveolens possui atividade antimicrobiana e antifúngica. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar morfo-anatomicamente as folhas destas espécies, apontando diferenças que possam ser utilizadas para esclarecer controvérsias na sua utilização como planta medicinal. Com a finalidade de se comparar anatomicamente a estrutura de cada planta, as amostras foram observadas por Microscopia de Luz e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). A anatomia foliar entre as espécies foi bem distinta. Malva sylvestris apresentou tricomas do tipo capitado, estrelado e tector, além de drusas e células mucilaginosas. A distinção entre P. graveolens e P. odoratissimum foi observada em relação aos tricomas. Ambas as espécies apresentaram tricomas glandulares e tectores, sendo que P. graveolens se diferencia pela maior altura dos tricomas tectores e menor quantidade destes em relação ao P. odoratissimum. Este trabalho permitiu constatar diferenças anatômicas, auxiliando na taxonomia e classificação entre estas espécies.

Micropropagação e aclimatização de gerânio (Pelargonium graveolens L. ) / Micropropagation and acclimatization of geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L. )

O gerânio (Pelargonium graveolens L.) é uma planta medicinal e aromática nativa do sul da África, cujo óleo essencial é amplamente empregado nas indústrias de perfumaria e cosmético, além de ser usado como terapêutico. Avaliou-se o efeito da luminosidade e dos reguladores de crescimento BAP e ANA na multiplicação in vitro e o uso de diferentes substratos na aclimatização de mudas micropropagadas. Foram avaliadas as concentrações 0; 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0 mg L-1 de BAP, 0; 0,1 e 0,5 mg L-1 de ANA e duas condições de luminosidade (ausência e presença de luz), em esquema fatorial 4x3x2; para a aclimatização foram utilizados quatro substratos, pó de coco + Biosafra® (3-12-6) (12 g L-1) + calcário (1 g L-1) (PCBC); pó de coco + Biosafra® (3-12-6) (12 g L-1) + calcário (1 g L-1) + vermiculita (1:1) (PCBCV 1:1); pó de coco + Biosafra® (3-12-6) (12 g L­-1) + calcário (1 g L-1) + vermiculita (PCBCV 2:1) e vermiculita e adição semanal de sais MS (VS). Para a micropropagação de P. graveolens a utilização de 1,3 mg L-1 de BAP e 0,5 mg L-1 de ANA é eficiente na regeneração direta de plantas de gerânio, sendo a condição de escuro a mais indicada por proporcionar o maior número de brotos por explante. Para a aclimatização das mudas de gerânio, os melhores resultados foram obtidos em mudas aclimatizadas no substrato vermiculita com adição semanal de sais de MS seguido do substrato PCBCV 1:1.

Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L.) is a medicinal and aromatic plant native to the south of Africa and whose essential oil is widely used by perfume and cosmetic industries, as well as in therapeutics. The effect of luminosity and growth regulators BAP and NAA on in vitro multiplication was evaluated, together with the use of different substrates on the acclimatization of micropropagated seedlings. The evaluated concentrations were 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg L-1 BAP; 0, 0.1 and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA; and two luminosity conditions (absence and presence of light), in a 4 x 3 x 2 factorial arrangement. For acclimatization, four substrates were tested: coconut dust + Biosafra® (3-12-6) (12 g L-1) + limestone (1 g L-1) (CDBL); coconut dust + Biosafra® (3-12-6) (12 g L-1) + limestone (1 g L-1) + vermiculite (1:1) (CDBLV 1:1); coconut dust + Biosafra® (3-12-6) (12 g L-1) + limestone (1 g L-1) + vermiculite (CDBLV 2:1); and vermiculite with weekly addition of MS salts (VS). For P. graveolens micropropagation, the use of 1.3 mg L-1 BAP and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA is efficient for the direct regeneration of geranium plants, and the dark condition is the most suitable since it provides a larger number of shoots per explant. For the acclimatization of geranium seedlings, the best results were obtained with seedlings acclimatized in the substrate vermiculite with weekly addition of MS salts, followed by the substrate CDBLV 1:1.

Se-acquisition and reactive oxygen species role in growth, photosynthesis, photosynthetic pigments, and biochemical changes in essential oil(s) monoterpene of geranium ( pelargonium graveolens L.HER.’ EX. AIT.).

Se is an essential element required for various metabolic pathways and act as an antioxidant in the various redox-reactions of primary and secondary plant production of – biomolecules. Geranium is an important essential monoterpene oil(s) bearing plant. Culturing the plant at different doses of Se from 0-1.0 mg Se ml-1 revealed that Se plays an important role as an in antioxidant promoter, apart from its micronutrient essentiality. 0.25 mg Se ml-1 is the critical concentrations for maximum content of (0.21%) total essential monoterpene oil(s). At concentration below and above 0.25 mg Se ml-1, the CO2 assimilation rate, photosynthetic pigments content and ultimately the accumulation of essential monoterpene oil(s) are affected. The maximum peroxidase and SOD activities were obtained at 0.25 mg Se ml-1, with the production of biomolecule geraniol. Results revealed an oxidoreducable reaction of Se in the formation of monoterpene essential oil(s) and possibly for the major constituents Geraniol.

Antioxidation and chemical characterization of essential oil from Pelargonium graveolens.L'Her / 中成药

AIM: To study medical effect of the antioxidation activity of essential oil from smell storusbill(Pelargonium graveolens,L'Her)(PLO) METHODS: Free radicals(O?_2、?OH and DPPH?)scavenging activities were investigated in different special chemical systems.Its anti-lipoperoxidantion activity was studied with MDA generation model in vitro.The effect of the hemolysis of cavy RBC induced by H_2O_2 was also studied.The components of PLO was identified by GC-FID. RESULTS: It was found that PLO showed higher anti-lipoperoxidantion on MDA generation spontaneously in homogenates of cavy heart,liver and kidney.There were significant differences on lipid peroxidant of the cavy liver homogenate induced by CCl_4 between control group and PLO.There were higher scavenging effect of the extracts of foliage on O?_2 and DPPH?PLO could strongly inhibit the hemolysis of cavy RBC induced by H_2O_2.The result of GC-FID and DPPH? scavenging activities indicated that the antioxidantion of citronellol was similar with PLO. CONCLUSION: PLO is a good antioxidation and citronellol is the main antioxidated substance in PLO.