Analysis of the effect of in vitro dissolution on the pharmacokinetics of albendazole

Abstract Albendazole is an anthelmintic drug commonly used in parenchymal neurocysticercosis and cystic echinococcosis. The aim of this study was to explore whether disparities in the dissolution profiles of albendazole products lead to significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters. Three generic products and the innovator were evaluated in vitro. Quality control tests were performed, and dissolution profiles were obtained according to the Mexican Pharmacopeia. Although all products passed the quality control tests, none of the generic products complied with the similarity factor (f 2). The product with the lowest f 2 value in respect to the reference was chosen for in vivo evaluation. The study was carried out in 12 healthy volunteers who received 400 mg of the generic or reference product according to a crossover design. No significant differences were found in Cmax and AUC for albendazole and its main metabolite, albendazole sulfoxide, between products. Two absorption peaks were observed in the pharmacokinetic profile, and a population (22%) with different absorption rates and delay time for the the second peak was found. Based on the results, due to the high variability in the absorption process the differences observed in vitro could not be observed in vivo.

Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling for predicting drug-drug interactions induced by acid-reducing agents / 药学学报

Gastric pH is an important factor that affects drug absorption, as gastric pH may lead to lower bioavailability, especially for weak-base drugs. Acid-reducing agents (ARAs) such as antacids, histamine-2 receptor antagonists, and proton pump inhibitors, are susceptible to drug-drug interactions (DDIs), potentially resulting in the loss of efficacy. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is an important tool for the evaluation of oral drug-drug interactions and the most commonly used models include the advanced comparative absorption and transport (ACAT) model and the advanced dissolution, absorption and metabolism (ADAM) model. These models can be used for adjustment of the dosage regimen and the screening of candidate drugs in drug development by simulating the change of gastric pH to predict the change in drug absorption. This review summarizes the theoretical basis, the most common PBPK models used to predict drug absorption, and the effects of different kinds of ARAs drugs on gastric pH. Some successful applications of PBPK modeling in predicting the effects of gastric pH on drug absorption are also presented.

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling for children and its application in pediatric drug research / 药学学报

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is an important tool to predict pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic profiles in special populations, especially in children and infants where designing and conducting clinical studies is difficult. The application of PBPK modeling can effectively promote the development of pediatric drugs and their clinical use. At present, PBPK modeling of pediatric populations is mainly applied in clinical trial design, drug-drug interaction (DDI) risk assessment, and dose selection in children. This review discusses the advantages of PBPK modeling in pediatric drug research and summarizes how to extrapolate a PBPK model from adults to children. The theoretical basis for pediatric PBPK models, the modelling process and important physiological parameters during the modeling process are introduced. Some successful applications of PBPK modeling in pediatric drug research and development are also presented. This review also analyzes the current limitations and future directions of pediatric PBPK modeling.

Population pharmacokinetic analysis to identify the possibility of interaction between anti‑cancer agents.

BACKGROUND: A number of molecularly targeted agents in oncology are tested in clinical studies in combination with conventional chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. There is the possibility that the pharmacokinetics and dynamics of these targeted agents may be different when administered alone as against when administered in combination with other agents. AIM: The aim of this study is to understand the effects of addition of combination agents on the pharmacokinetics of a new, investigational, cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor anti‑cancer drug (Compound A) using population pharmacokinetic (pop‑PK) analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Integrated pop‑PK analysis of data obtained from multiple phase I/II studies of Compound A, given alone or in combination with other agents. RESULTS: A two compartmental model was found suitable to explain the pharmacokinetics of Compound A. No statistically significant influence of patient covariates or combination agents on the pharmacokinetic parameters of the central compartment was detected up to a significance level of 0.01. Model evaluation showed that the parameter estimates are stable and that the variability in the data was well reproduced by the model. CONCLUSIONS: This study represents the first time that a pop‑PK analysis was performed in India for a targeted anti‑cancer agent being developed in India. Such an analysis is useful to not only understand the influence of patient covariates and combination agents on the pharmacokinetics of a new investigational agent, but would also be valuable in the simulation of later phase clinical trials for the agent under development.

Correlação in vitro - in vivo de comprimidos matriciais de furosemida complexada à hidroxipropil-ß-ciclodextrina: métodos in vitro, in vivo e in silico / In vitro - in vivo correlation of matrix tablets of furosemide complexed with hidroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin: in vitro, in vivo and in silico methods

A correlação in vitro - in vivo (CIVIV) refere-se ao estabelecimento de uma relação racional entre uma propriedade in vitro de uma forma farmacêutica (FF) e uma característica biológica, ou parâmetros derivados destas, produzidas a partir da absorção do fármaco, liberado por uma FF. Para o desenvolvimento de uma CIVIV, são necessárias três ou mais formulações, as quais são avaliadas em relação ao comportamento de dissolução e à biodisponibilidade (BD), e por meio do cálculo de deconvolução, estimam-se as frações absorvidas. A furosemida, fármaco modelo, é um diurético usado no tratamento de hipertensão. Este fármaco é classificado como classe IV do sistema de classificação biofarmacêutico (SCB) (Amidon et al., 1995). O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estabelecer uma CIVIV para formas farmacêuticas (FFs) de liberação modificada contendo complexo de furosemida e hidroxipropil-ß-ciclodextrina (HP-ß-CD), a partir de ensaios de dissolução e estudos de BD. O complexo de furosemida e HP-ß-CD foi obtido por liofilização e caracterizado por análise térmica, solubilidade e permeabilidade. A partir do complexo, foram produzidas cinco formulações de comprimidos de liberação modificada, com diferentes concentrações de hidroxipropilmetilcelulose (HPMC) (10-30%). Estas foram submetidas aos estudos de dissolução com o aparato II. Destas, foram selecionadas três formulações com perfis distintos e submetidas ao estudo com o aparato IV e posteriormente ao estudo de BD. A partir destes resultados foi estabelecida uma CIVIV e esta foi avaliada por meio da validação interna. Foi realizado o estudo in silico de previsão das curvas de decaimento plasmático com emprego dos programas, STELLA® e Simcyp®, a partir dos dados: solubilidade da furosemida; dissolução a partir das formulações e dados farmacocinéticos obtidos a partir da injeção intravenosa do medicamento referência. Quanto à caracterização do complexo, os ensaios termoanalíticos sugerem que a furosemida forme complexo de inclusão com a HP-ß-CD pela técnica da liofilização. Observou-se o aumento da solubilidade em relação ao fármaco puro. Entretanto, quanto à permeabilidade, avaliada por meio do PAMPA (permeabilidade em membrana artificial paralela), os resultados foram semelhantes entre o fármaco puro e o complexo. Quanto ao comportamento de dissolução, avaliado com emprego dos aparatos II e IV, observou-se que as formulações apresentaram perfis de dissolução distintos. Os resultados do estudo de BD indicaram que a concentração do HPMC tem impacto relevante na absorção da furosemida. Foram obtidas correlações lineares a partir dos dados de fração absorvida e de dissolução, com coeficiente de determinação de 0,7662 para o aparato II e de 0,96017 para o IV. A validação interna da CIVIV empregando o aparato IV indicou que a correlação foi satisfatória. O estudo in silico de previsão das curvas de decaimento plasmático demonstrou que, nas condições empregadas, o modelo desenvolvido com o STELLA® foi mais preditivo do que o obtido pelo Simcyp®

The in vitro - in vivo correlation (IVIVC) refers to the establishment of a rational relationship between a in vitro property of a pharmaceutical form (PF) and a biological characteristic or parameters derived from those, produced from the absorption of a drug released from a PF. For the development of an IVIVC, it is necessary three or more formulations, which are evaluated in relation to the dissolution behavior and for bioavailability (BA), calculating by deconvolution, an estimated absorbed fractions. Furosemide, a model drug, is a diuretic used in the treatment of hypertension. This drug is classified as class IV from biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) (Amidon et al., 1995). The objective of this study was to establish an IVIVC for pharmaceutical forms (PFs) with modified release containing furosemide complexed with hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HP-ß-CD), from dissolution tests and BA studies. The complex of furosemide and HP-ß-CD was obtained by freeze-drying and characterized by thermal analysis, the solubility and the permeability. From the complex were produced five modified release tablet formulations, with different concentrations of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) (10-30%). These formulations were subjected to dissolution studies with the apparatus II. From these, three formulations with distinct profiles were selected and subjected to dissolution study with apparatus IV and subsequently to the BA study. From these results, an IVIVC was established and this was evaluated by internal validation. The in silico study was conducted to predict plasma decay curves with employment programs, STELLA® and Simcyp®, from the following data: furosemide solubility, dissolution from the formulations evaluated and pharmacokinetic data obtained from intravenous drug reference. From characterization of the complex, the thermoanalytical tests suggest that furosemide form inclusion complex with HP-ß-CD by freeze-drying technique. It was observed an increased solubility compared to the pure drug. However, permeability results, as assessed by the PAMPA (Parallel artificial membrane permeability), were similar for both furosemide and the complex. As for the dissolution behavior, evaluated with apparatus II and IV, so it was observed that the formulations showed an distintict profile. it was observed that the formulations produced showed different dissolution profiles. The results form BA assays indicated that the HPMC concentration has an important impact on the furosemide absorption. It was obtained a linear correlation from absorption fraction and dissolution data, with the determination coefficient of 0.7662 to apparatus II and 0.96017 from apparatus IV. Internal validation, with the IVIVC obtainted from apparatus IV, indicated that the correlation obtained was satisfactory. The in silico study predicted plasma decay curves, showed that under the conditions used, the model developed with STELLA® was more predictive than the model obtained by Simcyp®