Physiological Aspects of Flowering, Fruit Setting, Fruit Development and Fruit Drop, Regulation and their Manipulation: A Review

The physiology of flowering and fruit setting involves the changes in the characters of cells proliferating in the meristematic tissues of the shoot owing to the specific gene action and change in the phyto-hormones level. Flower formation is a transition phase in the life cycle of a plant. The alteration of vegetative apex into reproductive structure results in flowering initiation. The reduction of shoot meristem starts development of sepals, petals, stamens, carpals instead of leaves. The plant must attain specific state of ‘ripeness to response’ before it flowers. Once the stage is reached, then it can induce to flower. The flowering is closely linked to the diverse environmental conditions in which each species has evolved. The effects of the large number of factors that influence the proportion of buds giving rise to flowers have generally been interpreted in terms of an inbuilt propensity to flowering and interference with attainment of this.

Importância da aplicação dos testes do manual Projeto Esporte Brasil na iniciação esportiva do handebol em adolescentes de 07 a 17 anos e seus aspectos fisiológicos / Importance of the application of the tests of the manual Projeto Esporte Brasil in the sporting initiation of handball in adolescents from 07 to 17 years and its physiological aspects

Introdução: o Projeto Esporte Brasil (PROESP-BR) configura-se em delinear o perfil de crianças e jovens brasileiros no que se refere ao crescimento e desenvolvimento. Nessa perspectiva, este programa busca observar aspectos físicos em duas vertentes, a aptidão física relacionada à saúde e ao desempenho esportivo. Objetivo: reflexão teórica sobre as possibilidades e a importância da utilização prática do PROESP-BR relacionada ao desempenho esportivo em adolescentes praticantes do Handebol. Métodos: trata-se de uma revisão da literatura de 2011 a 2016, por meio de levantamento de artigos científicos nas bases de dados eletrônica do portal da CAPES. Para tanto, foram utilizadas as seguintes palavras-chave: Educação Física e Treinamento, Desempenho Atlético, Handebol e PROESP-BR. Resultados: foram encontrados cinco artigos científicos completos, cujos temas estavam relacionados com o interesse do presente estudo. Conclusão: baseado na literatura científica selecionada, pode-se evidenciar a importância da aplicação do manual PROESP-BR nos treinamentos de Handebol e a aplicação do PROESP pelo professor durante os treinamentos em atletas de handebol promoveram uma melhora na aptidão física e o desempenho esportivo a este atleta. Pois com os resultados obtidos a cada avaliação pode-se ter parâmetro para o melhoramento esportivo destes atletas.

Introduction: the Brazilian Sport Project (PROESP-Br) is designed to outline the profile of Brazilian children and young people in terms of growth and development. From this perspective, this program seeks to observe physical aspects in two aspects, physical fitness related to health and sports performance. Objective: theoretical reflection about the possibilities and importance of the practical use of PROESP-BR related to the sporting performance in adolescents practicing Handball. Methods: this is a review of the literature from 2011 to 2016, through a survey of scientific articles in the electronic databases of the CAPES portal. For that, the following keywords were used: Physical Education and Training, Athletic Performance, Handball and PROESP-BR. Results: five complete scientific articles were found whose themes were related to the interest of the present study. Conclusion: based on the selected scientific literature, it is possible to highlight the importance of applying the manual PROESPBR in Handball and the application of PROESP by the teacher during the training in handball athletes promoted an improvement in physical fitness and athletic performance to this athlete. For with the results obtained at each evaluation can be parameter for the sports improvement of these athletes.