Physical and physiological changes of Crambe abyssinicaHochst seed during maturation

Determination of seed-maturation indicators enables the identification of the idealmoment for harvest to achieve the best production and conservation potential. Our objective here was to evaluate some physical and physiological changes of crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hochst) seeds as possible indicators of seed maturation. Crambe floweringwas monitored in Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Plants were tagged, and 13, 22, 26, and 28 days after the initiation of flowering, the seeds were collected and following physical attributes evaluated: length, diameter, total mass, dry matter and water content. Physiological quality of the seeds was assessed using the germination test, by registering the percentage of normal seedlings and dormant seeds, immediately after each harvest, and again after six months of storage. The water-absorption curveswere characterized as a function the seed-development stages. All physical attributes were observed to increase because of the accumulation of reserve substances during seed development, except for water content, which gradually decreased from 72.2% at the start of development to 29.5% at maturity. At 28 days after anthesis the germination percentage of crambe seeds at physiological maturity was only 17%, indicating that they became dormant while maturing. However, seed germination rate was 89% after six months of storage, indicating that dormancy was almost fully overcome after this period.

Effects of drought stress on biomass and carbohydrate contents of two sweet sorghum cultivars.

Sweet sorghum is adapted to the hot and dry climatic conditions. It can be used for different products such as food, feed, fiber and fuel. This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of four irrigation intervals and three harvesting dates on stem height, stem diameter, biomass, juice volume, brix, sucrose and invert sugar of two sweet sorghum cultivars. The results showed that delay in irrigation intervals from 7 to 21 day significantly decreased all the above characteristics expect for invert sugar which was increased. The highest biomass (56.50 t ha-1) and sucrose content (11.35 %) were obtained at 7 to 10 day irrigation interval. Both biomass and sucrose contents decreased significantly as harvesting date delayed from physiological maturity. Since both sweet sorghum cultivars, Keller and Sofra had similar biomass, sucrose content, brix and juice volume across irrigation intervals and harvesting dates, therefore it is suggested to plant either Keller or Sofra irrigated on 7 to 10 day interval and harvested at physiological maturity.

Qualidade fisiológica de sementes de cenoura classificadas por tamanho / Physiological quality of carrot seeds classified by size

A obtenção de sementes de cenoura (Daucus carota L.) com alta qualidade está restrita à elevada heterogeneidade na maturação fisiológica, pois produz sementes em épocas diferentes e de tamanhos variados. A classificação de sementes de cenoura por tamanho pode ser uma boa alternativa para a melhoria da qualidade fisiológica. Para discriminar lotes de sementes por qualidade fisiológica, bem como identificar testes que forneçam uma estimativa do desempenho de sementes classificadas por tamanho, desenvolveu-se um experimento com três lotes de sementes de cenoura das cultivares 'Brasília' e 'Alvorada', sendo obtidos seis tratamentos distintos, dados pela combinação das duas cultivares com os lotes de tamanhos: médio, grande e extragrande. Nas cultivares 'Alvorada' e 'Brasília', apesar de não haver influência do tamanho das sementes na percentagem de germinação e no comprimento de parte aérea e total de plântulas, houve diferença significativa, além da massa seca de plântulas e do peso das sementes, para o comprimento de raiz, mostrando que essa variável foi a mais sensível para diferenciar lotes pelo vigor. Assim, os lotes de sementes menores mostraram inferioridade na qualidade fisiológica em relação às sementes maiores, justificando a classificação de sementes por tamanho.

The acquisition of carrot (Daucus carota L.) seeds with high quality is restricted to the high heterogeneity at physiological maturity, because it produces seeds at different times and sizes. The classification of carrot seed by size can be a good alternative for improving the physiological quality. To differentiate seed lots by physiological quality, and identify tests that provide an estimate the performance of seed classified by size, it was developed an experiment with three seed lots of carrot cultivars 'Alvorada' and 'Brasília'. It was obtained six different treatments, given by combination of the two cultivars, which had medium, large and extra large size. At the cultivars 'Alvorada' and 'Brasilia', although there is no influence of seed size on germination percentage, shoot length and total seedling, there was a significant difference, in dry weight seedlings, seed weight, and root length. This shows that this variable was most sensitive to differentiate the existing lots. So, lots with small seeds showed inferiority in physiological quality in relation to larger seeds, justifying the classification of seeds by size.